高中語法講解與練習(xí)之直接引語與間接引語

直接引語與間接引語定義引語：將人所說的話進(jìn)行引用。直接引語:直接引述別人的話，不做任何改變，用雙引號括起來。間接引語:用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，它構(gòu)成賓語從句。例：Johnsaid：“Ilikereadingnovels.”→Johnsaidthathelikedreadingnovels.注意：存在幾種直引變間引？既然引語是人所說的話，那么我們大致可以將人所說的話分為陳述句，一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，祈使句，感嘆句，反義疑問句，選擇疑問句這幾種，所以，也就存在這幾種的直引變間引，這幾種類型的直引在變間引時也存在過程中的不同。一、如何變?nèi)朔Q：下面有一句順口溜“一隨主，二隨賓，第三人稱不更新”。即：出現(xiàn)在從句中的第一人稱相關(guān)的詞根據(jù)主句主語是第幾人稱進(jìn)行變化出現(xiàn)在從句中的第二人稱相關(guān)的詞根據(jù)主句賓語是第幾人稱進(jìn)行變化出現(xiàn)在從句中的第三人稱相關(guān)的詞不需要變化1.“一隨主”是指在直接引語變間接引語時，如果從句中的主語是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化如：Shesaid."Mybrotherwantstogowithme."→Shesaidherbrotherwantedtogowithher.2.“二隨賓”是指直接引語變間接引語時，若從句中的主語及賓語是第二人稱?；虮坏诙四闼揎?。從句中的人稱要跟引號外的主句的賓語一致。如果引號外的主句沒有賓語。也可以用第一人稱，如：HesaidtoKate."Howisyoursisternow?"→HeaskedKatehowhersisterwasthen。3.“第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語變間接引語時。如果從句中的主語及賓語是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾從句中的人稱一般不需要變化如：MrSmithsaid。"Jackisagoodworker。"→MrSmithsaidJackwasagoodworker。二、如何變時態(tài)：直接引語在改為間接引語時、時態(tài)需要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。直接引語 間接引語一般現(xiàn)在時 一般過去時一般過去時 過去完成時一般將來時 過去將來時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 過去進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在完成時 過去完成時過去完成時 過去完成時（不變）過去進(jìn)行時 過去進(jìn)行時（不變）注意：現(xiàn)在時它需改為過去時態(tài)；過去時態(tài)改為完成時；過去完成時則保留原來的時態(tài)。如：1)Shesaid."Ihavelostapen."→Shesaidshehadlostapen2)Shesaid."Wehopeso."→Shesaidtheyhopedso.3)Shesaid."Hewillgotoseehisfriend。"→Shesaidhewouldgotoseehisfriend。1.主句時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時，從句時態(tài)不變看主句例：Hesays,“Ihavefinishedmyhomework.”看主句

→Hesaysthathehasfinishedhis2.主句時態(tài)為一般將來時，從句時態(tài)不變例：Shewillsay,“I'lldoittomorrow.”

→Shewillsaythatshe'lldoitthenextday.從句時態(tài)不變1.從句是客觀真理，名人名言，諺語，科學(xué)事實時，從句時態(tài)不變時態(tài)不變例：“Theearthgoesaroundthesun.”saidtheteacher.

→Theteachersaidtheearthgoesaroundthesun.2.從句含有具體的過去的年，月，日，時態(tài)不變例：XiaoWangsaid.“IwasbornonApril21,1980.”

→XiaoWangsaidhewasbornonApril20,1980.3.從句為一般現(xiàn)在時(表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣的動作)，時態(tài)不變看從句例：Hesaid,“Igetupatsixeverymorning.”看從句

→Hesaidhegetsupatsixeverymorning.4.從句為一般現(xiàn)在時(表示所述事實在當(dāng)時和目前同樣生效)，時態(tài)不變例：Hesaid,“I’maboy,notagirl.”

→Hesaidthatheisaboy,notagirl.5.從句為過去進(jìn)行時，時態(tài)不變例：Jacksaid,“John,wherewereyougoing?”

→JackaskedJohnwherehewasgoing.6.從句為過去完成時，時態(tài)不變例：Shesaid,“TheyhadleftwhenIarrivedthere.”

→Shesaidtheyhadleftwhenshearrivedthere.1.一般現(xiàn)在時倒為一般過去時例：Thegirlsaid,“I'msorryforbeinglateforclass.”

→Thegirlsaidthatshewassorryforbeinglateforclass.從句時態(tài)要變主句為一般過去時，從句時態(tài)往后倒一個2.一般過去時倒為過去完成時從句時態(tài)要變主句為一般過去時，從句時態(tài)往后倒一個例：Hesaidtome,“Imetyourfather.”

→Hetoldmethathehadmetmyfather.3.一般將來時倒為過去將來時例：Shesaid,“Hewillgotoseehisfriend.”

→Shesaidhewouldgotoseehisfriend.4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時倒為過去進(jìn)行時例：Shesaidtome,“I’mstudyingJapanese.”

→ShetoldmethatshewasstudyingJapanese.5.現(xiàn)在完成時倒為過去完成時例：Shesaid.“Ihavelostapen.”

→Shesaidthatshehadlostapen但要注意在以下幾種情況下。在直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)一般不變化。①直接引語是客觀真理。"Theearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth,theteachertoldme.→Theteachertoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth。②直接引語是過去進(jìn)行時，時態(tài)不變。如：Jacksaid."John,wherewereyougoingwhenImetyouinthestreet?"→JackaskedJohnwherehewasgoingwhenhemethiminthestreet。③直接引語中有具體的過去某年、某月、某日作狀語，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)不變。如：XiaoWangsaid."IwasbornonApril2l,1980。"→XiaoWangsaidhewasbornonApril20,1980。④直接引語如果是一般現(xiàn)在時。表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動作，變間接引語，時態(tài)不變。如：Hesaid,"Igetupatsixeverymorning。"→Hesaidhegetsupatsixeverymorning。⑤如果直接引語中的情態(tài)動詞沒有過去時的形式（例：oughtto，hadbetter,usedto)和已經(jīng)是過去時的形式時，（例：could,should,would,might）不再變。如：Petersaid."Youhadbettercomehavetoday。"→PetersaidIhadbettergotherethatday。三、如何變狀語和連接詞：直接引語變間接引語，狀語變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)津，時間狀語由“現(xiàn)在”改為“原來”（例：now變?yōu)閠hen,yesterday。變?yōu)閠hedaybefore）地點狀語，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代詞修飾的狀語，由“此”改為“彼”（例：this改為that),如：Hesaid,"Thesebooksaremine."→Hesaidthosebookswerehis.1.連接詞轉(zhuǎn)述他人的陳述→陳述句---連接詞that轉(zhuǎn)述他人的疑問→一般疑問句/反義疑問句---連接詞if/whether轉(zhuǎn)述他人的問題→特殊疑問句---特殊疑問詞轉(zhuǎn)述他人的命令、勸告或要求→祈使句---不需連接詞轉(zhuǎn)述他人的感嘆→感嘆句---連接詞how/what/that轉(zhuǎn)述他人的選擇疑問→選擇疑問句---whether...ornot注：連接詞的功能：1）將主句和從句連接起來；2）連接詞之后為從句，使句子層次分明；3）告知讀者間引原來是什么句式2.指示代詞，時間狀語、地點狀語，動詞的變化直接引語間接引語直接引語間接引語now現(xiàn)在then那時；當(dāng)時nextweek下周thenextweek第二個星期today今天thatday那天nextmonth下個月thefollowingmonth第二個月tonight今晚thatnight那天晚上thismorning這個早晨thatmorning那個早晨thisweek本周thatweek上周ago/last以前/最后before之前yesterday昨天thedaybefore前一天this這that那thedaybeforeyesterday前天twodaysbefore前兩天these這些those那些threedaysago三天以前threedaysbefore前三天here這里there那里lastweek上周thelastweek前一周come來go去tomorrow明天thenextday/thefollowingday第二天bring帶來take帶去四、如何變句型：①直接引語如果是陳述句，間接引語應(yīng)改為由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如：Shesaid,"Ourbuswillarriveinfiveminutes."→Shesaidthattheirbuswouldarriveinfiveminutes.②直接引語如果是反意疑問句，選擇疑問句或一般疑問句，間接引語應(yīng)改為由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句.如：Hesaid,"Canyouswim,John?"→HeaskedJohnifhecouldswim."Youhavefinishedthehomework,haven‘tyou?"mymotherasked.→MymotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedthehomework."Doyougotoschoolbybusorbybike?"→HeaskedmeifIwenttoschoolbybusorbybike.③直接引語如果是特殊問句，間接引語應(yīng)該改為由疑問代詞或疑問副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句（賓語從句必須用陳述句語序）。Sheaskedme,"Whendotheyhavetheirdinner?"→Sheaskedmewhentheyhadtheirdinner.④直接引語如果是祈使句，間接引語應(yīng)改為"tell(ask,order,beg等)sb(not)todosth."句型。如："Don’tmakeanynoise,"shesaidtothechildren.→Shetold(ordered)thechildrennottomakeanynoise."Bringmeacupoftea,please,"saidshe.→Sheaskedhimtobringheracupoftea.⑤直接引語如果是以“Let‘s”開頭的祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，通常用“suggest+動句詞（或從句）。”如：Hesaid,"Let’sgotothefilm."→Hesuggestedgoingtothefilm.或Hesuggestedthattheyshouldgotoseethefilm.6.直接引語是感嘆句時，間接引語為what或how引導(dǎo)，也可以用that引導(dǎo)。Shesaid,"Whatalovelydayitis!"→Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.或Shesaidthatitwasalovelyday.Practice:1．Hesaid:“I’veleftmybookinmyroom.”→2．Shesaid:“Hewillbebusy.”→3．ShesaidtoTom,“Canyouhelpme?”→4．Sheasked,“Isthisbookyoursorhis?”→5．Theteacherasked,“howdidyourepairit?”→6．Theteachersaidtothestudents,“Don’twasteyourtime.”→7．Themothersaid,“Tom,getupearly,please.”→8．Theteachersaid,“Theearthgoesroundthesun.”→9．Myfathersaid,“Practicemakesperfect.”→10．Theboysaidtous,“Iusuallygetupatsixeveryday.”→11．Hesaid,“Wearestillstudents.’→12．Hesaidtome,“Iwasbornin1978.”→13．Theengineersaid,“Iwasatcollegein1967.”→14．Hesaid,“IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwasaboy.”→15．Shesaid,“IreadthebookwhileIwaswaitingforabus.→16．Mr.Greensaidtothem,“Joetoldmeallabouthisstorywhenheaskedforajob.”→17．Hesaid,“Weinsistedthatshestartimmediately.→18．Shesaid,“Hedemandedthatthegirlleaveatonce.”→19．Isaidtohim,“Ihavefinishedit.”→20．Shesaidtous,“I’llcomeheretomorrow.”→21．“Wheredoesyourchemistryteacherlive,Karen?”theyoungmanasked.→22．“Ihavegainedthefirstplaceinthemathematicscompetition,”thelittleboysaidhappily.→23．“Lighttravelsfasterthansound,”thephysicsteachersaidtotheboysandgirls.→24．“Willyougototheconcertwithmethisevening?”Maryaskedme.→25．“Whatdidyoudohereyesterday?”theoldmanaskedmybrother.→單項選擇：1.Ourteacheraskedus_____ourdictionariestoschool.A.bring

B.brought

C.bring

D.tobring2.Theteachertoldtheboystudents______footballonthegrass.A.notplay

B.nottoplay

C.played

D.playing3.____Tomdidn’tgotoschool?A.Doyouknowhow

B.Whydoyouknow

C.Howyouknowwhy

D.Doyouknowwhy4.Shelookssad.Couldyoupleasetellme_____thatpreventsherfrombeingashappyasbefore?A.whatitis

B.itiswhat

C.howitis

D.itishow5.Bettyaskedhersister____totherailwaystationtoseeheroff.A.nottocome

B.nottogo

C.tonotcome

D.tonotgo6.Thepupilaskedhisteacher_____roundtheearth.A.weatherthemoongoes

B.thatthemoonwentC.whetherthemoongoes

D.whetherthemoonwent7.Mr.Li____WangLing____ataxitotheairport.A.asked;take

B.asked;taking

C.told;take

D.told;totake8.Sheaskedhim____.A.whosedictionarythisis

B.whosedictionarythatwasC.whosedictionaryisthis

D.whosedictionarythatis9.Mary’smotheraskedher_____.A.thatwhethershehadfinishedherhomeworkB.ifshehasfinishedherhomeworkC.ifshehadfinishedherhomework

D.thatifshehadfinishedherhomework10.Doyouknow____?A.whatishedoing

B.whathedoingC.whatheisdoing

D.whatdoeshedonow11.Idon’tknow____tolearnEnglish.A.whendidhebegin

B.whenhebegan

C.hewhenbeganD.whenhebegins12.Heaskedme____.A.howwouldtheweatherbeliketomorrow

B.whattheweatherwouldbelikethenextdayC.howtheweatherwouldbeliketomorrow

D.whatwouldtheweatherbelikethenextday13.Youcan’timagine____whentheyreceivedtheseniceSpringFestivalpresents.A.howexcitedtheywere

B.howexcitedweretheyC.howtheywereexcited

D.theywerehowexcited14.Shetoldmethatshe____byherrelativesatthebusstop.A.hadbeenseenoff

B.haveseenoff

C.havebeenseenoffD.hadseenoff15.Doyourememberhowmanytimes____toAustralia?A.hadyoubeenB.didyougo

C.haveyoubeenD.youhavebeen16.Canyouguess____?A.whatisthatman

B.whothatmanis

C.whomthatmanis

D.whoisthatman17.Moreandmorestudentsandteachershavebegantoknow____.A.howimportanttheforeignlanguageare

B.howtheforeignlanguageisimportantC.howimportanttheforeignlanguageis

D.howimportantistheforeignlanguage18.Thehostesssaidthatit___timethatthey___supper.A.was;had

B.was;hadhad

C.is;have

D.is;havehad19.Thebossaskedhissecretary____hehadfinishedtypingthereport____.A.if;ornot

B.if;not

C.whether;ornot

D.whether;not20.Iwonderhowmuch_____.A.doeshespendonhiscar

B.didhespendonhiscarC.hespentonhiscar

D.hespentinhiscar附答案：1．Hetoldmethathehadlefthisbookinhisroom.2．Shesaidthathewouldbebusy.3．SheaskedTomif/whetherhecouldhelpher.4．Sheaske