高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí) 動(dòng)詞不定式的用法

動(dòng)詞不定式專題復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞不定式的形式：動(dòng)詞不定式的用法1.不定式作主語⑴原則上，可用動(dòng)詞不定式直接作句子的主語，通常用it作句子的形式主語，而把不定式移到后面，形成“It+謂語…+動(dòng)詞不定式…”的句型。如：Tocatchthe5：00busearlyinthemorningisnotagoodidea.Itisnotagoodideatocatchthe5：00busearlyinthemorning.Tolearnaforeignlanguagewelltakespainstakingefforts.Ittakespainstakingeffortstolearnaforeignlanguagewell.⑵若要說明不定式的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，可以在不定式前面加上“for+名詞或代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，或是“of+名詞或代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。Itisagreatpleasureformetotalkwithhim.Itisverykindofyoutohelpme.⑶可用于“of+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語補(bǔ)足語的形容詞是指那些可以表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或品質(zhì)的好壞的形容詞。這些詞如：careful，cruel，foolish，bold，brave，good，honest，kind，rude，polite，nice，stupid，selfish，silly，wicked，wise，thoughtful，wrong等。2.不定式作賓語不定式作賓語有兩種情況：一是及物動(dòng)詞后直接跟帶to的不定式，二是“動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+帶to的不定式”。⑴“動(dòng)詞+帶to的不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)：常見的以不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有afford，appear，agree，ask，believe，decide，demand，desire，fail，hope，intend，learn，mean，offer，promise，refuse，wish等。如：Ican‘taffordtobuyahouse.⑵“動(dòng)詞+疑問代（副）詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)：常見的這類動(dòng)詞有advise，decide，forget，know，learn，remember，see，tell，think，teach，wonder，discover，understand，guess，explain等。這類疑問代（副）詞what，when，which，where，how，whether等（不包含why）。如：Shedoesnotknowhowtogothere.Hewilltellyouhowtodealwithit.⑶在不定式作賓語時(shí)，有時(shí)我們會(huì)使用it作形式賓語，而把不定式放到后面。如：Theyconsideritinappropriatetohaveclassesintheevening.（4）可以作形容詞的賓語。這一類形容詞有g(shù)lad,sorry,afraid,pleased,determined,willing,eager,anxious等。例如：I”mdeterminedtogiveupsmoking.Heiswillingtohelpus.（5）在tell,advise,allow,forbid,learn,show,decide等詞的后面常用“連接詞+不定式”作賓語。例如：Wemustdecidewhethertogoorstay.Idon”tknowhowtogetintouchwithhim.3.不定式作表語不定式作表語時(shí)，主語通常是一個(gè)名詞，不定式短語或者從句。Theboss‘splanistostartbuildingtheskyscraperimmediately.Toworkmeanstoearnaliving.Whatyouhavetodoistopushthebutton.4.不定式作定語不定式作定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句，它修飾以下幾類名詞：⑴由動(dòng)詞派生或轉(zhuǎn)化而來的名詞，它們所對(duì)應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞通常有不定式作賓語。這類名詞主要有：attempt，claim，decision，plan，promise，intention，need，resolution，tendency，wish，failure，threat等。Anotherattempttoclimbthemountainwillbemadenextmonth.Inhisspeechheexpressedhisdeterminationtoachievethegoal.⑵由可能與不定式搭配的形容詞派生出來的名詞。這類名詞主要有：anxiety，patience，ability，willingness，ambition等。Hereagernesstolearnaforeignlanguageobvious.⑶不定式作定語還可用來修飾代詞something，anything，everything，nothing.不定式做后置定語。Doyouhaveanythingtosend?你有什么東西要寄嗎？（不定式tosend的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是you）Doyouhaveanythingtobesent?你有什么要（我或別人）寄的東西嗎？不定式tobesent的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是已被省略的me或someoneelse）Shehaseverythingtoloseandnothingtogain.⑷由only，last，next，序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的名詞后常用不定式作定語。Jimistheonlystudenttoanswerthequestioncorrectlyinhisclass.Youarethelasttoundertakethebloodtest.⑸不定式常作為定語修飾therebe結(jié)構(gòu)的真實(shí)主語。在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中，用來修飾主語的不定式有時(shí)用主動(dòng)形式，有時(shí)用被動(dòng)形式。當(dāng)說話人考慮的是必須有人完成某件事時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式。如果說話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身必須被完成時(shí)，不定式則用被動(dòng)形式。例如：Thereisalotofworktodo.（Somebodyhastodothework.）Thereisalotofworktobedone.（Theworkhastobedone.）⑹有些抽象名詞。主要有：reason，right，time，effort，chance，way等。如：thetimetogotoschool，thewaytogettotheclinic，thechancetowinthegame.(7)如果不定式中的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,則不定式中要有介詞.Ihavesomethingtosay.Hehasalotofhomeworktodo.Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)工具等，即使是及物動(dòng)詞，不定式后面仍須有相應(yīng)的介詞。Pleasegivemeapentowritewith.不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time,place或way，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上要省去。Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive.他沒錢沒地方住。(8)不定式作定語時(shí)，應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面，而且放在其他后置定語之后。不定式做定語與所修飾的詞之間有三種關(guān)系：1)動(dòng)賓關(guān)系Ihavealotofworktodo.我有很多工作要做。2)主謂關(guān)系Heisalwaysthefirsttocome.他總是第一個(gè)來。3)同位關(guān)系Weallhaveachancetogotocollege.我們都有上大學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì)。5.不定式作狀語不定式作狀語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，表示形為的目的、結(jié)果或原因。⑴表示目的。在這種情況下，不定式的邏輯主語通常也是全句的主語。Hestayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.在強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式目的狀語時(shí)，不定式前可加inorder，soas等。如：Sheaskedmetodrivehertotheairportinordertocatchthe5：00plane.HemovedtheTVsettothemeeting-roomsoastoleteveryonewatchit.⑵用so……asto……，such（……）asto……，enoughto……，too……to，onlyto等表示結(jié)果，如：Haveyougotenoughroomtoseatallofus？Sheistooweaktojoinusintheouting.⑶將不定式移到句首表示條件，如：Toheartheteacherbetter，youhavetositinthefront.=Ifyouaretoheartheteacherbetter，……⑷與形容詞連用時(shí)，大多表示原因。這些形容詞主要有：happy，kind，surprised，frightened，angry，shocked，glad，delighted，grieved，disappointed等。Theyweresurprisedtobeinformedofthenews.I‘mgladtohearthis.6、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)Totellthetruth,Idon’tagreewithyou.tobefrank,tobehonest,totellthetruth7、關(guān)于小品詞to(1).不定式中的動(dòng)詞上文已出現(xiàn)過,下文要省略該動(dòng)詞.eg:Wouldyouliketogowithme?I’dliketo.(2).不定式是tobe結(jié)構(gòu),be不可省.eg:Wouldyouliketobeateacher?I’dliketobe.不定式與疑問詞who,which,when,how,what等連用，在句中起名詞作用，可充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語等。Hedidn’tknowwhattosay.他不知道說什么。(賓語)Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant.如何解決這個(gè)問題很重要。(主語)Myquestioniswhentostart.我的問題是什么時(shí)候開始。(表語)在與why連用時(shí)，只用于why或whynot開頭的簡(jiǎn)短疑問句中，后面緊跟的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。Whynothavearest?固定句型:hadbetter/hadbest+(not)dosth.最好（不）做某事Why(not)dosth.?…prefertodo/preferdoing…prefer+n./doingA+to+n./doingB…prefer+todoAratherthan(to)doB…wouldrather(not)dosth.…wouldratherdoAthan(do)B…wouldrather+句子（過去式）（虛擬語氣）要做……動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone進(jìn)行式tobedoing完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoing1.如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作與主要謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)（或幾乎同時(shí)）發(fā)生或發(fā)生在主要謂語之后，通常用不定式的一般形式。如：Isawhimgoout.I‘mgladtoseeyou.2.如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主要謂語動(dòng)詞或特定的時(shí)間之前，不定式就要用完成式。如：Iintendedtohavetelephonedyou，butIforgotto.Ishouldliketohaveboughtadictionary.3.不定式進(jìn)行式表示主要謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生。如：Iamgladtobetalkingwithyou.Shepretendedtobelisteningattentively.4.不定式完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的是一個(gè)開始于過去某一時(shí)刻但一直延續(xù)到謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的那一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作。如：Hewasthoughttohavebeenworkingontheprojectfortwoyears.5.不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，這個(gè)不定式要用被動(dòng)式，包括它的各種時(shí)態(tài)在內(nèi)。如：Shedoesn‘tliketobetreatedasaguest.她不喜歡被當(dāng)作客人對(duì)待。TheywanttheirTVsettobefixedrightnow.他們想把電視機(jī)馬上修好。Therearealotofthingstobedone.有許多事要做。Thisisthetexttobereadnexttime.下次就讀這篇課文。注意：有些習(xí)慣用法中，只能用主動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：Thehouseistolet.這房子要出租。Alotofworkstillremainstodo.許多工作有待去做。(1).Theypretendednottoseeus.(一般式表示與謂語的動(dòng)作同時(shí)/幾乎/發(fā)生在它之后.)(2).Hepretendedtobesleeping.(在謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的同時(shí),不定式的動(dòng)作也正在進(jìn)行)(3).Shepretendedtohaveknownitbefore.(完成式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前)(4).We’rehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.(完成進(jìn)行式表示謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前,不定式的動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行而且可能之后也繼續(xù))不帶to的不定式1.表示感覺的動(dòng)詞五看see，notice，watch，observe，lookat三使have，let，make二聽hear，listento一感覺feelHenoticedthemanentertheroom.他注意到有人進(jìn)屋了。Theyobservedherdotheexperiment.他們觀察她做實(shí)驗(yàn)了。2.help后的不定式可以帶to也可以不帶to.Canyouhelpme（to）cleanupafterthemeal？飯后你能幫我洗碗嗎？3.有些類似于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的詞語（如ratherthan，hadbetter，wouldrather，mightaswell等）之后，不定式不帶to.如：Wemightaswellgowithouthim.我們可以不讓他跟去。You‘dbettergonow.你最好現(xiàn)在走。4.不定式用在介詞but,except,besides后時(shí),如果這些介詞前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式,那么介詞后的不定式不帶to,相反則帶to.(1).Shecoulddonothingbutcry.(2).Ihavenochoicebuttogo.(3).Whatdoyouliketodobesidessleep

動(dòng)詞不定式語法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)題1.—Haveyouenjoyedyourvisithere?—Yes,I’llbeverysorry_____.A.forleavingB.ofleavingC.toleaveD.withleaving2.—I’llhelpyouwheneveryouneedme.—Good.I’dlike_____metomorrow.A.youhelpingB.thatyouwillhelpC.youtohelpD.thatyouhelp3.—Wheredidhego?—Hewenttoanotherstore_____.A.tobuypencilsB.forbuyingpencilsC.buypencilsD.buyingpencils4.—Mybabyhasahearttrouble.—Didthedoctorfinditdifficult_____?A.intreatingB.treatingC.fortreatingD.totreat5.—Didthejudgeaskyoumanyquestions?—Yes,and_____.A.theyweredifficulttobeansweredB.toanswerthemwastobedifficultC.theyweredifficulttoanswerD.theyhaddifficultyinanswering6.Thelostchilddesirednothingbut_____home.A.goB.togoC.goingD.went7.LastsummerItookacourseon_____.A.howtomakedressesB.howdressesbemadeC.howtobemadedressesD.howdressestobemade8.Iknowhim_____agoodbasketballplayerwhileincollege.A.tohavebeenB.tobeC.wasD.hadbeen9.Iwassurprised_____.A.watchinghimtoeatsoquicklyB.watchhimeatsoquicklyC.watchinghimeatsoquicklyD.towatchhimeatsoquickly10.Nowwecouldnotdoanythingbut_____forhimhere.A.waitedB.waitingC.towaitD.wait11.Idon’tknowherandIdon’t_____.A.wantB.wanttoC.wantitD.wantso12.Toplayfairisasimportantas_____.A.toplaywellB.playwellC.weplaywellD.playingwell13.It’smostfoolish_____so.A.foryoutosayB.ofyoutosayC.withyousayingD.inyoursaying14.Ihavenopen_____.A.writingB.towriteC.towritewithD.tobewriting15.Thoselettersare_____tothecountrysiderightaway.A.tobesentB.sendingC.tohavebeensentD.sent16._____ourwishes,wemusttryourbesttoworkwell.A.RealizingB.TorealizeC.RealizedD.Havingrealized17.Wouldyouplease_____onthetable?A.don’twriteB.nottowriteC.notwriteD.notwriting18.Tompretended_____somethingwhenhismothercamein.A.writingB.towriteC.tobewritingD.beingwritten19.Weareallafraid_____byrobbers.A.torobB.toberobbedC.ofrobbingD.ofbeingrobbed20.I’msorry_____offthelightwhenIlefttheroom.A.toforgettoturnB.tohaveforgottentoturnC.tohaveforgottenturningD.tobeforgettingturning21.Thechildhadnochoicebut_____.A.tocryB.cryC.cryingD.cried22.Don’ttakethemedicine.Itcan’thelp_____ridofyourcold.A.gettingB.togetC.togettingD.gets23.—Doyougetsomeone_____yourclothes?—Yes,Ioftenhavethem_____.A.wash/washedB.towash/washedC.washing/washD.washed/washing24.Theydidnotobserveher_____inandgoupstairs.A.tocomeB.comingC.comeD.hascome25.Youwillmakegreatprogressinthedays_____.A.comingB.thattocomeC.whentocomeD.tocome26.Withallherfriendsandmoneygone,shereallydidn’tknow_____.A.howtodoB.whattodoC.whichtodoD.whentodo27.—Doesanybodywantanextratickettogototheplay?—Whomwouldyouratherhave_____withyou,Georgeorme?A.togoB.goC.goneD.going28.—Canyourideahorse?—No,Ineverhadthechance_____.A.forlearningitB.forlearninghowC.howtolearnitD.tolearnhow29.—Ididn’thearyou_____inlastnight.—That’sgood.Wetried_____noisy.A.come/notbeingB.coming/tonotbeC.coming/notbeingD.come/nottobe30.Weadvisedher_____thereatonce.A.shouldgetB.getsC.togetD.togetting31.Weagreed_____herebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tohavemetD.tomeet32.HewouldsitaloneandlistentoMary_____thepiano.A.toplayB.playingC.playedD.play33.Heis_____honestaman_____alie.A.so/totellB.too/totellC.very/totellD.such/thattell34.Irantoofast_____whereIwasgoing.A.tonoticeB.formetonoticeC.tonoticeformeD.andnotice35.Thatbeggarseems_____anythingyesterday.A.nottohaveeatenB.nottoeatC.didn’teatD.tonothaveeaten36.TolearntospeakEnglishwell,_____.A.muchpracticeisneededB.oneneedsmuchpracticeC.muchpracticeisneededbyoneD.oneisneededmuchpractice37.Wedidn’texpectouroffer_____soquickly.A.rejectedB.torejectedC.toberejectedD.rejecting38.Mymotherwillbesorry_____thatnews.A.hearingB.tobeheardC.whenhearD.tohear39.I’dratherlosethegame_____.A.nottohurthimB.nothurthimC.thantohurthimD.thanhurthim40.Itis