高中英語語法非謂語動(dòng)詞講解

非謂語動(dòng)詞概述非謂語動(dòng)詞，主要指在主句中表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作但不能充當(dāng)謂語，而是充當(dāng)其他語法功能的詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但是有語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。非謂語動(dòng)詞的三種形式非謂語動(dòng)詞有三種：動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞。名稱形式用法不定式todo表目的、將來動(dòng)名詞doing表主動(dòng)及現(xiàn)在分詞done表被動(dòng)及過去動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成被動(dòng)形式一般式完成式進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式todotohavedonetobedoingtohavebeendoingtobedonetohavebeendone--------動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone動(dòng)詞不定式的用法動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式nottoShedecidednottobelateagain.動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式完成式表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在位于動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前。Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.注意若謂語為表示“愿望、打算、意圖”的動(dòng)詞時(shí)，如hope,think,want,plan,expect,mean,intend等，其后可以跟不定式的完成式表示“本來想要或打算做某事，而實(shí)際上未能實(shí)現(xiàn)”。如：Wemeanttohavestoppedhimfromdoingsuchathing.在Itis/was+形容詞+不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，若形容詞側(cè)重于評價(jià)人物的特性、特征，則構(gòu)成不定式符合結(jié)構(gòu)的介詞應(yīng)為of前面常用的形容詞有：kind,nice,foolish,silly,stupid,rude,cruel,wise,clever,brace,selfish,crazy,good,careful,careless,impolite,right,wrong等。Itisverykindofyoutohelpme.區(qū)別ItisimportantforustolearnEnglishwell.在某些動(dòng)詞后，可用it做形式賓語，然后加賓語補(bǔ)足語，最后加不定式作真正的并于。常見的動(dòng)詞有find,thinkconsider,feel,make等。Theyfinditdifficulttorepaythemoney.動(dòng)詞+不定式作賓補(bǔ)ask,want,invite,get,force,expect,allow,persuade,order,warn,remindorder,cause,permit,forbid,advise,teach等。只能用動(dòng)詞+不定式作賓語口訣決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝；主動(dòng)答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃，同意請求幫一幫。decide/determine,learn,want,expert/hope/withrefuse,manage,care,pretendorder,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask/beg,help8.在使役動(dòng)詞make,have,let和感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,notice,observe,feel,hear,listento,lookat等詞后接不定式作賓補(bǔ)，不定式不帶to，表示做某事的全過程。當(dāng)他們轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，作為主語補(bǔ)足語的不定式必須帶to（五看三使兩聽一感覺一發(fā)現(xiàn)）Nobodysawhimcomein.Shewasseentoentertheroomlastnight.注意get也能當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞，表示“使、讓、叫”之意，相當(dāng)于have，但兩者也有所不同。havesb.dosth.getsbtodosth.使/讓/叫某人去做某事havesth.done=getsth.done使/讓某事由別人去做havesb./sth.doing使/讓某人/物持續(xù)地做某事getsb./sth.dong使某人/物開始行動(dòng)起來You’dbetterhave/getyourhaircut.Hemanagedtogetthehorserunning.9.在動(dòng)詞help后，做賓補(bǔ)和賓語的不定式符號to帶不帶都可以。如;Hehelpedherwalkacrossthestreet.Heoftenhelpsdosomehouseworkathome.10.think,consider,believe,suppose,feel,find,imagine,prove等動(dòng)詞的英語后可與帶tobe結(jié)構(gòu)，也可與省略。如果不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在位于動(dòng)詞以前，常用不定式的完成式。另外，這些動(dòng)詞也常用作被動(dòng)語態(tài)后接不定式作主補(bǔ)。Hefoundtheanswer(tobe)satisfactory.Weconsideredhimtohaveactedexcellently.11.當(dāng)名詞被first,last,second以及only等詞修飾時(shí)，其后可用不定式作定語。且充當(dāng)定語的不定式不含有將來意義或情態(tài)意義，卻經(jīng)常含有過去時(shí)意義。Shewasthefirsttocome.12在下列固定詞組或短語之后要跟不帶to的不定式hadbetter…h(huán)adbest…wouldrather…(than…)wouldsooner…than…cannothelpbutcannotbutcannotchoosebut..may/mightaswell…donomorethan…13.wh-連接代詞、副詞后跟不定式構(gòu)成的短語，可在句子中做主語、賓語、表語，還可以做定語。（why和if后不能直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式）它的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞性從句，通常在某些動(dòng)詞(如tell,know,imagine,learn,decided,forget,remember,consider,understand等)后面做賓語，有時(shí)也用作主語、表語、同位語等。如：Hedidn’tknowhowtoanswerher.Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.Idon’tknowwhotoaskadvicefrom.Wouldyoupleaseadvisemewhichtobuy?Pleaseexplain(tome)wheretobeginandhowtodoit.Theyexchangedviewsonthequestionofwhomtoelect.like（wouldlike）,love（wouldlove）,hope,hate,need,try,want,wish,plan,mean等動(dòng)詞后usedto,begoingto結(jié)構(gòu)后+to，代替整個(gè)不定式內(nèi)容。beglad,bewilling,behappy等詞語后--Wouldyouliketogotothecinema?--I’dloveto.14在介詞but,except,besides,than,save等表示“除了…”之意的詞前，若有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，常用無to的不定式作其介詞的賓語，若無實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do，則用帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。Hewasnotabletodoanythingbut/exceptwait.Hehadnochoicebuttogivein.15評論性動(dòng)詞不定式有些不定式常用來表示說話人對所談的內(nèi)容的態(tài)度和看法，即對句內(nèi)容的評論，故稱為評論性動(dòng)詞不定式，也稱獨(dú)立不定式。綜合：sotospeak可以說，可謂tobeexact精確地說tobesure無可否認(rèn)，誠然tomakethings(matters)worseThedogis,sotospeak,amemberofthefamily.He’sinhismid-fifties;well,fifty-sixtobeexact.表真誠：tobefairtobe(perfectly)franktobehonesttodosbjusticetotell(you)thetruth表總結(jié)：tobebrieftoconcludetocut/makealongstoryshorttosumup表讓步:nottomentiontosaynothingoftoputitmildly說的委婉點(diǎn)toputitanotherwaytosaytheleast不夸張的說表順序：tobeginwithtostartwith16不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義不定式作定語與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，并且不定式的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。Ihavetwoletterstoanswer.有些結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，卻用主動(dòng)形式，因?yàn)榭梢栽诰渥又姓业讲欢ㄊ竭@個(gè)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。Givehersomebookstoread.Wouldyoubringmeabenchtositon?Themorningairissogoodtobreathe.注意：用做定語的不定式為“動(dòng)詞+介詞”時(shí)，介詞不能省略。如：apieceofpapertowriteonaniceplacetolivein3)某些動(dòng)詞的不定式與be連用時(shí)，常見的有toblame，torent等。如：Thehouseistorent.Heistoblamefornotdrivingcarefully.動(dòng)名詞的用法動(dòng)名詞的否定式not+動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞的完成式完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。Hewaspraisedforhavingdoneagooddeed.動(dòng)詞+介詞構(gòu)成的短語，其后跟動(dòng)名詞做賓語be/getusedtofeellikeinsistondevote…to…putofflookforwardtosucceedingetdowntosetabout著手做。。。giveup只能用動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞口訣：考慮建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒得想；避免錯(cuò)過繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成就欣賞；禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡。consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/putoff,fancy;avoid,miss,keep/keepon,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;forbid,imagine,risk;can’thelp,mind,allow/permit,escape可置于名詞前作定語，表示被修飾的名詞的用途和性能awaitingcarawaitingroomasleepingboyasleepingbag動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由形容詞性的物主代詞/名詞所有格+動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)=動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句子中可作主語、賓語、表語等。物主代詞和名詞所有格是動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語。Doyoumindmy/mesmokinghere?Iinsistedonmyhusband/husband’spayingthebill.在口語和非正式英語中，這種結(jié)構(gòu)不用在句首，常用人稱代詞賓格代替物主代詞，用米歌詞普通格代指所有格。如:Therearemanyreasonsforanimalsdyingout.如果動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句首，就必須用形容詞性的物主代詞或名詞所有格。如：Hissmokingcausedthefireintheforest.therebe的動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)為therebeing如：What’sthechanceoftherebeingaraintomorrow?動(dòng)名詞做主語的句型awaste(of…)Itis/wasno(little)good/use+-inghardlyanygood/useworthwhile/worthone’swhilenowaynosenseinThereis/wasnopointin+-ingnouse/good(in)nothingworsethan動(dòng)詞+不定式或動(dòng)名詞后意義差別大的：trytododoingremember/forget/regrettododoingmeantodo打算做某事Doing意味著做某事can’thelp(to)do不能幫忙做某事can’thelpdoing情不自禁做某事beafraidtodo害怕做某事beafraidofdoing不情愿做某事besuretodo一定要做某事besureofdoing確信做某事need,want,require做需要講的時(shí)候，用動(dòng)名詞表示被動(dòng)意義，也可用不定式的被動(dòng)式Thegateneeds/wants/requiresmending.=tobemended.分詞的用法分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般說來，分詞在句中都有其邏輯主語，分詞做狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語通常就是主句的主語或賓語。如果分詞的邏輯主語不在句中，則分詞前可加上其自己的邏輯主語，由名詞或代詞主格充當(dāng)，置于分詞前，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。它不是句子，因?yàn)闆]有實(shí)際的主語和謂語。它可以放于句首或句尾，做時(shí)間狀語、原因狀語、條件狀語、方式狀語等。Themeetingbeingover,theywenthome.Therebeingnobusthen,hehadtowalkhome.表示伴隨情況、原因等的分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)前有時(shí)可以加上without或with構(gòu)成“with/without+名詞（或代詞）+分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，如：Withpricesgoingupsofast,wecan’taffordluxuries.Hekeptthemoneywithoutanyoneknowingwhereitwas.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)也可以由“名詞（或代詞）+不定式/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語”構(gòu)成。Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.Hecameintotheclassroom,bookinhand.分詞做狀語過去分詞常用作狀語，修飾謂語，大多說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況，表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨情況等。一般說來，這一結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語是主句的主語。Askedwhyhewaslate,hewentred.Givenmoretime,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.12.分詞做狀語與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)）做狀語的區(qū)別分詞與獨(dú)立主格均可作狀語。但分詞做狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語；而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語時(shí)，前面的名（代）詞就是這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯上的主語，它和句子的主語不保持一致性。如：Seenfromthesky,themountainisverysmall.Everythingconsidered,Ipreferthefirstplan.英語中有一部分分詞短語，它獨(dú)立存在，沒有自己的邏輯主語。這些分詞短語已成為固定的習(xí)慣用語，常被看做句子的插入語，常見的有：generallyspeakingstrictly(honestly/frankly/roughly/broadly)speakingconsidering…judgingfrom/by…takingall/everythingintoconsideration現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別語態(tài)上不同現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)，所修飾的人或物時(shí)分詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；過去分詞表示被動(dòng)，所修飾的人或物時(shí)分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。如：Iheardsomeoneclosingthedoor.Iheardthedoorclosed.時(shí)間上不同現(xiàn)在分詞表正進(jìn)行，過去分詞表完成的動(dòng)作。如：fallingleavesfallenleaves特殊分詞的分詞用法英語中和很多與感覺有關(guān)的及物動(dòng)詞，其現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義，即“令人有某種感覺”；過去分詞含有被動(dòng)意義，即“人被引起某種感覺”。如：moving–moveddisappointing--disappointedexciting–excitedsurprising–surprised有些及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞表示被動(dòng)意味并不強(qiáng)，它主要表示的是一種狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。如：Ifoundhimseatedatthebackoftheclassroom.(=Ifoundhimsitting…)Lostintheforest,hehadtofindhiswayoutfirst.havesb.dosth/getsb.todosth.使/讓/叫某人去做某事havesth.done.=getsth.donehavesb./sth.doing使/讓某人/物持續(xù)地做某事getsb./sth.doing使某人/物開始行動(dòng)起來Theteacherhadusread/gotustoreadthetextaloud.You’dbetterhave/getyourhaircut.Hemanagedtogetthehorserunning.Themeeting_______nextweekissuretobeagreatsuccess.

A.totakeplaceB.tobetakenplaceC.tohavetakenplaceD.beingtakenplace

2._______bytheComradeLeiFeng,wetryourbesttodogooddeeds.

A.InspiredB.BeinginspiredC.TobeinspiredD.Inspiring

3.It'snogood_______here.Let'sgohome.

A.towaitB.waitedC.waitingD.beingwaited

4.Ilistenedtothewind,______thathewouldnotcometonight.

A.thinkingB.tothinkC.thoughtD.beingthinking

5.Asaresultofmylaziness,Ifailed________myworkintime.

A.andfinishedB.tofinishC.andfinishingD.tofinished

6.Iamsorry______writtenyoualetteratthetime.

A.tohavenotB.tonothaveC.nottohaveD.nothaving

7.Tomapologizedtome______again.

A.tobelateB.ofbeinglateC.tohavebeenlateD.forbeinglate

8.Iremained_______longafterIhadbeentoldthestory.

A.puzzlingB.puzzledC.beingpuzzledD.tobepuzzled

9.Willyoulendhimamagazine_________

A.tobereadB.forreadingC.toreadD.heread

10.Thearticle_________onthissubjectwaswrittenbyMr.Black.

A.referringB.referredC.referringtoD.referredto

11.Livingnearthesea,___________________.

A.weenjoyhealthyairandbeautifulsightB.healthyairandbeautifulsightiswhatweenjoy

C.itishealthyairandbeautifulsightweenjoyD.soweenjoyhealthyairandbeautifulsight

12.__________sincethenightbefore,Ifeltveryhungry.

A.HavingnoteatenanythingB.Noteatinganything

C.Ihadn'teatenanythingD.Nothavingeatenanything

13.Wethenlistenedtothechild________thearticle______ontheblackboard.

A.read,writingB.reading,writing

C.toread,writtenD.read,written

14.________itwithmeandI'llseewhatIcando.

A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave

15._________suchachance,whydon'tyouhaveatry

A.TogiveB.HavingC.GivenD.Giving

16.Wediscussedtheplanthatwewouldliketosee________thenextweek.

A.carryonB.carryingoutC.carriedoutD.tocarryout

17._________madethemmuchdisappointed.

A.HisnotcomingbackB.Nothiscomingback

C.HenottocomebackD.Nothecomeback

18.Fivepeoplewerereported________intheaccident.

A.tobekilledB.tokillC.killedD.tohavebeenkilled

19.IflewtoParisthismorning,myassistant________metherethisFriday.

A.joiningB.tojoinC.willjoinD.wantstojoin

20.Hetriedtocalmhimself,_______.

A.forceB.toforceC.forcingD.for