考點24 閱讀理解議論文和其它文體（核心考點精講精練）高考英語一輪復習考點幫（新高考）

考點24閱讀理解議論文和其它文體（核心考點精講精練）1.高考真題考點分布年份卷次主題語境字數(shù)題型分類細節(jié)理解推理判斷主旨大意詞義猜測2024年2024·新高考I卷議論文-人與社會：紙質(zhì)閱讀與數(shù)字閱讀、音頻和視頻學習方式的差異和效果349新高考II卷新聞報道--人與社會：：舊金山灣區(qū)快速交通引入短篇故事自助服務亭276+10722002024·北京卷議論文-人與社會：討論科學問題：宇宙是否是由計算機模擬生成的408+11603012024·浙江卷1月卷議論文-人與自然：加拿大Alberta防雹千預計劃之爭313+12831002023·新高考=2\*ROMANII卷書評-人與社會：印刷書籍和閱讀對人類的重要意義330+12612012023·全國甲卷書評-人與社會：介紹了TheSocratesExpress333+12822002023·全國乙卷議論文-人與社會：物品納入歷史敘事以更好地理解無文字社會的重要性343浙江卷新聞報道-人與社會：在辯論中戰(zhàn)勝人類的軟件程序：ProjectDebater的314全國甲卷議論文-人與社會：悉尼發(fā)展中面臨的問題342書評--人與社會：DorothyWickenden的書：NothingDaunted:TheUnexpectedEducationofTwoSocietyGirlsintheWest317+1222200全國乙卷2022·北京卷議論文-人與社會：量子計算真的會像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？400+10911112022·天津卷議論文-人與社會：美好生活的秘訣403+19432002.命題規(guī)律及備考策略【命題規(guī)律】從近三年的命題上看，議論文涉及的論題具有生活化的特征，與社會生活密切相關(guān)。從命題上看，議論文閱讀理解以考查細節(jié)理解、推理判斷和主旨大意題為主，但不排除對觀點態(tài)度的考查；無論是新聞報道還是書評是主要考查細節(jié)理解和考查推理判斷題偶爾也會考查詞義猜測題?？忌谄綍r的閱讀訓練中要閱讀一定數(shù)量的議論文，以了解和掌握議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)和行文特征。【備考策略】在閱讀解題時，應該從結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容兩方面同時入手，先通讀全文，再區(qū)分事實和觀點。通常來說，議論文會采用三段論式結(jié)構(gòu)。首段會通過一個故事或?qū)δ撤N現(xiàn)象的描述來引入話題，明確論點；接下來是文章的主體部分，會用兩個或兩個以上的段落引用事實和理論論據(jù)進行論證，常用的論證方法有舉例、引用和對比，這一部分要注意作者選用的論據(jù)，它們往往與細節(jié)理解題的考查點相對應，同時還要留意論證的方法；文章的最后一段是結(jié)論部分，要弄清作者最后得出了什么結(jié)論。在通讀全文并了解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容后再閱讀試題，到文章中去找相對應的信息，比如事實、觀點、作者真正的意圖和結(jié)論等。議論文結(jié)構(gòu)特點寫法一：正方（甲方），反方（乙方），我認為寫法二：提出問題，分析問題，回答（解決）問題寫法三：論點，理由（證據(jù)），重申論點。高考備考，重點練閱讀。因為閱讀是綱，綱舉目張。閱讀量+詞匯量=高考英語前途無量。要做到精讀泛讀相結(jié)合。每天讀5篇，高考一百三。具體來說，可以每天精讀2篇，讀懂每一句話，并完成文后的問答題；泛讀3篇，材料要相對容易一些，但要有長度，最好是文學作品。泛讀的方法是只求知道內(nèi)容，不記單詞或漂亮句子，也不做短文后的習題?！久}預測】從近三年命題的發(fā)展趨勢來看，預測2025年高考閱讀理解中議論文和其它文體可能會出現(xiàn)，試題難度會保持相對穩(wěn)定，但會繼續(xù)考查考生快速而準確地獲取和理解文中具體細節(jié)信息的能力、推斷能力以及掌握主旨大意的能力。【必備基礎(chǔ)知識】一、【語篇特點】議論文說理性強，語言莊重，邏輯縝密，常用難詞、長詞和復雜句，給我們的閱讀理解帶來一定難度。議論文是運用邏輯推理和證明來闡述某一觀點、看法和主張的文體。這類文章或從正面提出某種見解，或駁斥別人的錯誤觀點，以說服讀者同意自己的觀點為主要目的。議論文一般有論點、論據(jù)和論證三個要素。論點是議論文的核心，即中心思想，是論據(jù)和論證的服務對象。論據(jù)是作者所引用的用以支持和證明論點的材料，這些材料可以是名人名言、事實例證或統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)等。論證是作者組織、運用論據(jù)的手法。議論文文章類型演繹論證議論文是從已知的一般原理，規(guī)律出發(fā)，推知個別事物本質(zhì)的論證方法。該類文體一般先提出一個總論點，然后分別進行論述，分析各個分論點，最后得出結(jié)論。歸納論證議論文是一種由個別到一般的論證方法。它通過許多個別的事例或分論點，然后歸納出它們所共有的特性，從而得出一個一般性的結(jié)論。比較論證議論文是一種由個別到個別的論證方法。通常分為類比法和對比法兩類。類比法是將性質(zhì)或特點在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比較而引出結(jié)論的方法。對比法是通過性質(zhì)或特點在某一方面相反或?qū)α⒌牟煌挛锏谋容^來證明論點的方法。命題要點由于議論的目的是表明自己對事物的看法和態(tài)度，因此，命題時?？疾炱溆^點態(tài)度以及根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容歸納主旨大意等，有時也對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)進行考察。二、【解題策略】1.演繹論證議論文：注意文章的開篇，因為文章的開篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的觀點，從而把握了文章的中心思想。2.歸納論證議論文：注意文章的尾段，因為尾段是對前面所舉事例和分論點的歸納和概括。3.比較論證議論文：注意事物的相同點以及不同點，并由此來把握文章的主旨。做題時可使用以下三個步驟：重首尾，明方式，細推測。三、【議論文中的主旨大意題】主旨大意題考查的是考生對文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解,它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,對整篇文章的主旨大意有一個較為清晰的印象。主旨大意題不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會大意的能力,也對考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求。文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù),需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進行加工概括,才能歸納出文章的主旨?！境？碱愋汀款}型1段落大意題每個段落都有一個中心思想,且中心思想通常會在段落的首句或尾句體現(xiàn)出來,這個句子就是常說的段落主題句。沒有給出明顯的主題句時,要根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容概括出段落大意題型2文章大意題考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力,即考查考生的歸納概括能力題型3標題歸納題概括出文章的中心思想,并對中心思想再次加以提煉,擬定出文章的標題。文章標題可以是單詞、短語,也可以是句子01議論文長常考題型之一主旨大意題之文章大意【常見設問形式】①Thispassagechieflydealswith________.②What'sthetopicofthearticle?③Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?④Whatisthemainideaofthe...paragraph/thepassage?eq\a\vs4\al([正確選項特征])1．涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文或全段。2．確定的范圍恰當，既不太大，也不太小。3．精確性強，不會改變語言表達的程度及色彩。eq\a\vs4\al([干擾選項特征])1．過于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云所給選項內(nèi)容概括的范圍過大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容2．以偏概全，主次不分所給選項只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細節(jié)信息或個別詞作為選項的設置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實或細節(jié)充當全文的主要觀點3．移花接木，偷換概念所給選項被命題者有意識地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯答案4．無中生有，生搬硬套所給選項的關(guān)鍵詞雖然在文章中提到了，但經(jīng)過仔細閱讀分析之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)選項的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系?！?個做法4個竅門，快速確定文章大意】一、文章是由段落組成的。段落的主題就是段落的中心思想，具體段落的中心思想又是為文章整體中心思想服務的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具體段落中心思想的基礎(chǔ)上的。具體做法是：1．找出每小段的主題句，各段的主題句常在該段的首句或尾句，各段主題句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。2．文章無明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中，這就需要分步提煉，然后再進一步加工概括。3．觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，區(qū)別文章的“核心”和“支撐性細節(jié)”。核心是概括性的、理論性的；支撐性細節(jié)是碎片化的、事例性的。事例是為理論性的“核心”服務的，“核心”即是文章的主題。二、用瀏覽法(skimming)，即快速閱讀文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主題線索和主題信息的方法可以快速找到主題句。以下是找主題句的四個小竅門：1．段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however，but，infact，actually等)時，該句很可能是主題句。2．首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3．作者有意識重復的觀點，通常是主旨；反復出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4．表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore，thus，inshort，conclude，conclusion等。(2023年1月·浙江高考·B篇)Livewithroommates?Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou?Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadyto

jumponthatbandwagon.

IexperiencedthiswhenIstartedswitchingtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago,asIwaslivingwithmyparents,andIcontinuetoexperiencethiswithmyhusband,asheisnotcompletelyzerowastelikeme.I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold.Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson,sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars,andhavesolittletrash!Afewdayslater,Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries,andmydadcommentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued,IdidwhatIcouldthatwaswithinmyownreach.Ihadmyownbedroom,soIworkedonremovingthingsIdidn’tneed.SinceIhadmyowntoiletries(洗漱用品),Iwasabletostartpersonalisingmyroutinetobemoresustainable.Ialsoofferedtocookeverysooften,soIportionedoutabitofthecupboardformyownzerowastegroceries.Perhapsyourhouseholdwon’tentirelymaketheswitch,butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire.Asyoumakeyourlifestylechanges,youmayfindyourselfwantingtospeakupforyourselfifotherscommentonwhatyou’redoing,whichcanturnitselfintoawholehouseholddebate.Ifyouhaveindividualswhoarenotonboard,yourwordsprobablywon’tdomuchandcanoftenleaveyoufeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereismyadvice:Leadbyaction.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Howtogetonwellwithotherfamilymembers.B.Howtohaveone’sownpersonalspaceathome.C.Howtoliveazerowastelifestyleinahousehold.D.Howtocontrolthebudgetwhenbuyinggroceries.（2024·陜西·模擬預測）Youmayfeellikeamastermultitaskerasyoudrinkyourmorningcoffee,catchuponemailandtuneintoaconferencecall.Butdidyouknowformostpeople,inmostsituations,multitaskingmakesuslessefficientandmorelikelytomakeamistake.Thismightnotbeasapparentwhenwe’redoingsimpleandroutinetasks,likelisteningtomusicwhilewalking,orfoldinglaundrywhilewatchingTV.Butwhenthestakesarehigherandthetasksaremorecomplex,tryingtomultitaskcannegativelyimpactourlives—orevenbedangerous.So-calledmultitaskingdividesourattention.Itmakesitharderforustogiveourfullattentiontoonething.Forexample,attemptingtocompleteadditionaltasksduringadrivingsimulationledtopoorerdrivingperformance.Itcanalsoaffectourabilitytolearn,becauseinordertolearn,weneedtobeabletofocus.Dr.Kubu,aneuropsychologist,says,“Ifwe’reconstantlyattemptingtomultitask,wedon’tpracticetuningouttherestofthewordtoengageindeeperprocessingandlearning.”Anotherpitfall(缺陷)isthattryingtodotoomuchatoncemakesithardertobemindfulandtrulypresentinthemoment—andmindfulnesscomeswithaplethora(過量)ofbenefitsforourmindsandourbodies.Infact,manytherapiesbasedonmindfulnesscanevenhelppatientssufferingfromdepression,anxietyandotherconditions.Choosingtofocusononetaskatatimecanbenefitmanyaspectsofourlife.Takesurgeonsforexample.“Peopleassumeasurgeon’sskillisprimarilyintheprecisionandsteadinessoftheirhands.Whilethere’ssometruthtothat,thetruegiftofasurgeonistheabilitytosingle-mindedlyfocusononepersonandcompleteaseriesoftaskoverthecourseofmanyhours.”Dr.Kubuexplains.Butsurgeonsaren’tnecessarilybornwiththisabilitytomonotask.Rather,theydevelopandperfectitthroughhoursofpractice.Itistruethatweperformbestonethingatatime.Whynotgiveitatry?8．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Whymultitaskingdoesn’twork. B．Howtoimprovedailyperformance.C．Whichcareerlessneedsmultitasking. D．Whatpositiveeffectsmultitaskinghas.02議論文長?？碱}型之一主旨大意題之標題歸納【常見設問形式】①Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe________.②Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage？③Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?【解題技巧】理解標題的三大特點，巧用三大方法確定文章標題。一個好的標題應具備三大特點：1．概括——準確而又簡短；2．針對性——標題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符；3．醒目——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個選項能準確概括主旨；2．反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個備選項去設想用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文章對照，一一排除不符選項；3．研讀備選項本身：研讀備選項里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等。【2022年北京卷】Quantum(量子)computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputingresearchers.”Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.IsJohnsonMoreCompetentThanTaylor?B.IsQuantumComputingRedefiningTechnology?C.WillQuantumComputersEverComeintoBeing?D.WillQuantumComputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?（2024·湖南衡陽·模擬預測）Inaworldwhereeveryonehastheirownopinionsonjustabouteverything,it’scommonforpeopletobecriticalofeachother’smistakesandimperfectionswithoutnoticingtheirown.Someindividualsmistakenlythinkit’stheirresponsibilitytomakeyouintoabetterperson.Theydothisbyfirstpointingoutyourshortcomingsdirectlyandthenprovidingadviceonhowyoucanimprove.Sowhatisthepossiblesolutiontocriticism?Ifyouaretheoneforcingotherstofeelashamedofthemselves,pleasestop.Makeaconsciousdecisionratherthanhighlightthenegativeaspectofaperson’sperformanceorattitudes.Youaremorelikelytoofferhelpfulsuggestionsfromthebeginning.Ifyouareonthereceivingendofcriticism,the“OK”responseisaperfectsolution.Whensomeonecommentsnegativelyonataskyouaredoingorapersonalityissueofyours,anaturalresponseistodefendandattack.However,thisapproachisrarelyeffectiveasitputsbothpartiesonthedefensive.Instead,simplyreplywith“OK”.Thisbriefone-wordresponseacknowledgestheotherperson’scommentwithoutagreeingwithitorfeelingnecessarytoengageinadebateaboutit.It’scrucialtostayconnectedtowhattheotherpersonistalkingabout,andlistenwithoutgettingupset,tobeanobjectiveobserver.Infact,thereismuchthatonecanlearnfromanegativereview.Youcanaskyourself:DidImakeamistake?CouldIhavedonebetter?DidIgive100%ofmyselftothetaskathand?Ifso,howcanIimprovemyself?Asforchroniccriticizers:Itisimportanttosetstrictboundarywiththem.Removeyourselffromtheirpresencewhennecessary.Inanycase,onecanlearntobe“OK”withcriticismandnotallowittonegativelyimpactyourlifeorrelationshipwiththeotherparty.20．Whatisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．TheArtofGivingCriticism B．MasteringSelf-DefenseagainstCriticismC．DealingwithPersonalRelationshipsFlexibly D．ThePathtoSelf-ImprovementthroughCriticism03議論文中的段落大意題【常見設問方式】WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________.WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizePara.1?Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?【歸納段落大意的2種方法】方法1：概括段落大意要準確概括某段的大意，務必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。(1)如果該段是按總分順序組織，首句做總的說明，其他句子對其進行具體論述，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首；(2)如果按分總順序組織，主題句就在段尾；(3)如果按分總分的順序組織，則主題句就在這段話的中間；(4)如果按總分總的順序，段落結(jié)構(gòu)相對難度較低，我們可以很明顯的看到一段的首句和末句的內(nèi)容幾乎完全一致，正確答案就呼之欲出了；(5)如果按并列式行文，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的段落一般會在一段中討論兩個平行的內(nèi)容，整個段落可以從中間處分開，前后是平行關(guān)系，這樣的段落結(jié)構(gòu)對應的答案通常也會是很明顯的并列關(guān)系；(6)如果對比各事物，那么它們的共同點或不同點就是該段大意。方法2：揣摩段落大意有時，作者可能不直接寫出主題句，而是通過各種方法暗示給讀者，這就需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力，揣摩段落大意。【2023年全國乙卷D片段】Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented. B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords. D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.1、（2024·湖南長沙·模擬預測）“Womanreadingbook,underanightsky,dreamyatmosphere,”ItypeintoDeepDreamGenerator’sText2Dreamfeature.Inlessthanaminute,animageisreturnedtomeshowingwhatI’vedescribed.WelcometotheworldofAIimagegeneration,whereyoucancreatewhatonthesurfacelooksliketop-rankartworkusingjustafewtextprompts(提示).Butcloserexaminationshowsoddities.Thefaceofthewomaninmyimagehasveryoddfeatures,andappearstobeholdingmultiplebooks.And,whilethere’saninitialthrillatseeinganimageappear,there’snocreativesatisfaction.AIimagegenerationcouldimpacteverythingfromfilmtographicnovelsandmore.Children’sillustratorswerequicktoraiseconcernsaboutthetechnology.TheysayAI-generatedartistheexactoppositeofwhatartisbelievedtobe.Fundamentally,artisallabouttranslatingsomethingthatyoufeelinternallyintosomethingthatexistsexternally.Whateverformittakes,trueartisaboutthecreativeprocessmuchmorethanit’saboutthefinalpiece.Andsimplypressingabuttontogenerateanimageisnotacreativeprocess.Beyondcreativity,therearedeeperissues.Tocreateimagesfromprompts,AIgeneratorsrelyondatabasesofalreadyexistingartandtext.Thiscouldleadtothecreationofimagesthatareintentionallymeanttoimitatethestyleofotherartists,withouttheiragreement.ThereisanargumentthatAlgeneratorsworknodifferentlytohumanswhenitcomestobeinginfluencedbyothers’work,However,ahumanartistisalsoaddingemotionandnuance(細微差別)intothemix.AIdoesn’tdothesame—itcanonlycopy.TheincreasinguseofAIwillalsoleadtoadevaluingoftheworkofartists.There’salreadyanegativeprejudicetowardsthecreativeindustry.Peoplewillbegintothinkthattheir“work”isasvalidasthatcreatedbysomeonewhohasspentacareermakingart.It’snonsense,ofcourse.Youcanuseyourmobilephonetotakeanicepictureofyourdaughters,butyouarenomatchforprofessionals.4．Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthelastparagraph?A．Artisthemirroroflife. B．Romeisnotbuiltinaday.C．Nomancandotwothingsatonce. D．Jackofalltrades,masterofnone.2.（2024·湖北武漢·模擬預測）Isforgivenessagainstourhumannature?Toanswerourquestion,weneedtoaskafurtherquestion:Whatistheessenceofourhumanity?Forthesakeofsimplicity,peopleconsidertwodistinctlydifferentviewsofhumanity.Thefirstviewinvolvesdominanceandpower.Inanearlypaperonthepsychologyofforgiveness,Droll(1984)madetheinterestingclaimthathumans’essentialnatureismoreaggressivethanforgivingallows.Thosewhoforgiveareagainsttheirbasicnature,muchtotheirharm.Inhisopinion,forgiversarecompromisingtheirwell-beingastheyoffermercytoothers,whomightthentakeadvantageofthem.Thesecondviewinvolvesthethemeofcooperation,mutualrespect,andevenloveasthebasisofwhoweareashumans.Researchersfindthattofullygrowashumanbeings,weneedbothtoreceivelovefromandofferlovetoothers.Withoutlove,ourconnectionswithawiderangeofindividualsinourlivescanfallapart.Evencommonsensestronglysuggeststhatthewilltopoweroverothersdoesnotmakeforharmoniousinteractions.Forexample,howwellhasslaveryworkedasamodeofsocialharmony?Fromthissecondviewpointofwhoweareashumans,forgivenessplaysakeyroleinthebiologicalandpsychologicalintegrityofbothindividualsandcommunitiesbecauseoneoftheoutcomesofforgiveness,shownthroughscientificstudies,isthedecreasingofhatredandtherestorationofharmony.Forgivenesscanbreakthecycleofanger.Atleasttotheextentthepeoplefromwhomyouareestrangedacceptyourloveandforgivenessandarepreparedtomaketherequiredadjustments.Forgivenesscanhealrelationshipsandreconnectpeople.Asanimportantnote,whenwetakeaClassicalphilosophicalperspective,thatofAristotle,weseethedistinctionbetweenpotentialityandactuality.Wearenotnecessarilybornwiththecapacitytoforgive,butinsteadwiththepotentialtolearnaboutitandtogrowinourabilitytoforgive.Theactualityofforgiving,itsactualappropriationinconflictsituations,developswithpractice.16．Whatismessageofthelastparagraph?A．Forgivenessisinournature. B．Forgivenessgrowswithtime.C．Actualityisbasedonpotentiality. D．Ittakespracticetoforgive.04詞義猜測題一、【設問方式】Bysayingthat“...”inthefirst(second...)paragraph,theauthormeansthat________.InParagraph...,“...”canbereplacedby“______”．Themeaningof“...”inParagraph...isrelatedto________.Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningto...(Paragraph...)？AsisusedinLine...,theword“...”refersto________.Theunderlinedsentenceinthe...paragraphprobablymeansthat________.二、【詞義猜測題7大猜詞技巧】要做好詞義猜測題，考生除了必須熟練掌握《考試大綱》規(guī)定的詞匯外，在平時的訓練中還要注意積累生詞和短語，掌握構(gòu)詞法的基本知識，對于各種前、后綴的變化形式了然于心，還要學會根據(jù)上下文語境進行合理推測，掌握一定的解題技巧。1.根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進行猜測有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需要猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋。標點符號，如逗號后的解釋(名詞同位語)、破折號后的解釋、括號內(nèi)的解釋等。這都是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。例如：①Annealing

isawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthenlettingitcoolveryslowly.句子給予了annealing一個明確的定義，即“退火”。②Itwillbeveryhardbutalsovery

brittle

—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.從thatis(也就是說)后的解釋中我們可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。③The

herdsman,_wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650

yuan

ayear.定語從句中l(wèi)ooksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的詞義為“牧人”。④Theweatherinthisareais

treacherous;_itssuddenchangesoftenendangerthelivesofsailors.分號后的句子在解釋什么樣的天氣是treacherous,suddenchange與treacherous在語義上相對應，因此含義是“突變的”。⑤Somegoodreadersfindithelpfultousetheirsenseto

visualize

—orpicture—whattheyread.visualize的意思由破折號后的picture(想象)給出了說明，因此含義為“想象”。⑥WhenPresidentTorrijosofPanamametCarter,hetriedtogivehimafriendly

abrazo

(hug)．a(chǎn)brazo對大多數(shù)人來說都很陌生，但由括號內(nèi)的hug(擁抱)，我們不難推測abrazo也是“擁抱”的意思。例子1Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenationstateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,and

dominant

languagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.29．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2?A．Complex.

B．Advanced.C．Powerful.

D．Modern.2.根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進行猜測閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時后面緊跟一個同位語，對前面的詞進行解釋，因此可利用同位關(guān)系對前面的詞義或句意進行猜測。例如：①Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoa

castle,_alargebuildinginoldtimes.同位語部分“alargebuildinginoldtimes”給出了castle的確切詞義，即古時候的“城堡”。②Weareonthe

night_shift

—frommidnightto8a．m.—thisweek.兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。③The“Chunnel”，atunnel(隧道)connectingEnglandandFrance,isnowcomplete.此句中“atunnel(隧道)connectingEnglandandFrance”是Chunnel的同位語。因此，Chunnel指的就是英法之間的海底隧道。例子2IamPeterHodes,avolunteerstemcell

courier.SinceMarch2012,I'vedone89trips—ofthose,51havebeenabroad.Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells(干細胞)inmylittleboxbecauseI'vegottwoicepacksandthat'showlongtheylast.Inall,fromthetimethestemcellsareharvestedfromadonor(捐獻者)tothetimetheycanbeimplantedinthepatient,we'vegot72hoursatmost.SoIamalwaysconsciousoftime.29．Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“courier”inParagraph1?A．provider

B．deliverymanC．collector

D．medicaldoctor3.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、派生等)進行猜測在英語中，有很多詞可以通過增加前綴和后綴的方式，構(gòu)成新詞。乍看起來，這個詞可能是新詞，但在掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識之后，就不難猜出它的詞義。例如：①“Ourpartiesareaimedforchildren2to10，”Anacleriosaid,“andthey'revery

interactive

andcreativeinthattheybuiltasenseofdramabasedonasubject.”文中interactive是由前綴inter(相互的)和active(活動的，活躍的)構(gòu)成的，同時根據(jù)上下文的意思可以判斷，該詞的含義應是“互動的”。②Perhaps,wecanseesome

possibilities

fornextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?possibility是possible的同根名詞，據(jù)此可以判斷possibility的意思是“可能性”。例子3Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,

uneasiness,_orworry.4.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進行猜測在一篇閱讀文章中，根據(jù)原因可以預測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。例如：①Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswas

permanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.從后面的結(jié)果“永遠不能再運動”可以推測permanent的意思為“永遠的，永久的”。②Marydidn'tnoticemewhenIcameintotheclassroom,becauseshewascompletely

engrossed

inherreading.從前面的結(jié)果“當我走進教室時，瑪麗沒有注意到我”可以推測engrossed的意思為“全神貫注的”。③Ourvisionwas

obscured

bythetrees,sowecouldn'tseethelakefromourwindow.由后面的結(jié)果couldn'tsee(看不見)可知，我們的視線被樹遮擋住(obscured)了。例子4Ifyouhave

a_juicer,_youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“softserve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren'sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.26．Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastparagraph?A．Adessert.

B．Adrink.C．Acontainer.

D．Amachine.5.根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進行猜測文章中的代詞it,that,he,him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指代一件事。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠，要認真查找；有時也需要對前面提到的內(nèi)容進行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事物。例如：①LikeSchmid,theeditorsofseveralselfpublishedartmagazinesalsochampion(捍衛(wèi))foundphotographs.Oneof

them,_calledsimplyFound,wasbornonesnowynightinChicago,whenDavyRothbardreturnedtohiscartofindunderhiswiper(雨刷)anangrynoteintendedforsomeoneelse：“Why'syourcarHEREatHERplace？”them指的是前面出現(xiàn)的selfpublishedartmagazines。②However,thequestionthat“moonpeople”askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingabout

it.it指的是月球人(moonpeople)所問的問題(thequestion)。例子5[2]Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU．S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.[3]It'sJasonMoran'sjobtohelpchange

that.AstheKennedyCenter'sartisticadviserforjazz,Moranhopestowidentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.…29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto?A．Jazzbecomingmoreaccessible.B．Theproductionofjazzgrowingfaster.C．Jazzbeinglesspopularwiththeyoung.D．Thejazzaudiencebecominglarger.6.根據(jù)同義或近義關(guān)系進行猜測在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者為了避免語言的單調(diào)、重復，有時會使用意思相同或相近的詞。因此，考生只要讀懂上下文，知道其中一個詞的意思，就能猜出另外一個詞的意思。[例]Adultsunderstandwhatitfeelsliketobefloodedwithobjects.Whydoweoftenassumethat

more_is_more

whenitcomestokidsandtheirbelongings?ThegoodnewsisthatIcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless.例子6…32．Whatdothewords“moreismore”inparagraph1probablymean?A．Themore,thebetter.B．Enoughisenough.C．Moremoney,moreworries.D．Earnmoreandspendmore.7.根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進行猜測根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but,however,otherwise等可以推斷上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，從而可以依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。例如：①Achild'sbirthdaypartydoesn'thavetobea

hassle;_itcanbeabasketoffun.從分號前后兩句的意思可以看出，hassle和abasketoffun是相反的意義，所以不難判斷hassle的意思是“困難，麻煩”。②Sheisusually

prompt

forallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.but一詞表示轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根據(jù)后半句的意思“她今天第一節(jié)課上了一半才來”，可得出她平時一向“準時”的結(jié)論。③TheplayersintheWorldCupareprofessionals,whilethosewhoplayintheOlympicsmustbe

amateurs.由于轉(zhuǎn)折詞“while”引導的兩個分句前后意義相反，我們可推測出amateurs是professionals(專業(yè)人士)的反義詞，意思為“業(yè)余人士，業(yè)余選手”。例子7…GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregradually

displaced

byhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.…29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“displaced”inparagraph2mean?A．Tested.

B．Separated.C．Forcedout.

D．Trackeddown.【2024新課標Ⅰ卷】Iscomprehensionthesamewhetherapersonreadsatextonscreenoronpaper?Andarelisteningtoandviewingcontentaseffectiveasreadingthewrittenwordwhencoveringthesamematerial?Theanswerstobothquestionsareoften“no”.Thereasonsrelatetoavarietyoffactors,includingreducedconcentration,anentertainmentmindset(心態(tài))andatendencytomultitaskwhileconsumingdigitalcontent.Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Theb