考研英語三層遞進(jìn)攻克閱讀理解節(jié)選

考研英語三層遞進(jìn)攻克閱讀理解

2010年考研英語三層遞進(jìn)攻克閱讀理解

Text1

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepast

quarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeand

seriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortyto

imagineatimewhenhighqualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.

Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20th

centuryconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthe

factthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneralcirculation

dailies.

WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEngland

betweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwas

dirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichit

appeared.Inthosefaroffdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswould

writeindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeven

thosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,

couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,and

wereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.4tSofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygift

enoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine

'journalism'as'atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare'.”

Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowroteforthe

ManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasa

writerofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland's

foremostclassicalmusiccritics,andastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)

becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonly

oneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsaveto

specialists.

IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.

Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefor

therichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtradition

inmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.

21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that.

[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers

[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews

[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders

[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies

22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby.

[A]freethemes

[B]casualstyle

[C]elaboratelayout

[D]radicalviewpoints

23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?

[A]Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.

[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.

[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.

[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.

24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?

[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.

[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.

[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.

[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.

25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays

[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers

[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism

[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory

Text2

Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusiness

methods.Areceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynch

gotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftinga

box.

Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness

methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.

Inamovethathasintellectualpropertylawyersabuzz,theUSCourtofAppealsfortheFederal

Circuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.

IntheBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal,“saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversity

ofMissouriSchoolofLaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.^^

Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticaboutface,becauseitwasthe

FederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledState

StreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatruling

producedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemergingInternetcompanies

tryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moreestablished

companiesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthat

mightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmore

than300business-methodpatents,despitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgranting

them.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancial

products,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.

TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.

TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthe

court'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateis

whetheritshould“reconsider”itsStateStreetBankruling.

TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupreme

Courtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexample,the

justicessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.The

judgesontheFederalCircuitare“reactingtotheantipatenttrendattheSupremeCourt,"says

HaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.

26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof.

[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness

[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation

[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting

[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization

27.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEoftheBilskicase?

[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions.

[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction.

[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit.

[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheUS.

28.Theword“aboutface”（Line1,Para.3）mostprobablymeans.

[A]lossofgoodwill[B]increaseofhostility

[C]changeofattitude[D]enhancementofdignity

29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents.

[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges

[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued

[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders

[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks

3O.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

[A]Aloomingthreattothebusiness-methodpatents.

[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders.

[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents.

[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents.

Text3（略）

Text4（略）

2009年考研英語三層遞進(jìn)攻克閱讀理解

Text1

Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonautopilotand

relaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine."Notchoice,buthabitrulesthe

unreflectingherd,“WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21st

century,eventheword“habit“carriesanegativeimplication.

Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.

Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreate

parallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtonto

new,innovativetracks.

Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit,wecaninsteaddirect

ourownchangebyconsciouslydevelopingnewhabits.Infact,themorenewthingswetry一the

morewestepoutsideourcomfortzone—themoreinherentlycreativewebecome,bothinthe

workplaceandinourpersonallives.

Butdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothe

brain,they'retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelypressintoourselvescreate

parallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.

“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,saysDawnaMarkova,

authorofTheOpenMind."Butwearetaughtinsteadto'decide/justasourpresidentcalls

himself'theDecider.9Sheadds,however,thatt4todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.A

goodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.^^

Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe'reunaware,shesays.Researchersin

thelate1960sdiscoveredthathumansarebomwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfour

primaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Atthe

endofadolescence,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythose

modesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthat

fewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought."Thisbreaksthe

majorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,explainsM.J.Ryan,

authorofthe2006bookThisYearIWill...andMs.Markova'sbusinesspartner."That'saliethat

wehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou'regoodatanddoingeven

moreofitcreatesexcellence.^^Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.

21.InWordsworth'sview,“habits”ischaracterizedbybeing

[A]casual.[B]familiar.[C]mechanical.[D]changeable.

22.Brainresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofnewhabitscanbe

[A]predicted.[B]regulated.[C]traced.[D]guided.

23.Theword"ruts”(line1,paragraph4)isclosestinmeaningto

[A]tracks.[B]series.[C]characteristics.[D]connections.

24.DawnaMarkovawouldmostprobablyagreethat

[A]ideasarebornofarelaxingmind.[B]innovativenesscouldbetaught.

[C]decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas.[D]curiosityactivatescreativeminds.

25.Ryan'scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting

[A]preventsnewhabitsfrombeingformed.

[B]nolongeremphasizescommonness.

[C]maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmode.

[D]complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem.

核心詞匯

analyticallyad.分析地；分解地

bypassvt,繞過；n.(by+pass)旁道

collaborativelyad.合作地

fascinationn.魔力，入迷，魅力，迷戀，強(qiáng)烈愛好

fostervt.養(yǎng)育;收養(yǎng);懷抱;鼓勵(lì)a.收養(yǎng)的n.養(yǎng)育者

herdn.群，獸群，牛群v.放牧，群集

highlightv.使顯著，使突出;強(qiáng)調(diào)n.最精彩的部分

implicationn.含意，暗示，暗指；牽連（im—進(jìn)入+plic+ate+ion名詞后綴）

ingrainv.使根深蒂固；把……深深地印在頭腦中

inherenta.固有的，內(nèi)在的,天生的（in里面+her+ent形容詞后綴一天生連著一天賦的）

innovationn.革新；新方法，新技術(shù)（in進(jìn)入+nov+ate動(dòng)詞后綴一進(jìn)入新的狀態(tài)+ion名詞

后綴一革新）

paradoxicala.矛盾的

parallela.平行的相同的，類似的n.平行線，類似

perpetuatev.使永久（per全部，永久+pet+uatef追求永久）

preservev.保護(hù),維持;保存，保藏（pre預(yù)先+serve~*預(yù)先保留f保存）

proceduren.程序；辦事程序；手續(xù)；步驟（pro在前+ced行走，前進(jìn)+ure名詞后綴在前

面走完的程序）

syn叩tica.突觸的，染色體結(jié)合的

trackn.跑道,小路;軌跡，輪跡v.跟蹤，追蹤

unconsciousa.un-不、非、未+conscious意識(shí)到的，自覺的;神志清醒的（un-+con+sci+ous

形容詞后綴f未知道的f沒有意識(shí)的）

unreflectinga.缺乏思考的，不反省的（un不、非、未+reflecting）；reflectv反射；（常

與that,how連用）表達(dá)；反映；（常與on,upon連用）仔細(xì)考慮（re反+flect彎曲返回f反

射）

難句剖析

難句IButbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,we

createparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsof

thoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

［分析］此句的主干是brainresearchershavediscoveredthat…，discovered之后的引導(dǎo)的賓

語從句是個(gè)復(fù)合句：開始是when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，接著是主句wecreateparallel,newbrain

cells,之后的that引導(dǎo)的從句thatcanjump…onto…是一個(gè)定語從句，修飾先行詞parallel

synapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincellso

［譯文］但是，大腦研究人員已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)：當(dāng)我們有意識(shí)地培養(yǎng)新習(xí)慣時(shí)，我們也創(chuàng)建了平行

的突觸路徑，甚至還會(huì)形成全新的腦細(xì)胞——這些能把我們的思緒引入到不同于過去的創(chuàng)新

的軌道上。

難句2Infact,themorenewthingswetry—themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone——the

moreinherentlycreativewebecome,bothintheworkplaceandinourpersonallives.

［分析］此句包含themore,,,themore….themore句型結(jié)構(gòu)。注意第一個(gè)themore后謂語和

賓語的倒裝，第三個(gè)themore后表語和系動(dòng)詞倒裝。

［譯文］事實(shí)上，我們對(duì)新事物嘗試的越多，我們就越能夠跨出令自己倍感舒適的范圍，我

們就會(huì)變得越有創(chuàng)造力，不管是在職場(chǎng)還是個(gè)人生活中。

難句3"Buiwearetaughtinsteadto"decide/justasourpresidentcallshimself'the

Decider.;“Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agood

innovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities."

［分析］此句由三個(gè)句子：第一個(gè)句子是復(fù)合句，主句在前，as引導(dǎo)的從句在后；第二個(gè)

句子的主干是Sheadds….that…，在that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,不定式todecide作主語，不定

式tokilloffallpossibilities作表語，but的意思是"除了"：第三個(gè)句子的結(jié)果比較簡(jiǎn)單。

［譯文］“相反，我們被教導(dǎo)要做各種‘決策'，就像我們的總裁稱自己為‘決策者'樣

但是她補(bǔ)充說：“做決策就意味摒棄其他，把所有可能性扼殺到只有一種可能。一位優(yōu)秀的

創(chuàng)新型的思想家總是考慮很多其他的可能性。"

難句4Attheendofadolescence,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preserving

onlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

［分析］此句是復(fù)合句。句子的主干是是ebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity(＜現(xiàn)在分詞

preserving….作狀語，其中包含that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾thosemodesofthoughto

［譯文］然而，在青春期末期，大腦就關(guān)閉掉了其中一半的能力，只保留了那些人生的前十

年左右看起來有價(jià)值的思維模式。

文章類型：社會(huì)科學(xué)——社會(huì)心理學(xué)——培養(yǎng)習(xí)慣

本文談?wù)摰氖橇?xí)慣(habits)帶給人們的好處以及可能存在的積極意義——?jiǎng)?chuàng)造

和創(chuàng)新(creativityandinnovation),指出人們應(yīng)該多使用創(chuàng)新和合作的思維方式，在自己擅

長(zhǎng)的領(lǐng)域多做一些，爭(zhēng)取卓越。文章主要使用引證和說理兩種手段分析了現(xiàn)實(shí)中它們是如何

被扼殺的。文章是總分結(jié)構(gòu)，但是段落較多，分割了意群，理解上有一定困難。

試題解析

21.根據(jù)華茲華斯的觀點(diǎn)，“習(xí)慣”具有的特點(diǎn)是

［A］隨意的。［B］熟悉的。［C］機(jī)械的。［D］多變的。

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題［正確答案］［C］

第一段第三句提到威廉?華茲華斯的講話，他的語言顯然是對(duì)前?句“Wereachforthem

mindlessly,settingourbrainsonautopilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortof

familiarroutine”進(jìn)行解釋，這說明他認(rèn)為人們?cè)贗I常做事情時(shí)，通常不用思考，自然而然

地就做了，因此可以得出他認(rèn)為習(xí)慣是機(jī)械性的，無需選擇和創(chuàng)新。［B］是第二句中提到

的習(xí)慣的特點(diǎn)，不是WilliamWordsworth的觀點(diǎn)，［D］與WilliamWordsworth的觀點(diǎn)相悖，

［A］在文中并未提及，排除。

22.大腦研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)新習(xí)慣的形成能夠被

［A］預(yù)測(cè)。［B］調(diào)整。［C］追蹤。［D］引導(dǎo)。

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題［正確答案］［D］

第二段第二句提到了研究人員的發(fā)現(xiàn)"whenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreate

parallelpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,

innovativetracks.,其中"develop,create,jump…”這幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞說明了新習(xí)慣的形成模式。

只有g(shù)uided可以對(duì)develop,create,jump…這個(gè)過程進(jìn)行歸納，說明新習(xí)慣的形成是可以培

養(yǎng)的，故［D］為正確選項(xiàng)。［A］和［B］未提及；［C］為強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)，雖然在第四段提及了

don'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits,但在描述新習(xí)慣的形成過程中沒有提到舊習(xí)慣對(duì)新

習(xí)慣的影響，自然無需對(duì)舊習(xí)慣進(jìn)行追蹤，排除［C］。

23.與第四段第一行出現(xiàn)的“ruts”的含義最接近的意識(shí)是

［A］途徑。［B］系列。［C］特點(diǎn)。［D］聯(lián)系。

詞匯題［正確答案］［A］

根據(jù)第四段首句的內(nèi)容“Butdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsof

procedurearewornintothebrain,they'retheretostay."可以得知thoseruts指oldhabits?第

二段末句提至Unewhabits的時(shí)候指出"jumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks”

而第四段末句提至了thenewhabitswedeliberatelypressintoourselvescreateparallelpathways

thatcanbypassthoseoldroads；顯然作者用newtracks指newhabits；oldroads指oldhabits,

故［A］為正確選項(xiàng)。

24.DawnaMarkova最可能同意的觀點(diǎn)是

［A］思想源自放松的思維。

［B］創(chuàng)新是可以傳授的。

［C］決定來自新奇的想法。

［D］好奇心可以激發(fā)創(chuàng)造力。

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題［正確答案］［D］

根據(jù)第五段首句DawnaMarkova的觀點(diǎn)"Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascination

withwonder,"可以得知［D］是對(duì)該部分內(nèi)容的歸納總結(jié)，故為正確選項(xiàng)。文中沒有提到

是否能夠由學(xué)習(xí)得到的問題，［A］［B］和［C］無依據(jù)。

25.Ryan的評(píng)論表明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試的做法

［A］阻礙了新習(xí)慣的形成。［B］不再?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)平庸。

［C］保留了美國(guó)人固有的思維方式。

［D］與美國(guó)人的信念體系一致。

推理題［正確答案］［A］

通過最后一段首句的內(nèi)容“Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisand

procedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesof

thought.”結(jié)合前文及后面的引證可以看出Ryan認(rèn)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試使人們的思維模式單一，這

不利于人們的創(chuàng)新，自然也無法形成新的習(xí)慣，故［A］為正確選項(xiàng)。

全文精譯

習(xí)慣是一種有趣的現(xiàn)象。我們無意中養(yǎng)成了習(xí)慣，把我們的大腦如同自動(dòng)駕駛儀般設(shè)定

為自動(dòng)操作，然后放松地進(jìn)入到熟悉的常規(guī)的無意識(shí)舒服狀態(tài)。威廉?華茲華斯在19世紀(jì)

說：“是習(xí)慣——而非選擇——常常支配那些沒有思想的人。”如今，到了瞬息萬變的21世

紀(jì)，甚至''習(xí)慣”這個(gè)詞本身也帶有負(fù)面涵義。因此，在創(chuàng)造和創(chuàng)新的背景下我們談?wù)摿?xí)慣，

這似乎顯得有些矛盾。但是，大腦研究人員已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)：當(dāng)我們有意識(shí)地培養(yǎng)新習(xí)慣時(shí)，我們

也創(chuàng)建了平行的突觸路徑,甚至還會(huì)形成全新的腦細(xì)胞——這些能把我們的思緒引入到不同

于過去的創(chuàng)新的軌道上的腦細(xì)胞。我們可以通過有意識(shí)地培養(yǎng)新的習(xí)慣來指導(dǎo)改變自己，而

非把自己當(dāng)作?成不變的擁有習(xí)慣的動(dòng)物來否定。事實(shí)上，我們對(duì)新事物嘗試的越多，我們

就越能夠跨出令自己倍感舒適的范圍，我們就會(huì)變得越有創(chuàng)造力，不管是在職場(chǎng)還是個(gè)人生

活中。但是，不要白費(fèi)力氣試圖戒除一切舊習(xí)慣。因?yàn)椋?旦這些慣有程序融進(jìn)大腦，將會(huì)

永遠(yuǎn)留在其中。相反，那些被我們有意養(yǎng)成的根深蒂固的新習(xí)慣會(huì)創(chuàng)建繞過那些舊路線的平

行路徑?！皠?chuàng)新需要的第一樣?xùn)|西就是帶有好奇的著迷?！薄堕_放性思維》一書的作者達(dá)瓦納?馬

克瓦說到，“相反，我們被教導(dǎo)要做各種‘決策’，就像我們的總裁稱自己為‘決策者‘一樣」

但是她補(bǔ)充說：“做決策就意味摒棄其他，把所有可能性扼殺到只留下一個(gè)答案。一位優(yōu)秀

的創(chuàng)新型的思想家總是考慮很多其他的可能性?！彼€說，我們所有人都是在用我們自己并

沒有覺察到的方式解決這樣或那樣的問題的。研究人員在二十世紀(jì)六十年代發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類天生

就具有用四種基本方法應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)的能力：分析法、程序法、聯(lián)系法(或合作法)和創(chuàng)新法。

然而，在青春期末期，大腦就關(guān)閉掉了其中一半的能力，只保留了那些人生的前十年左右看

起來有價(jià)值的思維模式。目前對(duì)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試主要強(qiáng)調(diào)分析和程序這兩種思維模式，也就意

味著我們中很少有人自覺地運(yùn)用創(chuàng)新和合作的思維模式。M.J.瑞恩，2006年出版了《今年我

將……》一書的作者，同時(shí)也是馬克瓦女士的商業(yè)合作伙伴，解釋道：“這違背了美國(guó)信仰

體系中'任何人都可以做任何事'這條主要規(guī)則。這是我們延續(xù)的一個(gè)謊言，它助長(zhǎng)了共性。

其實(shí)，了解你擅長(zhǎng)什么，再多做一些就能成就卓越而這恰恰就是我們培養(yǎng)的新習(xí)慣如何

形成的。

第一段：講述習(xí)慣如何影響人們，以及它的負(fù)面涵義。前兩句為引子，引出威廉?華茲

華斯的觀點(diǎn)，末句對(duì)該觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行總結(jié)。

第二段：通過一個(gè)過度句，引出研究人員的發(fā)現(xiàn)，提出全文論點(diǎn)：開發(fā)新習(xí)慣具有積極

意義，有助于培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新性和創(chuàng)造力。

第三段：指出發(fā)展新習(xí)慣的好處。

第四段：通過說理法說明培養(yǎng)新習(xí)慣無需戒除I日習(xí)慣的原因。

第五段：通過舉例說明人們的創(chuàng)新性受到抑制的原因。

第六段：講述了現(xiàn)實(shí)當(dāng)中創(chuàng)新性、創(chuàng)造性習(xí)慣的缺失。

第七段：通過引證法提及如何成就卓越。

Text2

Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)

wisdom一oratleastconfirmthathe,sthekid,sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellout$30fora

paternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore—andanother$120togettheresults.

Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecameavailablewithout

prescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFogg,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,which

makestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsdirectlytothe

public,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.

Amongthemostpopular:paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofind

theirbiologicalrelativesandfamiliescanusetotrackdownkidsputupforadoption.DNAtesting

isalsothelatestrageamongpassionategenealogists—andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearch

forafamily'sgeographicroots.

Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbyswabbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothe

companyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.

Butsomeobserversareskeptical,''Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeople

claimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.

Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors——numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturies

back.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinherited

throughmeninafather'slineormitochondrialDNA,whichispasseddownonlyfrommothers.

ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,for

example,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreatgrandparentsor,four

generationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.

Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollections

towhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon'trelyondatacollected

systematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.Thismeans

thataDNAdatabasemayhavealotofdatafromsomeregionsandnotothers,soaperson'stest

resultsmaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputer

programsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerreview

oroutsideevaluation.

26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK's

[A]easyavailability.[B]flexibilityinpricing.

[C]successfulpromotion.[D]popularitywithhouseholds.

27.PTKisusedto___________________

[A]locateone?sbirthplace.[B]promotegeneticresearch.

[C]identifyparentchildkinship.[D]choosechildrenforadoption.

28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto

[A]tracedistantancestors.[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines.

[C]fullyusegeneticinformation.[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy.

29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis

[A]disorganizeddatacollection.[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding.

[C]excessivesamplecomparison.[D]lackofpatentevaluation.

30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe

[A]ForsandAgainstsofDNATesting.LB]DNATestingandIt*sProblems.

[C]DNATestingOutsidetheLab.[D]LiesbehindDNATesting.

Text3

Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidely

misunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbothareasisundoubtedly

necessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;

however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesfor

promotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatisit,

becausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemto

improveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearch

institutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobto

achieveradicallyhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.

Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,with

thecountryenteringarecessingandJapanatitsprebubblepeak,theU.S.workforcewas

deridedaspoorlyeducatedandoneoftheprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.

Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotiveassemblyproductivity.Yettheresearch

revealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentofthe

productivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts—aresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedon

thejob.

Morerecently,whileexamininghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthat

illiterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest

practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry'swork.

Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavebegunto

suspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhen

governmentsdon'tforceit.Afterall,that'showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswere

huntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn'thavetimetowondermuchaboutanything

besidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywas

theretimeforotherthings.

Aseducationimproved,humanity'sproductivitypotentialincreasedaswell.Whenthe

competitiveenvironmentpushedourancestorstoachievethatpotential,theycouldinturnafford

moreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnota

sufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomic

performance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpolitical

changesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,

however,doesn'tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld'sworkforcetosubstantially

improveproductivityfortheforeseeablefuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimproving

productivityexplainwhyeducationisn'tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.

31.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportanceofeducationinpoorcountries

[A]issubjectgroundlessdoubts.[B]hasfallenvictimofbias.

[C]isconventionallydowngraded.[Dhasbeenoverestimated.

32.Itisstatedinparagraph1thattheconstructionofaneweducationsystem

[A]challengeseconomistsandpoliticians.[B]takeseffortsofgenerations.

[C]demandspriorityfromthegovernment.[D]requiressufficientlaborforce.

33.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.Sworkforcesisthat

[A]theJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplined.

[B]theJapaneseworkforceismoreproductive.

[C]theU.Sworkforcehasabettereducation.

[D]theU.Sworkforceismoreorganized.

34.Theauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemerged

[A]whenpeoplehadenoughtime.[B]priortobetterwaysoffindingfood.

[C]whenpeoplenolongerwenthungry.[D]asaresultofpressureongovernment.

35.Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation

[A