法律英語課后習(xí)題大全

重點(diǎn)的課文：(1AB2A3B4A5B6B)

UnitlA

1.Howwascommonlawestablished?

Answer:thecommonlawtraditionoriginatedinEngland,anewlegal

orderwasestablishedasearlyas1066bytheNormanconquest,butthe

commonlawdidnotexistin1066.Williamtheconquerordidnotabolish

thelocalcustomsandthelocalcourts.Localcourtscontinuedtoapply

localcustoms.Therewasnolawcommontothewholekingdom.The

kingdidhoweverestablishsomeroyalcourtsatWestminster.Their

jurisdictionwasatfirstverylimitedbuteventuallyexpandedtothepoint

wherethelocalcourtsfellintodisuse.Thedecisionsoftheroyalcourts

becamethelawcommontothewholekingdom,thecommonlaw.

l.Whatdoesthecommonlawtraditionincludeaccordingtothetext?

Answer:accordingtothetext,thecommonlawtraditionincludeslaw

andequity.

2.HowdifferentisthelegalsystemofLouisianafromtherestofthe

UnitedStates?

Answer:thecommonlawwas"received"inmanycountriessuchas

UnitedStates,buttheLouisianaexcepted,becausewherethecivillaw

wasinplacebeforetheUnitedStatesgainedjurisdiction.

4.Whatdoes"civillaw"mean?

Answer:Theexpression“civillaw”,inLatinjuscivilis,literallymeans

thelawofthecitizensofRome.ItisthelawofthecityofRome,thelaw

appliedtoacitizen(inLatin,civis)ofRomeasopposedtothelaw

appliedtoanon-citizen.

5.Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenthecivillawsystemand

commonlawsystem?

Answer:Firstandforemost,casesareusuallyconsideredtobethe

primarysourceoflawincommonlawcountries,butincivillawcountries,

casesaresimplynotasourceoflaw---atleastintheory.Civillawjurist

willconsiderthecivilcodeasanallencompassingdocument,butin

commonlawjurisdictionslegislationtendstobeconsideredasan

exceptiontothecaselaw.

6.Whatdifferentattitudesdothecivillawsystemandthecommon

lawsystemholdtowardscaselaw?

Answer:Casesareusuallyconsideredtobetheprimarysourceoflawin

commonlawcountries,butincivillawcountries,casesaresimplynota

sourceoflaw---atleastintheory,butcasesarebecomingmoreandmore

relevantincivillawcountries,buttheattitudesofciviliansandcommon

lawyerstowardlegislationandcasesdiffergreatly.

7.WhatissignificantabouttheAmericanlegaleducation?Howislaw

schoolteachingdifferentfromours?

Answer:Americanlegaleducationisveryoriginalandinmanyrespects

unique.Legaleducationtendstobelongerthanothercommonlaw

countries;lawisapostgraduatedegreeintheU.S.

Theteachingstyleismagisterial——theprofessorexposesthelawtohisor

herstudents,whotakenotesanddonotinterveneinclass.

8.IslawdegreeanundergraduatedegreeintheU.S.?Howdopeople

getalawdegreeintheU.S.?

Answer:no,thelawdegreeisamasterdegreeintheU.S.,thestudents

musthaveatleastabachelor'sdegreeinsomeareaofstudy,andthento

studythelawandgetthelawdegree.

9.CanyoucomparethelegalmethodemployedintheAmericanlegal

educationandthelegalmethodusedinothercountries?

Answer:Americanlegaleducationisaveryoriginalandinmany

respectsunique.ThecasemethodorSocraticmethodispeculiartothis

country.itmustbecleartoyoubynowthatthe"case"methodcouldnot

havebeenthoughtofinacivillawcountry.Inthosecountries(asinthe

caseinEngland)lawisanundergraduatedegree.Legaleducationtendsto

belongerthanintheUnitedStates.Theteachingstyleismagisterial-the

professorexposesthelawtohisorherstudents,whotakenotesanddo

notinterveneinclass.

10.Whoplayanimportantroleindefiningthelawincivillawsystem,

lawprofessorsorjudges?Whataboutthecommonlawsystem?

Answer:lawprofessors,becauseCivillawstudentswillread"law

doctrine"morethancases.The"doctrine"isthecumulatedwritingsof

lawprofessorsonwhatthelawisorshouldbe.Incivillawthe"doctrine"

isconsideredtobeasourceoflawandahighlyrespectedone.Youhave

torememberthattheuniversity,notthecourts,reintroducedthecivillaw

inContinentalEurope.Itisthereforenotsurprisingthatlawprofessors

stillhaveanimportroleindefiningthelaw.Commonlawprofessors

generallydonotenjoyasimilarprestigewithintheirownjurisdiction.

Herethejudgesgetmostoftheprestige.

Unit1B

1.Howiscaselawcreated?

Thedecisionsofjudges,orofotherofficialsempoweredbythe

constitutionorlawsofapoliticalentitytohearanddecidecontroversies,

createcaselaw.

2.Whatdoseaparticulardecisionmeantothepartiestoalawsuit?

Tothelawyers,judges,andlawstudents?

1)Fromthepointofviewofpartiestoalawsuitorothercontested

controversy,whatmattersistheimmediateoutcome,theresultthe

tribunalreachesintheircase.Itmeanswethertheaggrievedpartyor

damagedpartywillobtainaremedy.

2)Intheviewofjudges,lawyersandlawstudents,however,thedecision

takesonbroaderperspective.Thedecisionbecomesapossiblesource

ofgeneralapplicablecaselaw.

3.AccordingtoProfessorLlwellyn,whatcreatesalegalsystemof

precedent?Whyandwhen?

1)Thosegeneralizationscontainedin,orbuiltupon,pastdecisions

createalegalsystemofprecedent.

2)Becauseasrulesofactionariseoutofthesolutionofparticular

problems,inanyjudicialsystemrulesoflawarisesoonerorlaterout

ofsuchdecisionsofcases,weatherornotsuchformulationsare

desired,intendedorconsciouslyrecognized.

3)Whenthosegeneralizationsaretakenasnormativeforfuturedispute,

alegalsystemofprecedentcreated.

4.Whatmighthappenifacourtfollowstheprecedents

mechanically?

Acourtthatfollowsprecedentmechanicallyortoostrictlywillattimes

perpetuatelegalrulesandconcepts

5.Whatistheproblemremaininginthelegalsystemrecognizingpast

decisionsasauthoritativesourcesoflawforfuturecases?

Thecontinuingprobleminalegalsystemthatrecognizespast

decisionsasauthoritativesourcesoflawforfuturecasesishowto

maintainanacceptableaccommodationofthecompetingvaluesof

stabilityinalaw,servedbyadherencetoprecedent,andresponsivenessto

socialchange,whichmaycallfortheabandonmentofanoutwornlegal

doctrine.

6.ExplainthesetwoLatinterms:4<staredecisis”and“resjudicata”？

“Staredecisis^^isanimportantprincipleincommonlaw.Itreflectsthe

effectofafinaldecisionofanappellateasprecedent,orpotential

precedentforfuturecases,anditaddressestheimpactonthelegalnorm

ofconduct.

“resjudicata”isanotherimportantprincipleincommonlaw.Itreflects

theeffectofafinaldecisionofanappellateasanauthoritativesettlement

ofaparticularcontroversythenbeforethecourt.Inotherwords,it

addressesadecision'simpactintheindividualcase.

7.Whatdoctrinebarsapersonfromeversuingonthesameclaim

again?

Thedoctrine“resjudicata“barsapersonfromeversuingonthesame

claimagain.

8.WhydoesthecaselawprocessinAmericancourtsthushavea

considerablecomparative-lawingredient?

Ajudicialdecisionisaprecedentinthefullsenseonlywithinthesame

jurisdiction.However,Americanappellatecourtsfrequentlyciteanddraw

upondecisionsfromotherjurisdictions.

Suchoutstatedecisionsarenotfull-fledgedprecedents,buttheyare

accordedthestatusandweightofpersuasiveauthorityandespeciallyin

caseswherethereisnolocalprecedentorthelocalprecedentsare

conflictingorunclear.

9.Howdoesacourtoflastresortinonestateusuallymakeuseof

outstatedecisions?

Acourtoflastresortinonestatedoesnotconsideritselfboundtofollow

anotherstate'scaselawrules,butitwillcarefullyconsidertheoutstate

decisionsand,ifitfindstheirreasoningpersuasive,makeuseofthemas

sourcesofguidanceandjustification.

10.Canyouexplainthedifferencebetweenthebindingprecedents

andpersuasiveprecedents?

Themajordifferencebetweenthebindingprecedentsandpersuasive

precedentsmaybetheauthoritytothecase.

Thebindingprecedentsarefullyauthoritativeandgenerallybinding,but

persuasiveprecedentsjustpersuasiveauthority.

Becauseofthedifferenceindegreeofinfluence,persuasiveprecedents

arenotasauthoritativeandshouldnotbeassignedthesameforceasthe

bindingprecedents.

UNIT2A

1.Whatkindsofcasesdotheinferiorcourtsdealswith?Whatare

someofthelimitsthatareimposedonthem?

Everystatehasitsinferiortrialcourtswithjurisdictionlimitedtocivil

suitsinvolvingrelativelysmallamountsofmoneyandtominorviolations

ofthecriminallaw.Theciviljurisdictionofaninferiorcourtisusually

definedintermsoftheamountofmoneyindispute:thejurisdictionofan

“inferior“criminalcourtislikelytobedefinedintermsofthemaximum

jailsentence.

2.Whatkindsofcasesarethetrialcourtsofgeneraljurisdiction

empoweredtotry?

Ifacivilclaimorcriminalprosecutioninvolvesanamountofmoney,

orapotentialcriminalsentence,beyondthejurisdictionofan“inferior”

trialcourt,itmustbefiledandheardoma“trialcourtofgeneral

jurisdictionthatis,acourtempoweredtotryallkindsofcases,without

monetaryorsubjectmatterlimitation.

3.Whatisthefunctionofthe“courtoflastresorf,ofeachstate?

Everystatehasits“courtoflastresort,“theappellatecourtatthetop

ofthejudicialhierarchyandtheonewhichdetermineswithfinalitywhat

particularstate'slawisandshouldbe.Thefunctionistoreviewthe

actionofthelowerjudicialtribunalsofthestate.

4.Whyareappealstothecourtsoflastresortlimited?Whatdoesthe

“screeningout”functionreferto?

Answer:Becauseavastincreaseinappellatelitigation,particularlyin

themorepopulousstates,ledtohopelesscongestionofthedocketsofthe

statecourtsoflastresort

The“screeningout”functionreferstothatintermediateappellate

courtscouldempowertostrainoutandfinallydisposeofthebulkof

appellatelitigation,sothatthecourtofthelastresortcangiveitsfull

attentiontonovelandsociallyimportantcontroversies.

5.WhatisthesignificanceofthestatutepassedbythefirstCongress

onSeptember24,1789,accordingtotheauthor?

Intheevolutionofthefederaljudicialsystem,thestatutewasa

landmark.ThestatuteembodiedthefirstCongress'sdecisionontheissue

whetherthereshouldbefederaltrialcourtsaswellasaSupremeCourtor

whethertheinterpretationandenforcementoffederallawshouldbeleft

entirelytotheexistingstatetrialandappellatecourts,subjecttoreview

bytheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.

6.WhatisthenumberofjudgespresidingoverthetrialsinaDistrict

Court?

InaDistrictCourt,trialsarepresidedovernormallybyasinglejudge,

butinafewsituations,chieflycasesinwhichinjunctionsaresoughton

federalconstitutionalgroundsagainsttheenforcementofstateorfederal

statute,three-judgecourtmustbeconvened.

7.WhatmustbethejurisdictionofaDistrictCourtbasedupon?

WhatdoestheworkloadoftheDistrictCourtmakeup?

ThejurisdictionofaDistrictCourtoftheUSmustbebasedeitheron

thecharacterofthecontroversy(forexample,thatitisacase"arising

underthisConstitutionorthelawsoftheUS")oronthecharacterof

partiestothecontroversy(forexample,thatitisacontroversy''。which

theUSshallbeaparty^orone“betweencitizensofdifferentStates^^).

MostofthecaseswhichmakeuptheworkloadoftheDistrictCourt

arewithinoneoranotherofthreecategories:(1)casestowhichthe

UnitedStatesisaparty,whichincludesbothcivilcasesandall

prosecutionsforviolationoffederalcriminalstatutes;(2)casesinvolving

a“federalquestion,5,whichmeansaquestioninvolvingtheinterpretation

oreffectofaprovisionoftheConstitutionorofafederalstatuteor

regulation;and(3)casesinvolving"diversityofcitizenship,5,thatis,suits

betweencitizensofdifferentstatesoftheUnitedStates.

8.Whichcourthasjurisdictionover“diversityofcitizenship“cases,a

federalcourt,orastatecourt?Why?

Generallyspeaking,afederalDistrictCourthasjurisdictionover

suchcases,accordingtoArticleII,Section2oftheConstitutionand

JudiciaryActof1789.However,existingfederallegislationimposea

furtherlimitationonDistrictCourtjurisdictioninsome"federalquestion^^

andall"diversityofcitizenship^^case:"thematterincontroversymust

exceed$50,000”.That'sbecausetheDistrictCourtwillbeswampedif

verysmallmattersincontroversyareabletobeacceptedbytheDistrict

Court.

9.HowcanpeoplegettheirappealsreviewedbytheU.S.Supreme

Court?

AdisappointedlitigantcannotsecureSupremeCourtreviewmerely

bycontendingthatthedecisionhandeddownagainsthimwaswrong.He

mustfirstpersuadetheSupremeCourtthattheissuepresentedbyhiscase

isimportantenough,asissuesofgenerallaw,tojustifySupremeCourt

consideration.Second,almostallthereviewingofjudgmentsoffederal

andstateappellatecourtsaresecuredbyapetitionfor“awritof

certiorari”.

10.Whatisthepolicyunderlyingthediscretionarynatureofthe

SupremeCourtappellatejurisdiction?

Thepolicyis,ifappealtotheSCwereavailableinallcases,theC

wouldbeswampedwithordinaryappealsandunabletogivefulland

deliberateconsiderationtothegreatcasesitmustdecide.

Unit3B

1.Whohastheauthoritytodeterminehowtheconstitutionis

interpretedandappliedtoaparticularcase?Amongthosewho

areentitledtosuchauthority;whichonehasthefinalsay?

TheCourthasthefinalsayonwhattheConstitutionmeansandhowit

appliesinaparticularcase,everycourt,federalandstate,hasthe

responsibilityandtheauthoritytorenderdecisionsonconstitutional

issues,butallofthoseotherdecisionscanultimatelybereviewedby

theU.S.SupremeCourt.

2.DoestheConstitutionvestjudicialreviewontheSupremeCourt?

HowtointerpretArticleIIIoftheConstitution?

ThepowerofjudicialreviewisnotgiventotheSupremeCourtinthe

Constitutionitself.AlthoughArticleIIIstatesthat叮hejudicialpower

oftheUnitedStates,shallbevestedinoneSupremeCourt,andin

suchinferiorcourtsastheCongressmayfromtimetotimeordain

andestablish,anditextendsthatpowerto“allcases,inLawand

Equity,arisingunderthisConstitution^^andtoothercategories.But

the“Supreme“meansonly“highest,“designatingaplaceinthe

hierarchybutnotthecourt'sauthority.Thepowertohearcases

arisingundertheConstitutionislikewiseagrantofjurisdictiontohear

certainkindsofcases,butnotagrantofauthoritytoexercise

constitutionalreviewinhearingthem.

3.Inwhichcasewasthepowerofjudicialreviewestablished?

MarburyVSMadison

4.WhydoesChiefJusticeMarshallthinkthatthecourthadthe

powertoreviewtheconstitutionalityoflegislation?Whatishis

syllogism?

TheConstitutionislaw.Courtsinterpretlaw.Thereforecourtsinterpret

theConstitution.

5.Whatisthesupremacy

TheSupremeCourtistheonlyauthoritytointerpretConstitution.The

interpretationandmandatemadebytheSupremeCourtaresuperiorto

anyotherjudicialpower.

Unit4A

1.Listsomeofthetypicalformsofpunishmentmentionedinthetext.

DoyouknowanyotherformsofpunishmentusedintheU.S.?

Typicalformsofpunishmentincludedeath,imprisonment,fine,removal

frompublicofficeordisqualificationfromholdingpublicoffice,

probation,andrestitution.

Forexample,jailsentencesandexecution.

2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweencivillawandcriminallaw?

Civilviolationsareoftenreferredtoastorts.Therearefourdistinctions

betweencrimesandtorts.

Firstly,acrimeisconsideredtobeawrongagainstallofsociety,

whereasatortisconsideredtobeaprivatematterbetweentheparties

directlyinvolved.

Secondly,thepersonswhoactuallyprosecutethecasediffer.A

speciallydesignatedstateprosecutoroffederalofficialdirectsthe

proceedingswhencrimesareinvolved.However,intortactionsthe

individualagainstwhomthewronghasbeencommittedgenerallyhires

anattorneytoprocesstheclaim.

Third,whenonecommitsacrime,punishmentssuchasprobation,jail

sentences,removalfrompublicofficeandevenexecutionarereadily

available.However,theseremediesarenotavailableintortlaw.Tort

restitutionreliesprimarilyonmonetarycompensation.

Finally,compensationpaidindividualswhohavesuedothersincivil

courtsiscalleddamages.

3.Howarecivildamagescategorized?Whendotheyapply?

Civildamagesarecategorizedasgeneral,special,andpunitive.

Generaldamagescompensateforanyspecificanddemonstrableharm

thathasbeencaused.Specialdamagesinvolvecompensationfor

“consciouspainandsuffering.^^Punitivedamagesareawardedatthe

discretionofthejury,orasrequiredbystatute,ifitisfoundthatthe

behavioroftheactorwastheresultofanintentionaldisregardforthe

safetyorwell-beingofothers.

4:Whatarethedifferencesbetweensubstantivelawandprocedural

law?

Thetwobroadareasoflawarereadilydistinguishedassubstantive

lawandprocedurallaw.

Substantivecriminallawdefinescrimesandestablishespunishments.

Theselawsarecommonlyfoundinstatutesandordinancesthatare

writtenbylocal,state,orfederallegislature.Criminalprocedurallaw

outlinestheproceduresthatmustbefollowedduringtheinvestigationof

crimes,intheapprehensionofoffenders,andinthedeterminationofthe

individuafsinnocenceorguilt.

Thus,substantivelawinformsthesocietyastowhatbehavioris

acceptableorunacceptable,whereasprocedurallawdirectsthestateasto

thepropermethodsforapprehensionandadjudication.

5:Whatkindsoflegalrightsthatthepolicemustadvicethesuspect

ofbeforeanyinterrogation?

Thepolicemustadvisethesuspectoftheirlegalrightsbeforeany

interrogation.Suchlegalrightsareincluded,therighttoremainsilent,the

righttohaveanattorneypresentduringinterrogation.Thoughthesuspect

maywaivetheserights,awaivermustbeknowinglyandvoluntary.

WhatisthesignificanceofthecaseMirandavs.Arizona?

ThecaseofMirandav.Arizonaestablishesthatcriminaldefendants

havearighttoknowtheirrightsundertheconstitutionpriorto

questioningbylawenforcement.Priortothis,policeofficersdidnothave

toadviseasuspectabouthisrights.Thisistherighttoremainsilent,to

havealawyerpresentduringquestioning,andtohavealawyerprovided

ifyoucannotaffordone.

6.Howarethecrimesclassified?

Thecrimesareclassifiedintofelonies,misdemeanorsandinfractions.

Thedistinctionbetweenthemcentersontheseriousnessofthecrime

committed,thesubsequentpunishmentallowedbylawand/ortheplace

ofconfinementoftheconvicteddefendant.

Thegroundsfordistinctionoftenvaryconsiderablyfromstatetostate.

However,areviewoftheapplicablestatestatutesrevealsamorecommon

test:thelengthorplaceofpunishmentoftendistinguishesafelonyforma

misdemeanor.Anycrimegenerallypunishablebymorethansixmonths

inprisonisconsideredtobeafelony,whereasacrimerequiring

punishmentoflessthansixmonthsisamisdemeanor.Aswith

misdemeanors,ajurytrialisnotguaranteedifaninfractionhasbeen

committed,andthepersoncommittinginfractionsmayneverreceivea

jailsentencesaspunishment.

Andinfractionsareconsideredtobeto“petty”offenses.

7.Howarefeloniesdistinguishedfrommisdemeanors?

Thedistinctionbetweenfeloniesandmisdemeanorsgenerallycenters

ontheseriousnessofthecrimecommitted,thesubsequentpunishment

allowedbylawand/ortheplaceofconfinementoftheconvicted

defendant.Therearetwocommonwaystodistinguishthem.

Thefirstoneisthelengthorplaceofpunishment.Anycrimegenerally

punishablebymorethansixmonthsinprisonisconsideredtobeafelony,

whereasacrimerequiringpunishmentoflessthansixmonthsisa

misdemeanor.However,itisimportantnottobeconfusedbythelength

ofthesentencegivenbythejudgeorjurors.Forexample,assumeajudge

sentencesthedefendanttofivemonthsimprisonment.Ifthegreatest

maximumsentencewasfivemonths,itisamisdemeanor.However,ifthe

judgehadthediscretiontosentencetheindividualtosixmonthsormore

imprisonment,afelonyhasbeencommitted.

Thesecondwayisbytheso-calledinpresencerule.Apoliceofficer

cannotarrestanindividualforamisdemeanorunlessthemisdemeanoris

committedintheofficer'spresence,ormorereasonably,withthe

corroborationbyawitnessorthesigningofacomplaintandtheissuance

ofanarrestwarrant.Whentheoffenseisafelony,however,thepolice

officemustarresttheindividualifheorshereasonablybelievesthecrime

wascommittedbythatperson,eventhoughthetransgressionwas

committedoutofthepresenceoftheofficer.

8.Aremotiveandintentthesame?Ifnot,whatarethedifferences

betweenthem?

No.Theyhavecompletelydifferentlegalmeanings.

Motiveisdefinedasthe“causeorreasonthatmovesthewillandinduces

action.^^Itrepresentsthestimulusforbehavior.Thus,onemaykill

anotherbecauseofhatred,jealousy,orevenlove.Butthefactthatone

mayhavethemotivetokillanotherdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatone

harborstheintenttoinjureorkill.

Intentrelatestothestateofmindatthetimeofthecommissionofthe

unlawfulact.

Failuretoestablishthe"why"ofthecrimedoesnotnecessarilymeanthe

jurywillvoteforacquittal.However,withtheexceptionofstrictliability

offenses,failuretoestablishanunlawfulintentmustresultinacquittal.

9.Whataretheelementsestablishingthecriminalliability?

Theelementsarereferredasmensrea,actusreusandcausation.

10.Explainthesignificanceofmensrea,actusreusandcausation.

Mensreastandsforthestateofmindatthetimeofthecommissionof

theunlawfulact.Themerefactthatharmoccursdoesnotnecessarily

meanacrimehasbeencommitted.Iftheaccusedwascriminally

negligentinhisbeliefandbehavior,thelawmayconcludethatthe

unlawfulmensreawaspresent.

Theactusreuselementrelatestothe“doing“partofthecrime.Thus,if

apersondoesnothavealegaldutytoactandinfactdoesnotact,then

thatpersoncannotbeheldlegallyaccountablefortheunlawfulactsof

others.

Finally,causationisconsideredtobethelogicalcomingtogetherofthe

mensreaandactusreus,resultinginacriminalwrong.Iftheharmisnot

thelogicalresultoftheintentionandtheaction,thecausationdoesnot

exist,andthereisnocriminalliability.

Unit5CriminalProcedureB

1.Doyouagreewithstatementthat“itisbettertofreeguiltypersons

thantoconvictinnocentones”?

Yes.Becauseiftheoffenderwhoismissed,canbeseizedlater,butifa

personwaskilledbymistake,thevictimcouldnotrevived

2.Whofilesthebillsofinformation,theprosecutororthegrandjury?

Howdoesagrandjurydecidewhetherornottoreturna“truebill”?

Afterconductingtypicallyextensivebackgroundinvestigationsin

corroborationwithlocalandevenfederallawenforcement,prosecutors

mayfilewhatarecalledbillofinformation.

Ifamajorityofthegrandjurymembersbelieveacrimehasbeen

committed,thena“truebilF,isreturned,andtheaccusedisboundover

fortrial.

3.Whendoesanarrestoccur?Whatdoesitresultfrom?

Anarrestoccurswhenapeaceorpoliceofficertakesasuspectinto

custodyforthepurposesofchargingtheindividualwithacrime.

Thearrestmayresultfromthepoliceofficer'sownperceptionthata

crimehasbeenorisabouttobecommitted.

4.Whatfactormayeffectthedecisiontoprosecute,accordingtothe

passage?

Thedecisiontoprosecutelargelydependsonthestrengthofstate'scase

againsttheaccused.Besidestheattitudeofthevictim,thecosttothe

system,harmtothesuspect,adequatealternateprocedureavailable,and

suspect'swillingnesstocooperatewithlawenforcementmayalsoaffect

thedecisiontoprosecute.

5.Whoconductapreliminaryhearing?

Themagistrateorpreliminaryhearingjuryconductapreliminaryhearing.

Whatmusttheydecideafterthepresentationofthecase?

Theymustdecidewhetherthestatehadprobablecausetoarrestthe

accused.

6.Whyisthearraignmentimportant?

Becauseinthearraignmenttheaccusedplayedarelativelyactiverolethat

theymustmakeaplea.Besides,itisimportantthatthedefendantisagain

informedofcharges,counselisappointed(ifthedefendantisindigent),

andbailisestablished.

7.Whatisthefunctionofvoirdire?Doyouknowthedifference

betweenperemptorychallengeandthechallengeforcause?

Thevoirdireistheprocessusedtoselectajury.Arandomcross-selection

ofpersonsinthecommunityinwhichthetrialistooccurissummonedto

thecourtroom.

Peremptorychallengeallowseithersidetohaveprospectivejurors

excusedwithouthavingtospecifyaparticularreasonandistypically

limitedtosixinnonseriouscasesandtwelveinfelonyorcapitalcases.

Thechallengeforcauseallowsfortheexclusionofajuroronlyifthe

excludingparty(defenseorprosecution)demonstratesthattheindividual

cannotbeimpartialorcannototherwisehandletheresponsibilityof

makingarationaldecisionandnolimitstobethenumberofchallengefor

causethateithersidemayemploy.

8.Whyarethe"formninstructionsdesignedtobesimple?

Inordertounderstandyetcompleteenoughtoavoidanypotential

reversibleerrorsonappeal.

9.Whatwouldhappenifamistrialoccurs?

Thedefendantmayberequiredtogothroughtheentireprocessagain,

sincearetrialresultingfromamistrialdoesnotconstitutedouble

jeopardy.AsaresultofrecentSupremeCourtdecisions,somelocal

jurisdictionshavedoneawaywiththeunanimityrequirement;verdictin

whichasfewastwothirdsofthejurorsvotetoconvictoracquitare

consideredtobeconstitutional.

10.Whatkindsofsentencesmaybeimposediftheaccusedisfound

guilty?

Sentencesmaybesuspension,probation,jailterm,andfine,

disqualificationtoholdpublicofficeor