農(nóng)作物秸稈顆粒成型機(jī)的機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)

--參考文獻(xiàn)劉瑞偉．我國(guó)農(nóng)作物秸稈利用現(xiàn)狀及對(duì)策[J]．農(nóng)業(yè)與技術(shù)，2009年，第29卷，第1期：7-9張巖松，劉琳，馬飛良．國(guó)內(nèi)外秸稈燃料及燃燒設(shè)備研究與開(kāi)發(fā)現(xiàn)狀[J]．可再生能源，2002年，第4期：14-15張素．努力開(kāi)發(fā)工業(yè)鍋爐生物質(zhì)燃燒技術(shù)前景分析[J]．工業(yè)鍋爐，1999年，第3期：2-3戰(zhàn)學(xué)琴，李剛．小型燃煤鍋爐改造成秸稈成型燃料鍋爐的前景分析[J]．農(nóng)村能源，2001年，第5期：20-22NeilRyder．AlternativefuelscouldfeedDraxandfarmers[J]．FarmersGuardian，2004，29(10)：10姚向君．國(guó)外生物質(zhì)能的政策與實(shí)踐[M]．化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2006：10-12Morgan．P．Doran．Developingthebioenergyindustry[J]．Biocycleinternational，2004，8(3)：75-78張璐．國(guó)內(nèi)外生物質(zhì)能源的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀研究[J]．才智，2014年，第30期：7-9張榮成，李秀金．作物秸稈能源轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展[J]．現(xiàn)代化工，2005年，第25卷，第6期：14-17耿颯，徐存拴，李玉昌．木質(zhì)素的生物合成及其調(diào)控研究進(jìn)展[J]．西北植物學(xué)報(bào)，2003年，第23卷，第1期：171-181濮良貴，陳國(guó)定，吳立言．機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M]．高等教育出版社，2013：151-152SrivastavaAKandGoeringCE．Engineeringprinciplesofagriculturalmachines[M]．AmericanSocietyofAgriculturalEngineers，1993：28-31田宜水，趙立欣，孟海波等．我國(guó)生物質(zhì)固體成型燃料標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系的研究[C]．2008中國(guó)生物質(zhì)能源技術(shù)路線(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系建設(shè)論壇論文集，2008：1-5TheresaMandWelbourne．EntrepreneurshipTheoryandPractice[M]．2000：93-106TonyJames．SolidworksforDesignersTextbook[C]．CADCIMTechnologies，2010：1-7附錄AIntegrateddesignforlarge-scaleopto-mechanicalstructureChrisLucky,JamesLee,BruceKing.AppliedThermalEngineering,2016,8(6):556-568.Abstract:Anintegrateddesignmethodisdiscussedwhichthoroughlyconsidersrelatedparametersofthevarioussubsystemsinordertooptimizetheoverallsystemthatmainlyconsistsofopto--mechanicalstructureCAD,CAEandtheintegratedinformationplatformPDM.Basedontheparameterdriveofthevirtualmainmodel,themethodfocusesonthemodeltransformationanddatashareamongdifferentdesignandanalysissteps,andsotheconcurrentsimulationanddesignoptimizationarecarriedout.Asanexampleofapplication,theintegrateddesignforalarge-scaleopto-mechanicalstructureisintroduced,includingopticaldesign,structuredesignandanalysis,whichfurthervalidatestheadvantagesofthemethod.DuetocomprehensiveconsiderationofthedesignandanalysisprocessbyCADandCAEbasedonPDM,theintegrateddesignwellattainsthestructureoptimizationwithhighefficiency.Keywords:integrateddesign,CAD/CAE,large-scalestructure,opticalinstrument.1.IntroductionLarge-scaleopticalinstruments,suchaslargetelescopesandlasercommunicationterminals,belongtotheoptical-mechanical-electricintegratedsystems,whicharecharacterizedbyalarge-scaleclearapertureandhighprecision[1,2].Developmentofsuchinstrumentsinvolvesmanykeytechniques,forinstance,largemirrormountingdesign,high-accuracyspecialbaseframe,largeprecisionshafting,high-accuracydrivingtechnique,ultrathinopticalcomponentsupport,activecontrolforthinmirrorsurfacedeformation,newmaterialandmachinetechnique,andsoon.Intheearlydesignoflarge-scaleopticalinstruments,duetothelackofdesignexperience,sufficienttolerancesareusuallyscheduledforinitialdesignparameters.Aftertheengineeringprototypeiscompleted,itsactualtestresultsarecontrastedtothedesignindexestoevaluatethedesignquality,andsomestructuresandparametersmayinturnbemodifiedtilltheinstrumentdesignisinagreementwiththedesignrequirements.Atpresent,thismethodisnotencouragedforheavytask,highexpense,longcycle,andespeciallyunattainableoptimizationofthedesignresults.Withthewideapplicationofcomputertechniquesinvariousengineeringfields,thetechniquesofCADandCAEhaverapidlydevelopedandledtotheinnovationindesignmethodsofmodernopticalinstrumentstructure.In1980,JacobM.Miller,AmericanresearcheratHoneywellElectro-OpticalSystemsCenter,firstlyproposedtheconceptsandstepsofoptical-mechanical-electricintegrateddesignmethod,andenumeratedthesoftwareused.Meanwhilehesuccessfullyanalyzedtheoptical--electricsensorbyusingthemethod.BasedonCAD/CAEtechniques,theoptical--mechanical-electricintegratedmethodisusedtoanalyzeandsimulatethegeometrymodelandfiniteelementmodelcorrespondingtothevirtualprototypeoftheinstrument,andoverall,considersmutualactionsandconstraintsofvarioussubsystemssothatthestructureparametersaresystemically,consistentlyanddynamicallybalancedtofinallyoptimizethewholesystemparameters.Inthepaper,wefurtherdiscussanintegrateddesignmethod,whichfullyconsidersthemodeltransformationandoptimizationoftheparametersduringtheentiredesignprocess,mainlyincludingopto-mechanicalstructuredesignandanalysisbyCAD,CAEandespeciallytheintegratedinformationsharethroughproductdatamanagement(PDM).Asanexample,alarge-scaleopticalinstrumentstructureisdevelopedbythismethod.Theintegrateddesignandsimulationarecarriedoutfortheoverallsystem.2.Opto-mechanicalstructureCADmodelThemechanicalstructureasthemountingsupportstheopticssystemandensurestheopticsperformanceandthesystemreliability.Theconstraintsofmechanicalstructurearegenerallydividedintotwotypesaccordingtotheireffectivenessinopticssystemandapplicationenvironment,theauxiliarypartsofopticssystemandthemountingmechanismsofopticscomponents.Theopto-mechanicalstructuresincludetwoaspectsofstaticstructureanddynamicalone,andbothofthemcollaborativelyrealizetheopticsperformanceunderthedifferentapplicationconditions.Therefore,thestructuredesignneedstocorrespondinglyconsiderstaticstiffnessandmotionreliability.Asregardsalargemechanicalstructure,especiallyusedinspecialenvironmentsuchasspaceconditions,theweight,volumeandpowerconsumptionbecomethemainfactorstobeconsidered,andsomespecialstructure,materialandtechnologyaretobeadoptedtooptimizethesystemdesign.Figure1showstheopto-mechanicalstructureACDflow.Firstly,accordingtotheopticssystemrequirements,aconceptofstructuredesignisputforwardandpreliminarycalculationiscarriedout.Then,avirtualprototypeofthewholestructureisbuilt,includingallparts,allcomponentsandoverallassembly.Finally,afterthegeometrydimensionsandmaterialsareset,thecharacterparametersandstructurerationalitycanbetestedandmodifiedinturn.Togetherwiththedynamicalperformancesimulationbasedonvirtualmotionmodel,wecanfullycheckthefeasibilityofthedesignprojectanddecidewhetherornottochangethedesigndetailsoreventheproject.Moreover,wecaneitherimporttheCADmodelintoFEAsoftwarebyformattransformationsuchasIGES,STEP,DFX,etc.,ortransfertheCADmodeltoFEAsoftwarethroughtheinterfaceprocessingprogramprocessor.Figure1.ThedesignprocessofopticalstructureofACD.3.Opto-mechanicalstructureCAEanalysisDuetothelargestructureandhighprecisioninalarge-scaleopticalinstrument,itisnecessarytoevaluatethedesignbyfiniteelementanalysismethod,includingstructureanalysis,thermalanalysisandopticalanalysis.Inordertorealizetheintegrateddesignandsystemoptimization,collaborativesimulationandanalysismustcoverthewholeprocessincludingprojectselection,structuredesign,motionsimulation,thermaldesign,assemblyanalysisandmachiningprocess.Generally,thestepsofFEAmethodconsistofsolidmodeling,generatingmeshes,settingconditions,solvingandpost-processing.Thestructurestaticsanalysisisintendedforresearchintothestructureresponseshownbystrainandstress.Foralarge-scalestructure,thegravityeffectmustbeconsidered,whichusuallyinducestheelasticdeformation,especiallyseriousinspaceenvironment.Thedynamicsanalysismainlyresolvesthevibrationmodeandgainsthedynamicrigidity.Inotherwords,thestructureweaknessaswellastheresistingfracturecapabilitycanbefoundthroughthevibrationmodeanalysis.Conduction,convectionandradiationasthreeheattransfermodeswidelyexistinlarge-scaleinstruments,includingsteadyandtransienttemperaturefield.Throughthethermalanalysistogetthermalperformance,thethermalcontrolprojectofopticalinstrumentcanbeimplemented,whichwillguidethestructuredesigntomeettherequirementsofopticsperformance.However,nomaterwhichprojectofthemechanicalstructureisused,itmustcentertheopticssystem,andthefinalanalysisistoimprovetheopticalperformance.Figure2givesrelationsofthevariousanalysisprocesses,whichcanberealizedbythedatainterchangeandintegrationamongdifferentsoftware.TheZernikefittingmethodisusuallyemployedtoevaluatetheopticsperformancesuchaswavefrontanalysis,transformationfunction,andsoon.InFigure3,anexampleofourpriorFEAonalarge-scaleopto-mechanicalstructureisshown.Figure.2.RelationsamongdifferentFEAprocesses.4.PDMinformationintegrationPDMastheintegratedplatformbridgesthedesignandanalysisprocess,andsharesdatabasedonthevirtualmainmodel,whichapproachestheparameterdriveandrealtimemodificationduringthewholedesign.PDMgenerallyincludesCADmodeldata,technologyandfiledata,FEAanalysisandsimulationdata,etc.DifferentCADandCAEsubsystemsallcansharedatainformationbyPDM.Forinstance,inCIMS(computerintegratedmanufacturingsystem)basedonconcurrentengineering,PDMplaysakeyrolefordifferentsubsystemswithhighefficiency.Moreover,withthedevelopmentofnetworktechnology,PDMreliesontheCAN(controllerareanetwork)andclient-serversystemstructurewillefficientlybuildthecollaborativeandintegratedworkenvironment,includingprojectdesign,systemsimulationandanalysis,productmanagementoverthewholelifecycle,andevenalltheproductionandserviceprocessinthemarket.Figure4showsPDMapplicationinopticalinstrumentdesignandanalysis.Fig.3.FEAprocessofaprismassembly.Fig.4.DesignandsimulationbasedonPDMsystem.5.Adesignexampleofalarge-scaleopticalstructureWedevelopaFizeauinterferometerwitha360mmclearaperturebytheintegrateddesignmethod.Figure5showsthedesignandoptimizationflowofthereferencemirrorandmountingstructureintheinterferometer.WeuseWindchillPDMLinktosolvethedistributedproductdatamanagementproblem,includingfilemanagement,modeldatamanagement,informationsavingandopening.CADandCAEsoftwareincludeopticsdesignsoftwareofCODEV,2Dand3DdesignsoftwareofAutoCADandPro/Engineer,FEAsoftwareofAnsys,calculationsoftwareofMatlab,etc.Fig.5.Anexampleofdesignprocess:integrateddesignofreferencemirrorstructureoftheFizeau.InFigure5thearrowsshowthedataflowbetweendifferentdesignmodules.Firstly,thevirtualmodeloftheopticalinstrumentisconceptuallydesignedbyPro/EngineeringandCODEV.Thenthefiniteelementmethodistakenforthestaticanddynamicalanalysis,aswellasthetemperaturefieldanalysis,byCAEsoftwareofAnsys1.0.Thirdly,thestructureandthermalcontrolprojectisfurtheranalyzedandoptimizedthroughtheCAEresultagainandagain,andvariousopticalaberrationsaresolvedandcorrected.Finally,thewholeprocessisbasedonPDM,andrelateddatabetweenCADandCAEmodelshareeachothertillrealizingtheoveralldesignoptimization.Thewholedesignprocessisundertheintegratedframework,andtheintegrateddesignmethodthroughdynamicaldatainteractionhighlyimprovesthedesignefficiencyandquality.6.ConclusionsInordertoovercomethedisadvantagesofthetraditionaldesignoflarge-scaleopticalinstruments,theintegrateddesignmethodisintroducedforcompleteconsiderationofthedesignprocesstoattaintheoverallsystemoptimization,whichmainlyconsistsofthreeaspects,includingopto-mechanicalstructureCAD,opto-mechanicalstructureCAEandPDMinformationintegration.Withthedevelopmentsinnetworkandsoftwaretechniques,thefuturelarge-scaleopticalinstrumentdesignwillmainlytendtowardstwoaspects.Ontheonehand,theintegrateddesignbasedonWebPDMwillplayanimportantroleincomplicatedanddynamicaldatatreatment.Ontheotherhand,theOpto-CADsoftwareemergingwillbetterfacilitatethevisualizationandinterferometerwitha360mmclearaperture.附錄B大型光電集成的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)ChrisLucky,JamesLee,BruceKing.AppliedThermalEngineering,2016,8(6):556-568.摘要：討論了充分考慮相關(guān)的參數(shù)是一個(gè)集成的設(shè)計(jì)方法為各子系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化的整體系統(tǒng)，主要由光電—機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)CAD，CAE與PDM集成信息平臺(tái)?；诘奶摂M模型的參數(shù)驅(qū)動(dòng)的方法，側(cè)重于模式的轉(zhuǎn)型的設(shè)計(jì)和分析的步驟之間的數(shù)據(jù)共享，所以并行仿的設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化。作為應(yīng)用實(shí)例，綜合設(shè)計(jì)介紹了一種大型光學(xué)機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)，包括光學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)，結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與分析，進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了該方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。由于分析了基于PDM和CAD和CAE過(guò)程的設(shè)計(jì)，集成設(shè)計(jì)達(dá)到結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化效率高。關(guān)鍵詞：集成設(shè)計(jì)；CAD/CAE；大規(guī)模的結(jié)構(gòu)；光學(xué)儀器1.簡(jiǎn)介大型光學(xué)儀器，如大型望遠(yuǎn)鏡和激光通信終端，屬于光機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)，它是通過(guò)大規(guī)模的清晰的光圈和高精度的。發(fā)展這種儀器，涉及到許多關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，例如，大鏡子安裝設(shè)計(jì)，高精度的專(zhuān)用底座，大型精密軸系，高精度驅(qū)動(dòng)技術(shù)，超薄光學(xué)組件的支持，薄鏡面主動(dòng)控制表面變形，新材料和加工技術(shù)等等。在大型光學(xué)儀器設(shè)計(jì)的早期，由于缺乏設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，足夠的公差通常安排在初始設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)。工程樣機(jī)完成后，實(shí)際測(cè)試結(jié)果對(duì)比設(shè)計(jì)指標(biāo)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量，并和一些參數(shù)的結(jié)構(gòu)可能會(huì)被修改到儀器的設(shè)計(jì)是在設(shè)計(jì)協(xié)議要求。目前，鼓勵(lì)繁重的任務(wù)，這種方法是不高的費(fèi)用，長(zhǎng)周期和特別是高不可攀的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)在各個(gè)工程領(lǐng)域的廣泛應(yīng)用，CAD和CAE技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，LED的創(chuàng)新現(xiàn)代光學(xué)儀器結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方法。1980，雅各伯米勒,在霍尼韋爾電子光學(xué)系統(tǒng)中心的美國(guó)研究人員，首先提出了的概念和光機(jī)電一體化設(shè)計(jì)的方法和步驟列舉了應(yīng)用軟件。同時(shí)，他成功地分析了光—利用電傳感器的方法?；贑AD／CAE技術(shù)，光學(xué)—-機(jī)電一體化的方法用于分析和模擬幾何模型和有限元模型對(duì)應(yīng)的儀器的虛擬樣機(jī)，總體而言，考慮各子系統(tǒng)的相互作用和約束結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的，一致的和動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,最后，優(yōu)化整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)。在本文中，我們進(jìn)一步討論一個(gè)集成的設(shè)計(jì)方法，充分考慮了整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中的參數(shù)模型的改造和優(yōu)化的過(guò)程，主要包括光學(xué)機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與分析的CAD，CAE技術(shù)特別是集成信息共享通過(guò)產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)管理（PDM）。作為一個(gè)例子，一個(gè)大型光學(xué)儀器結(jié)構(gòu)開(kāi)發(fā)的方法。對(duì)整個(gè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了綜合設(shè)計(jì)與仿真。2.光學(xué)機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)CAD模型機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的安裝支持光學(xué)系統(tǒng)和保證光學(xué)性能和系統(tǒng)的可靠性。機(jī)械約束結(jié)構(gòu)一般分為兩種類(lèi)型，根據(jù)其有效性在光學(xué)系統(tǒng)和應(yīng)用環(huán)境，光學(xué)系統(tǒng)和輔助部件光學(xué)元件的安裝機(jī)構(gòu)。光機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)包括靜態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)和動(dòng)態(tài)兩方面，都協(xié)同實(shí)現(xiàn)光學(xué)性能的不同條件下的應(yīng)用條件。因此，結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)需要相應(yīng)地考慮靜態(tài)和運(yùn)動(dòng)可靠性的剛度。至于大的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是用于特殊環(huán)境如空間條件，重量，體積和功率消費(fèi)成為要考慮的主要因素，以及一些特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)，材料和工藝是采用優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。圖1顯示了光機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)ACD流。首先，根據(jù)光學(xué)系統(tǒng)的要求，一種結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)概念的提出和進(jìn)行了初步的計(jì)算。然后，一個(gè)虛擬的整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的原型建立，包括所有的零部件，所有零部件和總體裝配。最后，經(jīng)過(guò)幾何尺寸和材料特性和結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)設(shè)置大型光電集成的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)理性可以進(jìn)行測(cè)試和修改反過(guò)來(lái)。結(jié)合動(dòng)力學(xué)基于虛擬運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真模型的性能，我們完全可以檢查該設(shè)計(jì)方案的可行性和決定是否改變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)甚至工程。此外，我們可以導(dǎo)入到CAD模型的有限元分析通過(guò)格式轉(zhuǎn)換如IGES，DFX，等軟件，或轉(zhuǎn)移的CA