高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解-主旨大意題(generalization)講義

高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解主旨大意題(generalization)什么是generalization？（選擇題）：1.Choosethemost

generalword:A.chemist

B.physicist

C.scientist

D.biologist

2.Choose

themostgeneralsentence:A.Thehoteloffersplimentarycoffeefrom7to10a.m.daily.B.TherearemanyreasonswhyguestsfeelathomeattheGloriettaBayInn.C.Thecoinoperatedlaundryroomhasanironingboard.D.ThereareanumberofextraservicesattheGloriettaBayInnincludingbabysitting.

答案：CB

什么是主旨大意？最核心，最具概括力的信息。

考綱解讀：主旨大意題主要是測(cè)試考生對(duì)一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對(duì)某一語(yǔ)段或某一語(yǔ)篇的主題標(biāo)題或目的設(shè)題。凡是問(wèn)文章標(biāo)題（thebesttitle）、大意（themainidea）和寫(xiě)作意圖（thepurpose,theaim）的題目都屬于此類。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。

一．

主旨大意題命題形式大致可以概括為三類：選擇段落或文章的主題思想、標(biāo)題和寫(xiě)作目的。大意類常見(jiàn)的主題型題干：Thispassage

chiefly

dealswith____________.Whatis

mainlydiscussed

inthetext/paragraph？Whatisthe

mainidea

ofthepassage？4）Whatis

thekeypoint

ofthepassage?

2．標(biāo)題類常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)題型題干：The

besttitle/headline

forthispassagemightbe_____________.2)Thetext(passage)could

beentitled

______________.

3．目的主旨大意題Theauthor’s

mainpurpose

inwritingthepassageis______________.Thepassage

ismeantto

______________.The

intention

ofthewriter

is

to______________.4)The

theme

ofthepassageisto_____________.

4.

文章出處題1)Whereisthepassageprobably

from?2)Whatisthe

source

ofthearticle?(來(lái)源）

二．主旨大意題的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)有以下特點(diǎn)：1．以偏蓋全。只是局部信息或者是一句沒(méi)有展開(kāi)論述的話。以個(gè)別信息或個(gè)別字眼作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或者以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。2．過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)。干擾項(xiàng)所歸納、概括的范圍過(guò)大，超過(guò)文章實(shí)際所討論的內(nèi)容?；蚺c細(xì)節(jié)脫節(jié)，沒(méi)有對(duì)該篇閱讀材料的中心細(xì)節(jié)點(diǎn)提及。3．張冠李戴。命題者有意地把屬于A的特征放在B的身上，構(gòu)成一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)。考生不注意的情況下，會(huì)造成錯(cuò)選答案。

4.把讀者觀點(diǎn)或者大眾觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加于作者。讀者往往根據(jù)自己的常識(shí)或者普遍性思維的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)文章進(jìn)行判斷而忽視了作者的見(jiàn)解。5．無(wú)中生有或似是而非。有的干擾項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)好像在文章中談到了，但認(rèn)真分析之后你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這類干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無(wú)聯(lián)系。

三．解題技巧1.

根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折連詞或部分標(biāo)志性詞句來(lái)總結(jié)文章主題。一般而言，作者常常借用轉(zhuǎn)折連詞來(lái)引出文章或段落的主旨大意，如but，yet，however。需要注意的是轉(zhuǎn)折連詞后面的內(nèi)容往往是作者真實(shí)的寫(xiě)作目的或基本觀點(diǎn)，而這又常常是文章中心主旨的關(guān)鍵所在。還要格外注意部分標(biāo)志性詞句，如：onthewhole,asaresult,inshort,therefore,thus,

Iagreewiththeopinionthat….;Givenallthesepointsabove,Iwouldsupporttheideathat….;Forallthereasonsmentionedabove,Iwouldprefer…

2.

“主題句定位法”也是一種行之有效的方法。文章主題常?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)文章的寫(xiě)作方法來(lái)體現(xiàn)，有以下五種情況：①

倒三角形寫(xiě)作法：（▽）即中心主題句出現(xiàn)在文首。開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，提出主題，隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的演繹法寫(xiě)作方式。

②

正三角形寫(xiě)作法：（△）即主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾。在表述細(xì)節(jié)后，歸納要點(diǎn)、印象、結(jié)論、建議或結(jié)果，以概括主題。這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的歸納法寫(xiě)作方式。③

圓形寫(xiě)作法：（○）即首尾呼應(yīng)的寫(xiě)作方法。突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題，這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫(xiě)作方式也較為多見(jiàn)。通常，前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)，后面的表述往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。

④

菱形寫(xiě)作法：（

）即主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間，通常前面只提出問(wèn)題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展。

⑤

正方形寫(xiě)作法：（□）即中心主題句隱含在全文之中，沒(méi)有明確的主題句。在這種情況下，我們的注意力主要放在兩個(gè)方面：1.

文章的主要內(nèi)容；2.

選項(xiàng)之間的區(qū)別。也就是說(shuō)能涵蓋文章的全部或主要內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)才是正確答案。

演繹法：（▽）（A）Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti(意大利面),eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfastfoods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraph?______

A.Somepeoplelikesteakandothersredmeat.

B.Vegetablesareveryhealthyforyou.

C.Howfoodispreparedhasalottodowithhowwellapersonmaylikeit.

D.Differentpeoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.

歸納法：（△）

（B）(全國(guó)E篇)Mostpeoplewanttoknowhowthingsaremade.Theyhonestlyadmit,however,thattheyhardlyknowathingwhenitestounderstandinghowapieceofmusicismade.Whereaposer(作曲家)begins,howhemanagestokeepgoinginfact,howandwherehelearnshistradeallarecoveredinpletedarkness.Theposer,inshort,isamanofmystery(神秘).Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

______poser:amanofmystery

B.PracticemakesgoodmusicC.Relationbetweensleepingandmusic

D.Music:productofnature

首尾呼應(yīng)法：（○）（C）Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.

Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalis…

TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.

AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.

Thepassageismainlyabout

_______.

A.HowtoPlayLacrosse

B.LacrosseinCanada

C.TheHistoryofLacrosse

D.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada

重點(diǎn)段法：（

）(D)Fatonhumanbeingsisdistributed(分布)

indifferentways.Somefatpeoplehavealargestomachandnowaistline—whichmakesthemlookround,ratherlikeapples.Othersarefatterbelowthewaist,whichmakesthemappearpearshaped.

Therearetwotypesoffat:externalfat(fatundertheskin)andinternalfat(fatinsidethebodywall).Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherelationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthe‘pears’havelessinternalfat,butthe‘a(chǎn)pples’havemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealthproblems.

Thebesttreatmentforfatnessistoreducetheinternalfat.Butunfortunatelyitseemsthatdieting(節(jié)食)simplymakesanappleshapedpersonintoasmallerappleandapearshapedpersonintoasmallerpear.Atthemomentthereisnoknownwayofreducingtheinternalratherthanexternalfat.

4.Thetextismainlyabout______.

A.fatnessandhealth

B.waystoloseweigh

C.people’sfigures

D.distributionoffat

正方形寫(xiě)作法：（□）

（E）JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleave

before

hisgraduation.Hetransferred(轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)到)

totheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.

B.TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.

C.TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity.

D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.

補(bǔ)充：假定標(biāo)題寫(xiě)作法；這是一種逆向思維的方法。這種方法就是先設(shè)定某一個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確的文章標(biāo)題，那么，按照這個(gè)標(biāo)題文章通常應(yīng)該怎么寫(xiě)、寫(xiě)什么呢？根據(jù)標(biāo)題里的核心詞，我們可以在頭腦里大致確定一下文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容，如果二者與閱讀短文基本相同，就可以判斷該項(xiàng)正確；如果與短文大相徑庭，就可以判斷該項(xiàng)不對(duì)。使用這種方法的關(guān)鍵是找出標(biāo)題中的核心詞。Passage

7

(浙江英語(yǔ)卷E篇)FourpeopleinEngland,backin1953,staredatphoto51.Itwasn’tmuch–apictureshowingablackX.ButthreeofthesepeoplewontheNobelPrizeforfiguringoutwhatthephotoreallyshowed—theshapeofDNA.ThediscoverybroughtfameandfortunetoscientistsJamesWatson,Franciscrick,andMauriceWilkins.Thefourth,theonewhoactuallymadethepicture,wasleftout.HernamewasRosalindFranklin.“Sheshouldhavebeenupthere,”sayshistorianMaryBowden.”ifherphotohadn’tbeenthere,theotherscouldn’thaveeupwiththestructure.”onereasonFranklinwasmissingwasthatshehaddiedofcancerfouryearsbeforetheNobeldecision.ButnowscholardoubtthatFranklinwasnotonlyrobbedofherlifebydiseasebutrobbedofcreditbyherpetitors..……AsFranklin’spetitors,Wilkins,WatsonandCrickhadmuchtogainbycuttingheroutofthelittlegroupofresearchers,sayshistorianPninaAbirAm.In1962attheNobelPrizeawardingceremony,Wilkinsthanked13colleaguesbynamebeforehementionedFranklin.Watsonwrotehisbooklaughingather.Crickwrotein1974that“Franklinswasonlytwostepsawayfromthesolution.”“

No,Franklinwasthesolution.

ShecontributedmorethananyotherplayertosolvingthestructureofDNA.Shemustbeconsideredacodiscoverer,”AbirAmsays.ThiswasbackedupbyAaronKlug,whoworkedwithFranklinandlaterwonaNobelPrizehimself.Oncedescribedasthe“DarkLadyofDNA”,Franklinisfinallyingintothelight.5.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?ThedisagreementsamongDNAresearchers.

TheunfairtreatmentofFranklin.TheprocessofdiscoveringDNA.

DTheracebetweentwoteamsofscientists.

答案：DADADB

四．鞏固練習(xí)：（F）OntheInternet,wecanreadnewsathomeandabroadandgetasmuchinformationaswecan.WeoftensendemailsormaketelephonecallstoourfamiliesaswellastoourfriendsbyInternet.What’smore,wecangotoschoolonthenet,readalotofbooksandeventeachourselvesforeignlanguages.Wealsoenjoymusic,watchballmatchesonthenetandplayputergames.Withthehelpofthenet,wecandoshoppingevenwithoutleavingourhomes.TheInternetisplayingamoreandmoreimportantpartinourdailylife.What’sthemainideaofthepassage？________

A.KeepawayfromtheInternet.

Surfthenet.

C.TheInternetisplayinganimportantpartinourdailylife.

D.WecanentertainourselvesontheInternet.

（G）（NMET）Aspricesandbuildingcostskeeprising,

the"doityourself"(DIY)

trend（趨勢(shì)）intheU.S.continuestogrow.

"Weneededfurniture

forourlivingroom,"

saysJohnRoss,

“andwejustdidn'thaveenoughmoneytobuyit.

Sowedecidedtotrymakingafewtablesandchairs."

Johngotmarriedsixmonthsago,

andlikemanyyoungpeoplethesedays,

theyarestrugglingtomakeahomeatatimewhenthecostoflivingisveryhigh.

TheRossestooka2weekcoursefor$280atanightschool.

Nowtheybuildalltheirfurnitureandmakerepairsaroundthehouse.

JimHatfieldhasthreeboysandhiswifedied.

He

hasafulltimejobathomeaswellasinashoemakingfactory.

Lastmonth,

hereceivedacarrepairbillfor$420.

“Iwasdeeplyupsetaboutit.

NowI'vefinishedacarrepaircourse,Ishouldbeabletofixthecarbymyself."

JohnandJimarenotunusualpeople.

Mostfamiliesinthecountryaredoingeverythingtheycantosavemoneysothey

canfightthehighcostofliving.

Ifyouwanttobeea"doityourself",

youcangotoDIYclasses.

Andforthosewhodon'thavetimetotakeacourse,

therearebooksthattellyouhowyoucandothingsyourself.

Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

theJoyofDIY

B.

YouCanDoItToo!

C.

WeletoOurDIYCourse!

D.

RossandHatfield:BelieversinDIY.

(H)Coffeeisauniversalbeverage(飲料)

thatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.InLondon,forexample,someEnglishmendipmustard(芥末)

intotheircoffee,whileinDenver,a

personmightaddadashofketchup(番茄醬).Stripsoforangeandlemon

peel,cloves(丁香)

andcinnamon(肉桂)

sticksarenotunusualadditionstothebrew(飲料)

inEurope.AnAsiandelightconsistsofcoffeebrewedinboilingsugar.perhapstherichestcupofcoffeecanbeenjoyedinIrelandwherewhiskeyandwhipped(生的)

creamareimportantingredients.InAustraliaawaitresswillask,"Doyouwantblackorwhite?"Blackisplainblackcoffee,butwhiteishalfcoffeeandhalfwarmmilk.IfanAustralianordersicedcoffee,hewillbeservedacupofsteamingcoffeewithascoopoficecream.ItsoundsliketheAustralianversionofa"snowballinhell."

8.Theparagraphcouldbeentitled______.

A.SomeLikeItHot.

B.CoffeeAroundtheWorld.

C.OrientalDelights.

D.ASnowballinHell.

(I)(廣東高考題)In1901,H.G.Wells,anEnglishwriter,wroteabookdescribingatriptothemoon.Whentheexplorerslandedonthemoon,theydiscoveredthatthemoonwasfullofundergroundcities.Theyexpressedtheirsurprisetothe“moonpeople”theymet.Inturn,the“moonpeople”expressedtheirsurprise.“Why,”theyasked,“areyoutravelingtoouterspacewhenyoudon’tevenuseyourinnerspace?”

H.G.Wellscouldonlyimaginetraveltothemoon.In1969,humanbeingsreallydidlandonthemoon.Peopletodayknowthattherearenoundergroundcitiesonthemoon.However,thequestionthatthe“moonpeople”askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.

Undergroundsystemsarealreadyinplace.Manycitieshaveundergroundcarparks.Insomecities,suchasTokyo,SeoulandMontreal,therearelargeundergroundshoppingareas.The“Chunnel”,atunnel(隧道)connectingEnglandandFrance,isnowplete.

Butwhataboutundergroundcities?Japan’sTaiseiCorporationisdesigninganetworkofundergroundsystem,called“AliceCities.”Thedesignersimagineusingsurfacespaceforpublicparksandusingundergroundspaceforflats,offices,shopping,andsoon.Asolardome(太陽(yáng)能穹頂)wouldcoverthewholecity.

Supportersofundergrounddevelopmentsaythatbuildingdownratherthanbuildingupisagoodwaytousetheearth’sspace.Thesurface,theysay,canbeusedf