04閱讀理解（詞句猜測(cè)題）-2025年高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)能力提升全囊括

閱讀理解詞句猜測(cè)題[命題解讀]詞句猜測(cè)題旨在考查考生在閱讀文章時(shí)通過(guò)各種方法或技巧猜測(cè)生詞的含義、理解語(yǔ)塊的意思以及明確代詞指代含義的能力，是英語(yǔ)高考閱讀理解中的必考題型，是考查考生語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力以及思維品質(zhì)的重要途徑。[設(shè)題特點(diǎn)]1.這類題目往往要求考生能夠?qū)ξ恼轮械哪硞€(gè)生詞、熟詞(熟詞生義)、短語(yǔ)或句子進(jìn)行理解并選出準(zhǔn)確的意思，或者確定原文中某個(gè)代詞的指代含義。因此，在閱讀過(guò)程中，考生需要結(jié)合語(yǔ)境，聯(lián)系上下文進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。此外，掌握一定的猜詞技巧，對(duì)提高閱讀能力都有非常重要的意義。2.分析近三年新高考卷及全國(guó)卷考查詞義猜詞的題目可以發(fā)現(xiàn)：(1)文本中涉及的派生詞、合成詞難度加大，更加突出對(duì)考生靈活運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力的考查；(2)對(duì)短語(yǔ)的考查與對(duì)生詞的考查都有所涉及，短語(yǔ)已經(jīng)不再限制于由課標(biāo)詞組成的短語(yǔ)了，出現(xiàn)了非課標(biāo)詞，這對(duì)考生的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力提出了更高的要求。無(wú)論是直接的詞義猜測(cè)題，還是閱讀篇章中需要理解的生詞，我們都可運(yùn)用邏輯關(guān)系、上下文、生活常識(shí)、文化背景、構(gòu)詞法等來(lái)猜測(cè)其含義。[選項(xiàng)特征]正確選項(xiàng)特征1.本意延伸。其真實(shí)的含義與其字面意思無(wú)關(guān)，在原意的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行延伸或者拓展；2.邏輯通順。在內(nèi)容上，與詞或短語(yǔ)所在的句子、段落有關(guān)，符合上下文邏輯；3.接近原意。會(huì)采取另一種用法或表達(dá)方式，而且與原句意思最接近。干擾選項(xiàng)特征1.構(gòu)詞法干擾，指片面地從構(gòu)詞法的角度猜測(cè)、思考，不考慮上下文語(yǔ)境，望詞生義；2.如果考的是熟詞、舊詞，含有常規(guī)詞義或本來(lái)含義的往往是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)；3.句子解釋中含有過(guò)多原句中已有的詞和短語(yǔ)的選項(xiàng)一般是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)?？挤ㄒ粏卧~或短語(yǔ)含義猜測(cè)題詞義含義猜測(cè)是一種閱讀技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短時(shí)間內(nèi)根據(jù)上下文快速猜測(cè)所指定的某一個(gè)單詞和短語(yǔ)的能力，而這些詞和短語(yǔ)往往都是超出考綱范圍，但在文章閱讀中起到一定的作用。由此看來(lái)，猜測(cè)詞義能力的高低，直接影響著閱讀理解得分的高低。技法1“邏輯關(guān)系”猜詞義閱讀理解語(yǔ)篇是按照一定的邏輯關(guān)系展開的，根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系可以粗略地推斷出生詞詞義或其大致義域。對(duì)猜測(cè)詞義幫助較大的邏輯關(guān)系有并列、轉(zhuǎn)折和因果等。[技法點(diǎn)撥](1)當(dāng)需要猜測(cè)的詞語(yǔ)位于incontrast,onthecontrary,unlike,however,but,despite,while等詞語(yǔ)附近時(shí)，可以推測(cè)其意思與前后的單詞或短語(yǔ)表示相反的意思。因此，可以通過(guò)這種轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，根據(jù)已知單詞或短語(yǔ)的意思反推需要猜測(cè)的詞語(yǔ)的意思。(2)當(dāng)需要猜測(cè)的詞語(yǔ)位于also,as...as,similarly,and,or,justas,likewise等詞語(yǔ)附近時(shí)，可以推測(cè)其意思與前后的單詞或短語(yǔ)表示相同或者相近的意思。因此，可以通過(guò)這種并列關(guān)系，根據(jù)已知單詞或短語(yǔ)的意思推測(cè)出需要猜測(cè)的詞語(yǔ)的意思。(3)英語(yǔ)中表示因果關(guān)系的詞語(yǔ)有because,since,for,as,thus,therefore,consequently,hence,dueto,owingto,thanksto,onaccountof,resultin,resultfrom,so,asaresult,forthisreason,accordingly,so...that...,such...that...等，當(dāng)需要猜測(cè)的詞語(yǔ)位于這些詞或短語(yǔ)附近時(shí)，可以根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)其意思。典例1【江蘇省常熟市20222023學(xué)年高三10月階段性抽測(cè)（一）】Parents,teachersandcaregivershavelongsuspectedthemagicofstorytellingtocalmkids.Researchershavenowquantifiedthebiologicalandemotionalbenefitsofawelltoldtale.“Weknowthatnarrativehasthepowertotransportustoanotherworld,”saysGuilhermeBrockingtonfromBrazil’sFederalUniversity.“Earlierresearchsuggestedthatstorieshelpchildrenprocessandregulatetheiremotions—butthiswasmostlyconductedinalaboratory,withsubjectsansweringquestionswhilelyinginsidefunctionalMRImachines.Therearefewstudiesonbiologicalandpsychologicaleffectsofstorytellinginamoremonplacehospitalsetting.”SoinvestigatorsworkinginseveralBrazilianhospitalssplitatotalof81patientsaged4to11intotwogroups,matchingthemwithstorytellerswhohadadecadeofhospitalexperience.Inonegroup,thestorytellerledeachchildinplayingariddlegame.Intheother,youngsterschosebooksandlistenedasthestorytellerreadthemaloud.Beforeandafterthesesessions,theresearcherstookspitsamplesfromeachchild,thenaskedthemtoreporttheirpainlevelsandconductedafreeassociationwordquiz.Childreninbothgroupsbenefitedmeasurablyfromtheinteractions;theyshowedlowerlevelsofcortisol—thestressrelatedhormoneandhigherlevelsofoxytocin,whichisoftendescribedasafeelgoodhormone.Yetkidsinthestorytellinggroupbenefitedsignificantlymore:theircortisollevelswereaquarterofthoseintheriddlegroup,andtheiroxytocinlevelswerenearlytwiceashigh.Thosewhoheardstoriesalsoreportedpainlevelsdroppingalmosttwiceasmuchasthoseintheriddlegroup,andtheyusedmorepositivewordstodescribetheirhospitalstay.Thestudydemonstratesthatplayinggamesorsimplyinteractingwithsomeonecanrelaxkidsandimprovetheiroutlookbutthathearingstorieshasanespeciallydramaticeffect.Theresearchers“reallytriedtocontrolthesocialinteractionponentofthestoryteller,whichIthinkwasthekey,”saysRaymondMar,apsychologistatYorkUniversitywhowasnotinvolvedinthenewresearch.Next,theinvestigatorsplantostudyhowlongtheseeffectslast,alongwithstorytelling’spotentialbenefitstokidswithparticularillnessessuchascancer.FornowBrockingtonsaystheresultsindicatestorytellingisalowcostandextremelyefficientwaytohelpimprovehealthoutesinavarietyofsettings.Maragrees.“It’sverypromisingandscalable,”hesays,“andpossiblygeneralizable.”33．Theunderlinedword“scalable”inthelastparagraphisclosestinmeaningto_________.A．a(chǎn)ccessible B．parable C．a(chǎn)djustable D．readable【答案】33．A

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要講的是研究人員現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)量化了一個(gè)講得好的故事在生理和情感上的好處。33．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一段的“theresultsindicatestorytellingisalowcostandextremelyefficientwaytohelpimprovehealthoutesinavarietyofsettings(研究結(jié)果表明，講故事是一種低成本且極其有效的方法，可以幫助改善各種環(huán)境下的健康狀況)”可知，這種方法是可行的，可使用的，scalable和accessible(可使用的)意思相近，故選A。典例2【江蘇省金陵中學(xué)、海安中學(xué)20222023學(xué)年高三10月聯(lián)考】JohnDominiswasoneofthestaffphotographersofLIFEMagazine.HejoinedLIFEin1950andshotoneofthemostclassicpicturesofthe20thcentury;TommieSmithandJohnCarlosgivingtheblackpowersaluteattheOlympicsinMexico.Here,LIFElooksbackatoneofhislesserknownshoots—theAfricanantelope,whichwasacoverstorythatearnedhimMagazinePhotographeroftheyearin1966andlaterbecameabook.IntheEditor’sNotethatacpaniesthestory,Dominisdescribedhowhewasabletogetthedramaticphotowithoutatelephotolens.“Iwantedtogetlowangleshotsthatgaveadramaticsenseoftheirspeed.Ibuiltboxesandmountedcamerasinsideofthem.”Dominisexplained.“JohnandIworkedforthreeweekswiththem.We’dgoamileaheadofaherdandputdowntheboxesandhidthem.Thenwe’dhideaquarterofamileawayandwaitmaybeforseveralhours.MeanwhilethelightmightchangeandtherewasnowayIcouldchangetheexposureonthecameras.Iftheanimalreachedtheboxes,Ipushedthebuttonthatsetoffthecamerasbyaradiosignalandranoffawholerolloffilm.Imusthaveexposed40rolls,butendedupwithonlyonereallygoodphoto.”TheBriscoeCenterrecentlyacquiredJohnDominis’sworks.“ThesepicturesandcollectionshavesomethingtosayabouthowAmericansperceivetheoutsideworld,”saidBenWrightoftheBriscoeCenter.“Theyarenotonlybeautifulandinteresting;they’rehistoricalevidencethathelphistorianstounderstandthepastwithaccuracyandintegrity.”25．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“mounted”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Fixed. B．Added.C．Adjusted. D．Focused.【答案】25．A

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了攝影師JohnDominis是如何拍攝他的非洲羚羊照片的經(jīng)過(guò)的，以及人們對(duì)他作品的評(píng)價(jià)。25．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“Iwantedtogetlowangleshotsthatgaveadramaticsenseoftheirspeed.Ibuiltboxesand(我想拍低角度的照片，給人一種戲劇性的速度感。我制作了盒子)”以及后文“camerasinsideofthem”可知，Dominis想要拍攝低角度的照片，給人一種速度的戲劇性感覺，所以做了一些盒子，在里面安裝了攝像機(jī)。故畫線詞意思是“安裝”。A.Fixed.安裝；B.Added.增加；C.Adjusted.調(diào)整；D.Focused.集中。故選A。技法2“語(yǔ)法關(guān)系”猜詞義利用語(yǔ)法關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義時(shí)指利用語(yǔ)言表達(dá)中的下定義、舉例子、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)等進(jìn)行詞義猜測(cè)的方法。[技法點(diǎn)撥](1)作者有時(shí)會(huì)通過(guò)給某些詞匯下定義來(lái)幫助讀者理解詞義，尤其是在一些科普類、社科類以及與專業(yè)內(nèi)容相關(guān)的文章中。此時(shí)，常使用的信號(hào)詞匯有：i.e.,is,are,is/arecalled,mean,referto,knownas等。(2)有時(shí)，畫線詞后會(huì)跟有一些具體的例子，這些例子能幫助考生理解該詞的詞義。此時(shí)常出現(xiàn)的信號(hào)詞匯有：suchas,such...as,forexample,forinstance,like,including,especially等.(3)作者為了使某一復(fù)雜難懂的詞或術(shù)語(yǔ)的含義更清楚，通常會(huì)使用常用、簡(jiǎn)明的詞或詞組對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋，這就是重述。重述部分通過(guò)逗號(hào)(有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)或括號(hào))與句子的其他部分隔開或用信號(hào)詞引導(dǎo)。常見的信號(hào)詞匯有：or,namely,thatis,inotherwords,thatistosay,tobemoreexact,toputinanotherway等。典例4【江蘇省金陵中學(xué)、海安中學(xué)20222023學(xué)年高三10月聯(lián)考】Asthenewyearapproaches,crowdsaroundtheworldmaybeexpectingwhizzesandbangstolightupthesky.Theappealoffireworkscouldfizzleoutwiththegrowinguseofdrones(無(wú)人機(jī))forlightshows,though.OllieHowitt,aleaderofSkyMagic,whichusedateamof300dronestocreateadisplayforLondon’snewyearcelebrationlastyear,saiddemandhadincreasedsubstantially.“Wedothinkit’sgoingtobesomethingthat’severcatchingon,asopposedtoitbeingashortlivedsortoffashionpeoplehavesuddenlygotinterestedin.Dronesarereusableandthere’snofallout.Inthatsensethey’reaverygood,sustainableoption,”shesaid.28．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“fizzleout”inparagraph1mean?A．Catchon. B．Windup.C．Springup. D．Cancelout.【答案】28．B

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了無(wú)人機(jī)用于燈光表演有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是它可能給環(huán)境帶來(lái)的影響。人們對(duì)無(wú)人機(jī)燈光表演有不同態(tài)度。28．詞句猜測(cè)題。結(jié)合常識(shí)和第一段“Theappealoffireworkscouldfizzleoutwiththegrowinguseofdrones(無(wú)人機(jī))forlightshows，though.(不過(guò)，隨著無(wú)人機(jī)越來(lái)越多地用于燈光表演，煙花的吸引力可能會(huì)fizzleout)”中“fireworks”和“thegrowinguseofdrones”可知，煙花表演與無(wú)人機(jī)的表演是有共性的，都屬于夜空中的燈光秀，因此，當(dāng)無(wú)人機(jī)越來(lái)越多地用于燈光表演，煙花表演就減少或被替代，由此推知，劃線短語(yǔ)與Windup意思相近，意為“結(jié)束”。故選B項(xiàng)。典例5【江蘇省漣水縣第一中學(xué)20222023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期第一次階段檢測(cè)】Chinesecuisineiswidelyknownandenjoyedallaroundtheworld,Whodoesn’tlongforafavoriteChinesedish?ButthereisoneinterestingconceptconcerningChinesefoodwhichisalmostunheardintheWest,andwhichisbeingincreasinglyignoredbytheyouthoftheEast—theancientcustomoftonicfood.Tonicfoodisfoodwhichisconsumedtoimproveone’swellbeingoravoidsickness.Forinstance,itwasoncethecustomfornewmotherstoeatasesameoilhotpoteverydayforthefirstmonthaftergivingbirth.Itwasbelievedthatthisdishwouldbenefitthemuscles,reducepain,improvecirculation,stimulatesweating,andwarmthebody.Somefoods,suchasgoatmeatandspinach(菠菜),areseenas“hot”,whileothers,suchasChinesecabbageandradishes(小蘿卜),areseenas“cold”.Oneshouldbecarefulnottoeattoomuchofeither“hot”or“cold”food,However,howmuch“hot”or“cold”foodoneshouldeatdependsonthetimeoftheyear,howthefoodispreparedandwhatitispreparedwith,andtheindividual’shealth.Thecustomofemployingtonicfoodforahealthierlifealsoinfluencesthecateringindustry.Chineseherbalmedicines,suchasthewolfberry,canbefoundonmanyarestaurantmenu,eitheraddedtofruitteaorasabeneficialadditiontoadish.Theseherbsattractcustomers,suchasoverworkedofficestaff,inneedofamodestpickmeup.So,whetheryouneedtoboostyourstrengthwithalargehelpingofchickensoup,orincreaseyourmentalpowerswithaservingofpigbrainsoup,youmayfindthatthisancientChinesecustomcouldbejustthetonicyouwerelookingfor.10．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“catering”underlinedinparagraph3?A．Medicine. B．Restaurant. C．Education. D．Fashion.【答案】10．B

【分析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)滋補(bǔ)品的現(xiàn)狀、功效以及滋補(bǔ)品對(duì)現(xiàn)代餐飲業(yè)的影響。10．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞后文“Chineseherbalmedicines,suchasthewolfberry,canbefoundonmanyarestaurantmenu,eitheraddedtofruitteaorasabeneficialadditiontoadish.”可知，中草藥，如枸杞，可以在許多餐館的菜單上找到，可以添加到水果茶中，也可以作為一道菜的有益補(bǔ)充。由此可知，文中cateringindustry與下文的餐館有關(guān)，故可知意思是“餐館”。A.Medicine.藥物；B.Restaurant.餐廳；C.Education.教育；D.Fashion.時(shí)尚。故選B。技法3利用構(gòu)詞法猜詞義[技法點(diǎn)撥]構(gòu)詞法是猜測(cè)生詞含義的重要依據(jù)，根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)出的詞義一般比較接近單詞的真實(shí)意思，準(zhǔn)確度較高。雖然利用構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義近三年高考沒有直接考查，但是在閱讀文本中出現(xiàn)了派生詞、合成詞，且沒有給出注解，考生需要利用構(gòu)詞法理解其含義，因此，利用構(gòu)詞法猜詞的方法考生仍需要掌握。典例6(2020·新高考Ⅱ卷·B)Theendoftheschoolyearwasinsightandspiritswerehigh.Iwasbackteachingafteranabsenceof15years,dealingwiththevariouskindsof“forbiddenfruit”thateoutofbookbags.Nowwasthespringofthewaterpistol(手槍).Idecidedtothinkupamethodofdealingwithforbiddenfruit.......MyimaginaryGrandma'sBoxworkedlikemagicthatspring,andlater.SometimesstudentswouldaskmetodescribeallthethingsIhadinit.ThenIwouldtrytorememberthedifferentpossessionsIsupposedlyhadtakenaway—sinceIseldomactuallykeptthem.Usuallytheoffenderwouldappearattheendoftheday,andIwouldreturnthebelonging.5.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“theoffender”inparagraph8referto?A.Thestudent'sparent. B.ThemakeroftheGrandma'sBox.C.Theauthor'sgrandchild. D.Theowneroftheforbiddenfruit.5.D根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法，“er”為后綴，當(dāng)其與動(dòng)詞綴合時(shí)，表示做某事的人或物；offend為動(dòng)詞，意為“違反、冒犯”。故offender有“犯規(guī)者、違反者”的含義。結(jié)合上文中出現(xiàn)的forbiddenfruit以及下文提到的returnthebelonging可推斷，犯規(guī)者指擁有下述forbiddenfruit的人。考法二代詞猜測(cè)題猜測(cè)代詞指代義就是找出人稱代詞、指示代詞甚至關(guān)系代詞等所指代的內(nèi)容，高考中?？嫉氖侨朔Q代詞以及指示代詞的指代對(duì)象，縱觀近三年的高考題，一般來(lái)講，代詞指代題不會(huì)單純從語(yǔ)法角度考查指代對(duì)象，都需要借助上下文語(yǔ)境以及邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。代詞猜測(cè)題常出現(xiàn)在人物或事物變換多，動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換頻繁的語(yǔ)境中?！炯挤c(diǎn)撥】典例8【江蘇省南京市六校聯(lián)合體20222023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期10月聯(lián)合調(diào)研】Formostpeople,moneystillmeansphysicalcashprintedbyasole(唯一的、專有的),publicauthority.Yetitmaybeshortlived,ascashgiveswaytothedigitalizationoffinanceandnewmeansofpaymentmaytakeover.Thebigchangewillhavehugeimpactsonstates,peopleandpanies.Doesitdomoregoodthanharm?EswarPrasad,aseniorprofessorofTradePolicyatCornellUniversity,saysinhisbookKillbills,theFutureofMoney,itdependsoncentralbanks—whethertheycanembracechangewithoutlosingcontrol.Heinsiststheendofcash—likelywithinadecadeortwo—isrevolutionary.Asforthetrendthatcashisdeclining,MrPrasadexplainsthatitisduetothefactthatmanypeoplebankfromlaptopsandmakepaymentsontheirphones.Bitcoinandmanyotherdigitalmoniesithasinspiredbringaboutamorefundamentalshift,whichmakespaymentspossiblewithouttheneedforatrusted,centralauthority.However,banksremaindominant.Fearingthiscoulddothemoutofajob,manycentralbanksarebeginningtocatchupwiththepacebydevelopingtheirowndigitalcurrencies—CBDCs,whichwillupgradethefinancialsystem.MrPrasadsaystheyaremoreefficientthancashforsettlingtransactions(交易結(jié)算).Theycouldalsoprovidesupporttodigitalpaymentsystemsmanagedbyprivatefirms.Theycouldoffer“unbanked”munitiesaccesstodigitalpaymentsandotherfinancialproducts.Andtheymaymakeiteasiertotrackillegaltransactions.However,MrPrasadfearsCBDCsmaybevulnerable(脆弱的)tohackingandbugs;theycouldkillprivateinnovationandcausetheinstabilitytheyaremeanttoprohibit.Theprivacyoftransactionswillbelost.Healsomanagestomakethefinancialsystemunderstandableandinteresting.Hispatientdescriptionofhowitworksincludesnumbersofwellresearchedexamplesandpersonalanecdotes.9．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inParagraph4referto?A．Centralbanks. B．Bills. C．panies. D．CBDCs.【答案】

9．D

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要以《消滅紙幣，貨幣的未來(lái)》這本書為核心話題，介紹了其主要內(nèi)容——當(dāng)前貨幣今后的發(fā)展的情況。詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段“Fearingthiscoulddothemoutofajob,manycentralbanksarebeginningtocatchupwiththepacebydevelopingtheirowndigitalcurrencies—CBDCs,whichwillupgradethefinancialsystem.(由于擔(dān)心這可能會(huì)讓它們失去工作，許多央行開始通過(guò)開發(fā)自己的數(shù)字貨幣來(lái)趕上這一步伐，這將升級(jí)金融體系。)”以及劃線單詞下文“Theycouldalsoprovidesupporttodigitalpaymentsystemsmanagedbyprivatefirms.Theycouldoffer“unbanked”munitiesaccesstodigitalpaymentsandotherfinancialproducts.Andtheymaymakeiteasiertotrackillegaltransactions.(他們還可以為私人公司管理的數(shù)字支付系統(tǒng)提供支持。它們可以為“沒有銀行賬戶”的社區(qū)提供使用數(shù)字支付和其他金融產(chǎn)品的渠道。而且它們可能會(huì)使追蹤非法交易變得更容易。)”可知，they指的是上文提到的數(shù)字貨幣。故選D?！窘K省南通市海安市實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)20222023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期10月月考】Haveyoueverspentanafternooninthebackyard，maybegrillingorenjoyingabasketballgame,whensuddenlyyounoticethateverythinggoesquiet?Thereisanoldphrase“calmbeforethestorm",oftenusedinasituation—aquietperiodjustbeforeagreatactivityor.excitement.Accordingtoourownexperience,weknowthereisactuallycalmbeforethestorm.Butwhatcausesthiscalm?Andisitalwayscalmbeforethestorm?Let'shearwhatscientistshavetosay..Aperiodofcalmhappensinaparticularkindofstorm,thesimplestkindofstorm—asinglecellthunderstorm.Inthistypeofthunderstorm,thereisusuallyonlyonemainupdraft,whichiswarm,dampairanddrawnfromplacesneartheground.Stormsneedwarmanddampairasfuel,sotheytypicallydrawthatairinfromsurroundingenvironment.Stormscandrawintheairthatfittheirneedfromalldirections—evenfromthedirectioninwhichthestormistraveling.Asthewarm,dampairispulledintoastormsystem,itleavesalowpressurevacuum（真空）ingafter.Therisingairmeetsthecolddryairthathasalreadyexistedinthestormclouds,thusthetemperatureofthewarm,dampairdrops,andthewatervapour（水蒸氣）initchangesintotinydropsthatareapreconditionofrain.Thesedropsaccumulateandbuildonlargerparticleslikedust,untiltheygrowlargeenoughtoformraindrops.Thiswarm,dampairkeepsmovingupwards,butitbeescooleranddrierduringitstripthroughcloud.Whenitreachesthetopofthecloud,theairgetsspitout（被擠出）atthetop.Thisairissentrollingoutoverthebigthunderclouds.Fromthere,theairgoesdown.Warmanddryairisrelativelystable,andonceitcoversaregion,thatair,inturn,causesthecalmbeforeastorm.Mostthunderstorms,though,don'tstartwithcalm.That'sbecausemostareactuallygroupsofstormswithplexwindpatterns.There'ssomuchairmovingupanddownstormgroupsthatthecalmbeforethestormneverhappens.Instead,beforethestorm,讓mightbereallywindy!13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph3referto?A．Coldanddryair. B．Warmanddryair.C．Coldanddampair. D．Warmanddampair.【答案】13．D

【分析】本文為自然現(xiàn)象類說(shuō)明文。文章揭秘暴風(fēng)雨來(lái)臨前的寧?kù)o這一神秘自然現(xiàn)象。13．代詞指代題。第三段中Therisingairmeetsthecolddryairthathasalreadyexistedinthestormclouds,thusthetemperatureofthewarm,dampairdrops,andthewatervapour(水蒸汽)initchangesintotinydropsthatareapreconditionofrain.提到由于暖濕空氣被吸進(jìn)雷暴中，雷暴經(jīng)過(guò)之處就形成了低氣壓真空帶。正在上升的暖濕氣流遇到雷暴云層中原本就存在的干燥冷空氣，此時(shí)暖濕空氣的溫度下降，暖濕空氣中的水分凝結(jié)成小的水滴，這就是雨水形成的前提。所以可知，代詞it代指“暖濕空氣”。故選D?？挤ㄈ湟獠聹y(cè)題句意猜測(cè)題要求考生用合適的語(yǔ)句解釋一個(gè)具有概括性的句子或格言諺語(yǔ)。一般來(lái)講，畫線句中生詞不占主導(dǎo)地位，但無(wú)法單獨(dú)通過(guò)字面意思理解句子的隱含意義，遇到此類題，必須回歸原文，將畫線句的前后句，甚至前后段進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)，再將自己理解的意思與選項(xiàng)的意思逐個(gè)比較，選出最為接近的選項(xiàng)作為答案?！炯挤c(diǎn)撥】【江蘇省如東中學(xué)2022~2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期初學(xué)情檢測(cè)】Cansnackingbeakeyelementofahealthylifestyle?Ifyourfirstresponseis“No!”,here’sachancetoupdateyouropinions.Someofuswereraisedwiththeadviceof“Nevereatbetweenmeals”,whichcanprotectourteethfromsweets.Yettherecanbesignificantadvantagesofsnackingonhealthyfoods.Researchershavefoundthateatingfrequentminimealsoffershealthbenefits.Dr.DavidJenkinsandcolleaguesattheUniversityofTorontohavereportedsomeremarkableadvantages.Inonestudy,participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroupsandbothgroupsweregiventhesametypeandamountoffoodoveratwoweekperiod.Onegroupconsumedthreemealsaday.Forthosehavinga“NibblingDiet”,foodwasdividedinto17minimealsaday.Aftertwoweeks,thenibblershadreducedtheirbloodcholesterol(膽固醇)levelsbymorethan15percent.Cortisol(皮質(zhì)醇),astressindicator,wasreducedby17percent.Averageseruminsulin(血清胰島素)levelsofnibblerswerereducedby28percent.Withlessinsulin,thebodyislesslikelytoconvertloadsofcaloriesintobodyfat.Also,youmaythinkeatingconcentratedsourcesoffatorsugar(orboth)willpacktheweightintoyourbody.However,seebelowforsomeexamplesofhealthysnacks:Nutsarehighinfatsokeepportionsmoderate.However,thefateswithawealthofmineralsandprotectivesubstances.Forgrowingyoungsters,highenergyadults,athletesandthosewhohavedifficultymaintainingtheirweight,nutsareagreatsolution.Driedfruits(raisins,currants,apricots)helpyoustockuponiron.Ifyoutendtofeelcoldinwinter,keepraisinshandy.Whenyourbloodsugardrops,you’llhaveaninstantremedy.Freshfruitisalsoagreatchoice.9．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“NibblingDiet”inparagraph2referto?A．Noteatingtoomuchfoodatatime.B．Eatingmanysnacksatatime.C．Eatingfoodgentlyeachtime.D．Eatingfoodquicklyeachtime.【答案】

9．A

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，經(jīng)常吃迷你餐對(duì)健康有益，并介紹了一些健康零食。9．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線短語(yǔ)下文“foodwasdividedinto17minimealsaday”（食物被分為每天17頓迷你餐）可知，參與研究的另一組人每天吃17頓迷你餐，由此可知，這些人一次不會(huì)吃太多的食物，“Noteatingtoomuchfoodatatime”意為“一次不吃太多的食物”，能夠表達(dá)畫線短語(yǔ)在句中所要表達(dá)的意思。故選A項(xiàng)。鞏固提高A【江蘇省如皋市20222023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期第一次聯(lián)考】Thankstogreatprogressinfundamentalresearch,biologyisbeingmoreprogrammable.Tworecentscientificadvancesshowhowpowerfulthepossibilitiescouldbe.Thegeneticmodificationofplantsisallowingthemechanismofphotosynthesistobetinkeredwith(調(diào)整).Thiscouldleadtodramaticimprovementsintheproductivityofplants.Tweakingthegenesofpeoplewhosufferfromfatalincurablediseases,meanwhile,hasalsohadremarkableresults.Aseriesofgenetictherapieshasarrived,orisarriving,totreatsomefataldiseases.Thetasknowistospreadthesegainsfarandwide.Thisattractivepromisehasbeenmadepossiblebyanenormousinvestmentinfundamentalresearchovertheyears.Basicknowledgeofgeneticsandthefunctionsandstructuresofproteinshasprovedtobeamotorfordiscoveryacrossmedicineandagriculture.Theprivatesector,tobesureplaysanessentialroleinthecycleofinnovation.Buttheseadvancesareareminderthatinvestmentbygovernmentsandcharitiesiscrucialinareasthatofferlittlemercialbenefitintheshortterm,butwhichinthelongtermpromisetogreatlyadvancewellbeing.Unfortunately,thereisnoguaranteethatthesegainswillberealized.Genetherapiesarearemarkabletechnicalacplishment.Buttheircurrentenormouscostmakesthemhardforhealthcaresystemstoafford.Inthepast,novelmedicinesthatstartedoutextremelycostlyhavebeemuchcheaper.Ifgenetherapyistoliveuptoitspromise,itwillneedtodoevenbetterthanthis.Moreefficientphotosynthesis,too,willneedfurtherinvestmentifitistobemercialized.Thelong—termmanufacturingcostsofanewgreenrevolutionwill,thankfully,below;plantsmakemoreplantsinawaythattreatmentsnevercan.Genetherapies,however,needinnovationtoreducethecostofmakingthem.Heregovernments,charitiesandtheprivatesectorcouldusefullyworktogether.Last,regulatorsalsoneedtobequickerandmoreunderstandingofthegainstosocietyfromhelpingthesetechnologiesreachtheirpotential.Innovationscanlanguishwithoutappropriateortimelyrulemaking.Sciencehasmadeageneticrevolutionpossible.Nowthatrevolutionmustflourish.8．Howdopeoplebenefitfromthesetwoadvances?A．Fataldiseaseswillbecured.B．Peoplecansufferfromdeadlydiseases.C．Themechanismofphotosynthesiscanbechanged.D．Morefoodwillbeproducedtofeedahungryplanet.9．Whichofthefollowingdoesn’tcontributetotherevolution?A．Investmentbygovernments.B．Knowledgeofgeneticsandproteins.C．Investmentbytheprivatesector.D．Knowledgeofmedicineandagriculture.10．Whatshouldbedonetogeneralizetheachievementsaccordingtotheauthor?A．Regulatingtherevolutiontounderstandthegains.B．Innovatinggenetherapiestoreducethecost.C．mercializingphotosynthesistomeettheneedsD．Workingtogethertodevelopnewdrugs.11．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“l(fā)anguish”inthelastparagraphmean?A．Managetothrive. B．Reachtheirpotential.C．Failtoadvance. D．Makeproperrules.【答案】8．D

9．D

10．B

11．C【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要講述了通過(guò)調(diào)整有機(jī)體的光合作用來(lái)幫助人類發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)以及制藥業(yè)，同時(shí)也延伸出監(jiān)管者們?cè)撟龊筒辉撟龅氖虑椤?．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的“Thegeneticmodificationofplantsisallowingthemechanismofphotosynthesistobetinkeredwith(調(diào)整).Thiscouldleadtodramaticimprovementsintheproductivityofplants.(植物的基因改造使光合作用的機(jī)制得以修補(bǔ)。這將大大提高植物的生產(chǎn)力。)”可知，人們從這兩項(xiàng)進(jìn)步中獲益，將生產(chǎn)更多的糧食來(lái)養(yǎng)活饑餓的地球。故選D。9．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Basicknowledgeofgeneticsandthefunctionsandstructuresofproteinshasprovedtobeamotorfordiscoveryacrossmedicineandagriculture.Theprivatesector,tobesureplaysanessentialroleinthecycleofinnovation.Buttheseadvancesareareminderthatinvestmentbygovernmentsandcharitiesiscrucialinareasthatofferlittlemercialbenefitintheshortterm,butwhichinthelongtermpromisetogreatlyadvancewellbeing.(遺傳學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和蛋白質(zhì)的功能和結(jié)構(gòu)已被證明是醫(yī)學(xué)和農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域發(fā)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)力。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，私營(yíng)部門在創(chuàng)新周期中扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色。但這些進(jìn)展提醒我們，政府和慈善機(jī)構(gòu)的投資在短期內(nèi)幾乎沒有商業(yè)效益，但從長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看有望大大提高福祉的領(lǐng)域至關(guān)重要。)”可知，政府投資、遺傳學(xué)和蛋白質(zhì)知識(shí)以及私營(yíng)部門投資都有助于這場(chǎng)革命，D選項(xiàng)沒有提到，故選D。10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的“Inthepast,novelmedicinesthatstartedoutextremelycostlyhavebeemuchcheaper.Ifgenetherapyistoliveuptoitspromise,itwillneedtodoevenbetterthanthis.(在過(guò)去，一開始非常昂貴的新藥物已經(jīng)變得非常便宜。如果基因療法要實(shí)現(xiàn)它的承諾，它需要做得比這更好。)”可知，為了推廣這些成果，我們應(yīng)該降低創(chuàng)新基因療法的成本，故選B。11．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一段的“Last,regulatorsalsoneedtobequickerandmoreunderstandingofthegainstosocietyfromhelpingthesetechnologiesreachtheirpotential.(最后，監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)還需要更快、更了解幫助這些技術(shù)發(fā)揮潛力給社會(huì)帶來(lái)的好處。)”可知，劃線詞所在的句子表示“如果沒有適當(dāng)或及時(shí)的規(guī)則制定，創(chuàng)新就會(huì)停滯不前”，劃線詞languish的意思是“不能前進(jìn)”，和failtoadvance意思相近，故選C。BForcenturies,twoofthemostinterestingquestionsaboutLeonardodaVinci’s“MonaLisa”were“Who?”and“When?”AdiscoverymadeatHeidelbergUniversityin2005answeredboth.AnoteconfirmedtheaccountofdaVinci’sfirstbiographer,GiorgioVasari:thatthesitterwasamerchant’swife,LisaGherardini.Thenotealsohelpeddatethemasterpiccetobetween1503and1506.Athirdconundrum—“Where?”—isstillindispute.ButonJune3rdaFrenchengineer,PascalCotte,declaredthatheandacollaboratorhadidentifiedthelandscapeinthebackgroundofthepainting.Duringapresentation,MrCottecontendedthattheartistwasmoreplausiblydepictingapartofhisnativeTuscany.DaVincirepresentedtheareanotasitwas,butas,inanunrealizedscheme,heintendedittobe.MrCotte,whowasaskedbytheLouvretocreateadigitalimageofthepainting,istheinventorofthemultispectralcamera:adevicethatcandetectnotonlythedrawingbelowthesurfaceofanoilpaintingbutalsointermediatelayersofwork.Itwasamongthese,underwhatappearstobeapointedrock,thathefoundapreparatorysketch(草圖)showingthatdaVinciintendedittorepresentacastellatedtower.Thelandscapeofthe“MonaLisa”alsoincludesahugeoverhangingprecipice(懸崖).ThatissimilartoonethatdaVinciincludedinask