傳統(tǒng)中國文化八大主題中英翻譯-

中國傳統(tǒng)文化TraditionalChineseCulture書法藝術(shù)TheArtofCalligraphy中國_畫的含意TheSignificanceofChinesePaintings重新發(fā)現(xiàn)孔子RediscoverConfucius中醫(yī)和西醫(yī)的差異DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternMedicines戲曲的作用TheRoleofOperas中國人崇尚的顏色：黃和紅China’sFavoriteColor:Yellow&Red：筷子的重要性TheImportanceofChopsticks茶的格調(diào)TheEleganceofTeaDrinking1.書法藝術(shù)TheArtofCalligraphy有批評家指出，不同的書法風(fēng)格有不同的政治寓意。拿王羲之的書體來說。他的書法在他有生之年被批評為非正統(tǒng)的書體，然而在他去世幾十年之后又被認(rèn)為是正統(tǒng)的書體。SomecriticssuggestthatdifferentgenresofChinesecalligraphyhavedifferentpoliticalimplications.TakeWangXizhiforanexample.Hiscalligraphywasrepudiatedasunorthodoxduringhislifetimebut,onlyafewdecadesafterhisdeath,wasestablishedasanorthodoxgenre.從歷史上看，中國書法和政治緊密相連。2000多年前，秦始皇建立了官方的漢字體系。新的簡化文字使得書法不那么復(fù)雜了。它允許人們使用帶有更多直筆的文字，因此用毛筆寫起來更加容易。這種書體被稱為隸書。逐漸地，其他書體也出現(xiàn)了，最終形成中國書法的五大書體：篆書、隸書、楷書、行書、草書。Historically,Chinesecalligraphyandpoliticswerecloselyintertwined.Over2,000yearsago,EmperorQinShihuang,establishedtheofficialChinesewritingcharacters（漢字）.Thenew,simplifiedcharactersmadewritingcalligraphylesscomplicated.Itallowedpeopletousecharacterswithmorestraightstrokes（筆戈lj）,thusmakingiteasiertowritewithbrushes毛筆）.ThiscreatedtheLigenre.Overtime,othervariationswerealsodeveloped,whicheventuallyleadtotheformationofthefivegenresinChinesecalligraphy.TheseweretheZhuan,Li,Kai,XingandCaogenres（五種書體）.中國老百姓很喜歡書法。很多人把它作為提高文化修養(yǎng)的一種方式。老人用書法來健身。他們覺得當(dāng)聚精會神寫字的時候,精氣上升,身體康健。OrdinaryChinesepeoplelikecalligraphyalot.Manypeoplepracticecalligraphyasawaytoraisetheirculturalaccomplishment.Olderpeopleusecalligraphicwritingasamethodtokeepfit.Theybelievethatwhenapersonconcentratesonwritingcalligraphy,hisinnerwell-beingisstimulated.2?中國畫的含意TheSignificanceofChinesePaintings中國畫雖然大都有相似的主題，但是可以現(xiàn)場表演，非常有趣。牡丹、梅花、山川、屋舍都是中國畫常見的主題。在很多重大的慶祝和紀(jì)念活動中總能看到畫家的身影。It'sinterestingthatChinesepaintingscanbecreatedonthespot,eventhoughmostofthemhavesimilarsubjects.Peony（牡丹），plumblossoms（梅花），mountains,creeks（溪水）orcottages（屋舍）areverypopular.Thereareoftenpaintersatsignificantcelebratoryandcommemorativeevents.中國畫的一大特點是具有教育功能。早在2000年前人物畫就用來紀(jì)念英雄或鞭笞奸臣了。唐朝的大臣試圖在繪畫中加入儒家思想。宋朝出版一份官方的繪畫指南,從而提高了人物畫、山水畫和器物畫的作畫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這份指南把繪畫分為10種類型,涵蓋了各種宗教信仰、孔孟之道和國家政權(quán)。這種分類方法從官方角度定義了繪畫的價值和重要性所在。Theireducationalfunctionis,infact,auniquefeatureofChinesepainting.Humanprofileswereusedasamethodtoeitherglorifyheroesorcondemntraitors2,000yearsago.TangDynastyofficialseventriedtobringpaintingintoConfucianideology.TheCourtoftheSongDynastypublishedanofficialguidetopaintings.Thisraisedcriterianotonlyforhumanprofilesbutalsoforlandscapeandobjectpaintings.Itclassifiedpaintingsintotencategoriescoveringreligiousbeliefs,Confucianismandstatepower.Thisclassificationgaveanofficialdefinitionofthevalueandsignificanceofthepaintings.山水畫旨在描繪五岳名山,而瓜果和禽鳥畫用來象征或贊頌神明。這樣的作畫方式,通過借物喻人來傳達道德觀念。比如說，牡丹和孔雀代表財富，梅、蘭、竹、菊代表優(yōu)雅和涵養(yǎng)，松桕代表忠誠。Thepurposeoflandscapepaintingswastoportraythefivemountains,whilefruitandbirdswereusedtoexemplifyoreulogizetheGods.Inthiscase,thesubjectswereusedasreferencestopeopleinordertodelivermoralmessages.Forexample,peonyandpeacocks（孑L雀）腳3?玳?~wealthandfortune;plumblossoms,orchids（蘭花），bamboo,andchrysanthemum（菊花）representedeleganceandaccomplishment;andpinetreesandcypressessymbolizedloyalty.藝術(shù)家通常反對實用思想。他們喜歡賦予作畫主題以含義。竹子象征誠實，而松樹象征永不放棄的精神。藝術(shù)家也喜歡山水畫。山水畫不需要很多訓(xùn)練，它完全取決于畫者的個人性情、筆法和自身感觸。大多數(shù)的現(xiàn)代業(yè)余繪畫愛好者常作山水畫。他們主要的繪畫目的是休閑和自我陶醉。比較有成就的藝術(shù)家們可以有機會公開展示他們的畫作。這可能就是他們繪畫生涯的巔峰了。Artistsareusuallyagainstpragmatism.Theyliketogivemeaningtothesubjectstheypaint.Bamboosymbolizesintegrityandpinetreessymbolizenevergivingup.Artistsalsolikelandscapes.Itdoesn'ttakealotoftrainingtopaintlandscapes.Italldependsonthepainter'spersonalityandability,aswellashisuniquetouch.Mostoftoday'snon-professionalpaintersfollowthelandscapestyle.Theobjectiveofthesepaintersispurelyentertainmentandself-satisfaction.Themoresuccessfulartistshavetheopportunitytoexhibitatpublicfunctions.Thatisprobablytheclimaxoftheirpaintingcareers.重新發(fā)現(xiàn)孔子RediscoverConfucius孔子是中國古代的一位偉大的思想家、教育家、政治家，也是儒家學(xué)說的創(chuàng)始人。他的重要影響一直延續(xù)至今。Confuciuswasagreatphilosopher,aneducator,apolitician,aswellasthefounderofconfucianism，whichstillhasatremendousinfluenceoverpeopletoday.儒家思想似乎又風(fēng)行起來了。就我所知，中國有五六百萬的孩子在學(xué)習(xí)《論語》；不少企業(yè)家把儒家思想引進到企業(yè)管理中；中國政府也試圖通過倡導(dǎo)道德、公正和廉潔的儒家思想，來解決經(jīng)濟調(diào)整發(fā)展帶來的社會問題。儒家思想被廣泛運用于中國社會。Confucianismseemstobebackinfashionagain.AboutfivetosixmillionChinesestudentsarecurrentlystudyingTheAnalectsofConfucius.SomecompaniesareusingConfucianismasamanagementtool.ThegovernmentisalsopromotingtheConfucianvaluesofethics,fairness,andhonesty.Theyseeitasawaytoaddressthesocialproblemsthathaveemergedasaresultoftheacceleratedeconomicgrowth.ConfucianismhasextensiveapplicationinChinesesociety.儒學(xué)的核心要義是：“仁、義、禮、智、信”TheessencesofConfucianismareBenevolence,Righteousness,Courtesy,WisdomandTrust儒家思想是中國傳統(tǒng)文化的主干?？鬃拥恼軐W(xué)體系以“仁”為核心，《論語》記載著他的政治學(xué)說。儒學(xué)是一套倫理道德，強調(diào)的是為人處事的正派、人際關(guān)系的和諧以及個人對國家的責(zé)任感。在孔子看來，政治上的誠實是以人品的正直為基礎(chǔ)的。ConfucianismisthebackboneofChineseculture.Confuciusdevelopedhisphilosophyaroundtheconceptofbenevolence.TheAnalectsofConfuciusisarecordofhispoliticalviews.Confucianismrepresentsasetofmoralprinciplesbecauseitstressesfairnessandharmonyinhumanrelationships,aswellastheindividual'ssocialresponsibilityfortheircountry.ForConfucius,politicalhonestyisbasedonindividualethicalintegrity.孔子還是個了不起的教育家，他平等對待學(xué)生，教給他們民主、開放的觀念。用美國學(xué)者的話說就是：培養(yǎng)能夠自然從容并適應(yīng)環(huán)境的君子。Confuciuswasalsoanaccomplishededucator.Hetreatedhisstudentsashisequalbyteachingthemdemocraticandopen-mindedideas.InthewordsoftheAmericanscholars,Confuciuswantedtotrainhisstudentstobecomemoreunrestrainedandadaptabletoexternalinfluences.儒家學(xué)說也在世界其他地方逐漸引起了重視。這也許與中國經(jīng)濟的高速發(fā)展所帶來的各種政治、文化，以及環(huán)境等問題的巨大挑戰(zhàn)有關(guān)。個人主義在商品社會中的極端發(fā)展，對社會的和諧與進步構(gòu)成威脅，必須尋求另一種價值觀來取得平衡。而孔子的學(xué)說恰好提倡以“禮”來處理人際關(guān)系及與自然的關(guān)系，對于和諧社會的構(gòu)建大有益處。ThereisalsoanincreasingawarenessofConfucianisminotherpartsoftheworld.Thismaybearesultofvariouspolitical,cultural,andenvironmentalchallengesduetoChina'sgrowingeconomicimportance.Asaresult,theriseofindividualisminthecommunityhasbecomeaseriousthreattosocialharmonyandprogress.Adifferentsetofvaluesisneededasacounterbalance.Confucianismemphasizes"courtesy"and"respect"whendealingwithpeopleornaturesoitshouldbeverybeneficialforbuildingharmonyinanysociety.正如一位學(xué)者所說，21世紀(jì)的生存問題，必須回到25個世紀(jì)之前孔子的智慧中去尋求解決的答案。AscholaroncesaidthatanswersconcerningoursurvivalcouldbefoundinthewisdomofConfucius,eventhoughhelivedmorethan25centuriesago.中西醫(yī)的差異DifferencesBetweenChineseandWesternMedicines通常的中醫(yī)以表里結(jié)合的方法，貫通診療、辯證施治。這就是為什么有人認(rèn)為中醫(yī)是全面的治療方法。相反，西醫(yī)依癥下藥。比如，如果病人覺得嗓子疼，西醫(yī)會作為咽喉疾病來治，而中醫(yī)則可能會把它與病人的胃部紊亂聯(lián)系起來。Usually,aChinesemedicinepractitionerapproachesonthehomeandabroadperspective,emphasisitsentiretyanddialecticalimplications.Thisiswhysomepeopleviewitasaholisticmedicine.Incontrast,aWesterndoctordealstorecipewithsymptoms.Forinstance,ifsomeonehasasorethroat,aWesterndoctorwilltreateditasathroatproblemwhileaChinesedoctormaylinkittothedisorderofthepatient’sstomach.中醫(yī)診病講究“望、聞、問、切”四法。西醫(yī)則依靠癥狀觀察和診斷證明，比如體溫和其他檢測結(jié)果。中醫(yī)通過觀察表征，比如舌苔的變化，來判斷病人內(nèi)臟的病情。相反，西醫(yī)是基于對相應(yīng)內(nèi)臟的檢查來判斷病情的。進而通過檢查體征來進一步確診。西醫(yī)采用化學(xué)藥物和手術(shù)來治療，而中醫(yī)使用草藥和針灸進行治療。AChinesedoctorexaminesitspatientsbyusingmethodslikeobserving,smellingaskingandfeeling空、聞、問、切）.HisWesterncounterpartsrelyonsymptomsorevidence,likebodytemperatureandlabtests.AChinesedoctordeterminestheproblemofpatients’interiororgansthroughobservingveryexteriorsignssuchascomplexionorthetongue.AWesterndoctor,ontheotherhand,makeshisjudgmentbasedontheresultsoflabtestsontheinternalorgans.Hethenreinforcesitsjudgmentbyexaminingexteriorsymptoms.AWesterndoctoruseschemical-basedmedicinesandsurgery,butaChinesedoctorreliesonsomeherbmedicinesandacupuncture.中醫(yī)一般會建議病人用西藥進行急癥治療，而用中藥進行調(diào)理康復(fù)治療。從實際情況看，中醫(yī)可能對于治療一些病因不明的功能性疾病更加有效。UsuallyaChinesedoctorwillrecommendWesternmedicineforintensivetreatmentandChinesemedicinefortherecovery.Infact,Chinesemedicineisprobablymoreeffectiveintreatingsomefunctionaldiseases,whilethecauseisdifficulttodiscover.戲曲的作用Theroleofoperas在古代中國，戲曲是傳播知識和道德教化的工具。戲曲多以歷史事件、民間傳說、古典小說為背景。戲曲宣揚的是傳統(tǒng)價值觀念和道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，比如懲惡揚善、忠貞不二。戲曲能夠彌補教化的不足，特別是在農(nóng)業(yè)社會。InthetraditionalChinesesociety,operawasusedasvehiclestospreadknowledgeandethicalteachings.Mostoperaswerebasedonhistoricalevents,folkloreorclassicalnovels.Theypromotedtraditionalvaluesandmoralprinciplessuchaspunishingtheevilandeulogizingthegood,loyaltyandkindnessanddenunciationofungraceful.Operaswereabletofillthegapsofeducationandteaching,especiallyintheagriculturalsociety.京劇是中國文化的精華。所以他成為外國友人來華的必看的項目。京劇作為傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)形式仍然吸引著大量的現(xiàn)代觀眾。京劇曲調(diào)舒緩、簡單，有別具特色的服裝和臉譜。京劇的服裝明顯受到明代服飾的影響：顏色多樣，莊嚴(yán)肅穆。袖口處的甩袖在舞動時別有韻味。BeijingOperaisthecreamoftheChineseculture.Assuchithasbecomeamust-seeitemtoentertainforeigners.Asatraditionalartform,BeijingOperaremainsappealingtoalargegroupofChineseaudience.Itisveryslowandmonotonous.Itscostumesandfacialmasksaremoreattractive.IthasrealdistinctMingDynastyinfluenceonBeijingOperacostumes.Theyarecolorfulandmajestic.Twolongpiecesofwidesilkattheendofthesleevescreateagracefulfeelingduringdancing.不同的服裝顯示出人物社會地位的差別。盡管使用了同樣的布料，皇親貴胄的服飾上有更多的修飾，而窮人的服飾比較簡單、較少裝飾，這表現(xiàn)出他們社會等級的差異。現(xiàn)代的服裝設(shè)計者也從京劇的服飾中汲取靈感。Differentstylesofcostumesareusedtoreflectthestatusofdifferentcharacters.Therearemoredecorationsinthecostumesofnobles,whilethoseofthepoortendtobesimpleandlesselemental,asthesamematerialsareusedforallcostumestoensurethedesiredhierarchicalpresentation.Present-daydesignersarealsoborrowingfromBeijingOperafortheirwork.臉譜反映出人物的品格。運用不同顏色來表現(xiàn)不同人物是一個重要手段。京劇有數(shù)千種臉譜，而每張臉譜都對應(yīng)一個人物。從臉譜顏色可以辨出忠奸。一般來說，白色代表奸猾，黑色代表正義，黃色代表勇敢，藍色和綠色代表反叛，金色和銀色代表佛陀和神仙。Facialmaskscanreflectqualitiesofdifferentcharacters.Facialmasksusingdifferentcolorsareimportantwaystoportrayacharacter.Therearehundredsofdifferentfacialmaskdesignsandeachcharacterhasitsowndesign.Peoplecantellaherofromavillainbythecolorsofthemasks.Ingeneral,whiteusuallyrepresentstreachery,blackrepresentsrighteousness,yellowrepresentsbravery,blueandgreenrepresentrebelliousfighters,whilegoldandsilverrepresentBuddhismanddivinity.China’sFavoriteColors中國人似乎很喜歡紅黃兩色，你看，中國國旗就是由這兩種顏色組成的。很多重大場合或重要書籍的裝幀總會用到這兩種顏色。國慶節(jié)天安門廣場擺放的花壇，也是以這兩種顏色作主調(diào)。Chinesepeopleseemtoliketheredandyellowcolorsalot.ThetwocolorsareusedfortheChinesenationalflag.Theyarealsothepredominantcolorsforthecoverdesignofsomeimportantbooks,aswellasinthedecorationsformajorevents,suchastheflowerdisplayinTian’anmenSquareduringtheNationalDayholidays.Yellow:中國人對色彩的好惡除了受地理、氣候的影響外，也受到傳統(tǒng)五行說的影響。從地理方面說，中國是個地域廣闊的國家，北方寒冷，人們喜歡暖色；南方炎熱，人們喜歡冷色。在暖色中，漢民族最崇尚黃色。這也許是因為漢民族的發(fā)源地是黃土高原，這個地域滿目黃土之色。ThecolorpreferencesoftheChinesepeopleareinfluencedbythefiveelementsofmetal,wood,water,fireandearth,inadditiontogeographicallocationsandweather.Chinaisahugeandgeographicallydiversifiedcountry.Itiscoldinthenorthsopeopletherelikewarmcolors.Butitisjusttheoppositeinthesouth.Ofallthewarmcolors,theHanpeoplelikeyellowespecially.MaybebecausetheHansoriginatedintheYellowRiverPlateau,aregionwhereyellowwastheprevailingcolor.從五行說來看，金、木、水、火、土所代表的五色分別是白、青、黑、赤、黃，其中黃為主色，位在中央。在中國古代社會，黃色是皇權(quán)的象征。在兩千多年前的漢代，朝廷就確立了黃色的權(quán)威地位。從隋朝起，黃色成為皇家專用的顏色?；实鄣凝埮鄯Q作黃袍；皇帝的文告用黃紙寫成，稱黃榜；皇帝頒發(fā)的歷書用黃紙印刷，稱為黃歷。Asfarasthefiveelementsareconcerned,thecorrespondingcolorsarewhite,green,black,red,andyellow.Yellowisthepredominantcolorandissituatedinthecenterofthediagram.YellowwasalsothecolorrepresentingtheimperialcourtintraditionalChina.ItwasestablishedastheauthoritativecolorrepresentingtheEmperorduringtheHanDynastymorethan2000yearsago.DuringtheSuiDynasty,yellowwasofficiallydesignatedastheexclusivecolorfortheimperialfamily.ItwasusedintheEmperor’sclothes,thepaperonwhichtheEmperorpublishedhisdecrees,andthecalendarthatwasprintedbytheImperialCourt.中國人也非常喜歡紅色。中國在過去一直被稱為赤色國度。至今，中國人還稱呼自己為“赤子”，意思是紅色的后代。Chinesepeoplealsoliketheredcoloralot.Chinausedtobecalledtheredcountryinthepast.Evennow,ChinesepeopleliketoreferourselvestoChizi,meaningthereddescendant.在古代，紅色表示故土和權(quán)威。唐朝的官服就是紅色的。在清朝不同形狀的紅翎子被用在不同的官服上表示品階。時至今日，官方文件的標(biāo)題仍然用紅色，所以被稱為紅頭文件。Traditionally,redrepresentsthemotherlandandauthority.OfficialuniformsoftheTangDynastywerered.IntheQingDynasty,differentshadesofredwereusedonofficialcapstoshowdifferentranking.Evennowadays,headlinesofofficialdocumentsarestillpaintedinred.Thisiswhytheyarecalledred-headdocuments.中國老百姓也特別重視紅色，因為它象征福氣。比如，婚禮上要使用紅色的“雙?！弊郑履镆┘t色嫁衣。而在西方的婚禮上，新娘穿白色的晚禮服。在春節(jié)期間，人們給孩子們派裝了錢的紅包表達良好祝愿。門的兩側(cè)要貼上紅色的對聯(lián)。即便掛在門上的門神鐘馗也是紅色的。Redisalsoahighly-regardedcoloramongordinarypeople,becauseitrepresentshappiness.Forexample,thecharacterDouble-Happinessusedforweddingsisred.Thebridewearsredclothes,whichisdifferentfromthewhitegownsofthewest.DuringtheChineseSpringFestival,peoplewillgiveHongbaoorredpacketswithmoneyinsidetothechildrenaswellwishes.Coupletshangingonbothsidesofthedoorsarewritteninred.EventheoutfitofZhongkui,thedoorgodwhoseportraitishungonthedoorisred.中文的紅表示美好。“紅顏”，指紅顏色，也指漂亮的姑娘?！凹t”也是中國女孩子的名字中被使用最多的字。ThemeaningofRedequalsprettinessinChinese.Theexpression‘HongYan’meaningredcolorisasynonymofabeautifulgirl.RedisalsooneofthemostpopularcharacterusedinthenamesofChinesewomen.TheImportanceofChopsticks筷子的重要性在17世紀(jì)，英國商人聽說中國有1億人，打算去中國賣勺子。他想即便每個勺子只賣一個便士，他仍然可以賺一大筆錢。但是他沒有成功。中國人使用筷子，不用勺子。Inthe17thcenturywhentheBritishbusinessmanheardthattherewereonehundredmillionpeopleinChina,hewasdeterminedtogothereandsellspoons.Hethoughtevenifaspoonwouldonlysellforonepenny,hewouldstillmakeafortune.Buthedidn，tsucceed.TheChinesepeopleusechopsticksnotspoons.有很多關(guān)于與西方的刀叉相當(dāng)?shù)闹袊曜拥钠鹪囱绣?。一種理論認(rèn)為，過去的中國是農(nóng)業(yè)社會，主要以植物為食，筷子用起來很方便。相反，西方人以游牧為主，以肉類為食，所以刀叉很好用。還有人認(rèn)為，中國的工業(yè)不發(fā)達，所以認(rèn)為用木制的筷子；西方是工業(yè)社會，所以使用金屬餐具。SomepeopledidsomeresearchontheoriginofChina’schopstickscomparedtotheknifeandforkinthewest.OnetheoryhasitthatChinawasanagriculturalsocietyandreliedonvegetablesforfood.Chopstickswereveryconvenienttothoseforeating.Thewesterners,ontheotherhand,werenomadsandlivedonmeat.Theknifeandforkweremorepractical.OthersbelievethatChinadidn’thavemuchindustryandthereforepeopleusechopsticksmadeofwood.Thewestwasanindustrialsociety,sotheireatingutensilsweremadeofmetal.不管為什么中國人用筷子而西方人用刀叉，這都是兩者的文化差異的結(jié)果。中國文化以合為中心，強調(diào)大同與和諧。西方文化強調(diào)個人主義。在吃的方面，筷子和刀叉代表了兩種不同的文化。中國人喜歡大家在同一碗中夾菜，一起吃?？曜拥氖褂帽苊饬擞行┤顺缘谋绕渌硕唷＿@樣不僅很好地保持的合眾思想，也避免了個人主義行為。西方人自己用自己的餐，因此沒有限制吃飯的方式。WhateverthereasonswhytheChineseusechopsticksandwesternersuseknifeandfork,itisaresultoftheirrespectivecultures.Chinesecultureisdevelopedaroundcollectivism,whichstressescommunionandharmony.Thewesterncultureemphasizesindividualism.Intermsofeatingcustoms,chopsticksandknivesandforksaretwodesperateexpressionsofthisculturaldifference.TheChineseliketohavecommunalmealswhereeverybodyeatsoutofthesamebowloffood.Chopstickswereusedinordertodiscouragepeoplefromeatingmorethanothers.Thiswasnotonlyagoodwaytopreservecollectiveness,butalsotolimitindividualism.Westernerseattheirmealsontheirown,andthere’snorestrictiononhowtoeat.而且，中國的用餐禮儀非常嚴(yán)格。要尊重老人。用餐時，每個人都要等老人開始吃才能動筷子。西方人就簡單地說聲“請自便”就開始吃了。這就缺少了中國餐桌的火熱氣氛。Inaddition,tablemannersareverystrictduringtheChinesemeal.Respecthastobegiventotheelderly.Eachtimeadishisserved,everyonehastowaituntiltheelderpersonstarts.Thewesternerswillsimplysay“Helpyourself，tostart.ThislacksthewarmatmospherewhichprevailsattheChinesedinner.TheEleganceofTea-Drinking茶的格調(diào)在古典小說中，如果有人大碗喝茶來解渴，會被說是“飲”，就像喂牲口喝水。有學(xué)問的人