英語國家概況-美國篇課件

Location

mainland:inthecentralpartofNorthAmericaAlaska:bordernorthwesternCanada1959,49thstateHawaii:inthecentralPacificOcean1959,50thstate英語國家概況——美國篇Surroundings(mainland)

onthenorth–Canada

onthesouth-theGulfofMexico

ontheeast-theAtlanticOcean

onthewest-thePacificOcean

英語國家概況——美國篇AdministrativeRegion

50statesmainland-48statesdetachedterritory-Alaskaoffshoreislands-Hawaii

WashingtonD.C.afederaldistrictofColumbia

英語國家概況——美國篇Threedistinctareas

(1)theeasternpart

(2)thewesternpart

(3)theGreatPlains

——fiveGreatLakes

——MississippiRiver英語國家概況——美國篇英語國家概況——美國篇——TheGreatLakes(freshwater)LakeSuperiorLakeHuronLakeErieLakeOntarioLakeMichiganNiagaraFallsbetweenLakeErie&LakeOntarioonU.S.-Can.navigationlinkageofmanyindustrialareas英語國家概況——美國篇——TheMississippiRiver(thefatherofwaters)longestinNorthAmericaoriginatefromtheLakeItasca(inMN)totheGulfofMexico3780kmlong3millionskmofdrainagearea英語國家概況——美國篇SixregionsNewEngland,Mid-Atlantic,South,Midwest,Southwest,West

(1)NewEngland

(2)SouthRegion

(3)WesternRegion

(4)California

(5)Alaska

(6)Hawaii英語國家概況——美國篇NewEngland6states:CT,ME,MA,NH,RI,VTEuropeans’firstsettlementsgeographicalfeatureshistoricsitestop-rankinguniversities&colleges

Harvard,Yale,MITetc.英語國家概況——美國篇TheIvyLeagueBrownU. RIColumbiaU. NYcityNYCornellU. NYDartmouthCollege NHHarvardU. MAU.ofPennsylvania PAPrincetonU. NJYaleU. CT英語國家概況——美國篇(2)TheSouthRegion13statesplentifulrainfall&amildclimatecropsgrownfrost-free6monthsindustrydevelopingpopulationgrowing英語國家概況——美國篇(3)TheWesternRegion11statesbeautifulforests&streamsenvironmentprotection英語國家概況——美國篇(4)CalifornianaturalfeaturesnotablecitiesGDP&agriculturalyieldpredominanthigh-techcenterseg:SiliconValley英語國家概況——美國篇(5)AlaskastretchingsouthwardfromtheArcticOceantothePacificaworldofglaciers,waterfalls,lakestemperaturelownativepopulation:Eskimosmostly,&Indians,Aleutsnaturalresources:agriculturalindustrial英語國家概況——美國篇(6)HawaiiachainofbeadsincentralPacific8majorislands2575kmlongsoutheasttonorthwesttemperaturemildchiefproductslargestsourceofincome:touristbusiness英語國家概況——美國篇2.Climate

mildsubtropicalzones:moststatestropical：southernFL,HI50cmrainfallline

(throughmiddle,fromnorthtosouth)

totheeast–comparativelymoreraintothewest–muchlessrain

exceptionofthecoastalareasalongthePacific英語國家概況——美國篇英語國家概況——美國篇3.MajorCities

Washington: capitalNewYork: thelargestcityLosAngeles: thesecondlargestcityChicago: thethirdlargestcitySanFrancisco: thecenterof……英語國家概況——美國篇WashingtontheWashingtonDistrictofColumbianamedafterChristopherColumbus&GeorgeWashingtongoverneddirectlybyfederalgov.headquartersofwholefederalsystemaleadingculturalcenter

theWashingtonMonument,theLincolnMemorial,theJeffersonMemorial,theKennedyCenter,theLibraryofCongresslight&serviceindustries(littleheavyind.)英語國家概況——美國篇NewYorkthelargestcityoftheUS3islands

(atthemouthofHudsonriver):

ManhattanIsland LongIsland StatenIsland5boroughs:

Manhattan Brooklyn Bronx StatenIsland Queens英語國家概況——美國篇theStatueofLiberty:Americansymbol

(atthegateofNewYorkHarbor)TheheadquartersoftheUNManhattan:afinancial&entertainmentcenterthecoreofNYCity

Broadway TimesSquare WallStreet FifthAvenue CentralPark GreenwichVillage Chinatown theEmpireStateBuilding

manychurches,colleges,skyscrapers&theatres英語國家概況——美國篇LosAngelesthesecondlargestcity4timeslargerinareathanSanFranciscoImportantelectroniccenteratomicresearchcenterindustry—tires,automobiles&aircraftsHollywood–theheartofworld’smotionpictureindustryDisneyland英語國家概況——美國篇ChicagotheWindyCitymainconnectionbetweentheeasterncoastcitiesandtheWestthethirdlargestcitythelargestindustrycityheavy&lightindustrieshighlydevelopedacenterofindustry,transportation,commerce&financeintheMidwestRegionaculturalcenter,theworld’sbestcollectionsofmodernarchitecture英語國家概況——美國篇SanFranciscoAcenterofoil-refining,chemicals,commerce,finance&theshippingindustryThetranscontinentalrailroad–connectingitselfwiththeindustrial&agriculturalcentersoftheMidwest&theEastTheGoldenGateBridgeChinatown–thelargestChinesesettlementinUS英語國家概況——美國篇II.People

1.Population

thethirdmostpopulousnationbehindChina&India

300million(Oct.17,2006) 200million(July1,1968)100million(July1,1915)

303,593,258(March9,2008) 400million(asearlyas2043)英語國家概況——美國篇DISTRIBUTIONofthepopulation:

Northeastern—themostdenselypopulatedregion1/2populationon1/4landGreatPlains—comparativelysmallpopulationSouth—almost57.5millionWest—denselypopulatedexceptLA&SFnow1/5butexpectedtogrowfaster

英語國家概況——美國篇2.NationofImmigrants

anationofimmigrants4cent.55millionimmigrated

?nocountryinhistoryhascongregated&amalgamatedsomanyethnics

?immigrantsadmittedbyUSmorethanallotherindustrializedcountriescombined英語國家概況——美國篇Fromforeigncountry Toforeigncountry

國外移來 移居國外

v.immigrate emigrate n.immigrant emigrant n.immigration emigration n.immigrator emigrator a.immigratory emigratory n.migrant v.migrate a.migratory n.migration英語國家概況——美國篇anationofnationsWavesofimmigrationtoUS:

?firstpeoplefromAsiaasearlyas20,000yearsagoacrosstheBeringStraittoAlaska

?Indians/NativeAmericans

15thcentury–10milliontheWestwardMovement:destructiontoday–2.4million(poor&jobless)1/3livingonreservation2/3incities英語國家概況——美國篇?whitepeople85%ofthepopulationdescendantsofEuropeanimmigrantsSYMBOL:PilgrimFathers–PuritansfromEnglandin1620,Mayflower?blackpeople12%ofthepopulation1620-18208millionbroughtfromAfricaasslavesonSouthernfarmsnowliveinSouth,Northeast,Midwest英語國家概況——美國篇

?firstsharpincrease1830s–1840s,northernEuropeans(Irish)becauseoftheGreatFamine

?Anothertremendoustideofimmigration1880s,largelyfromsouthern&easternEurope英語國家概況——美國篇?changingfromagriculturalsocietytoindustrializedcountryimmigrantscompetitivepower—lowerwagesbecauseofpovertytheImmigrationActof1924—restrictionofEuropeanimmigrants?othergroupsconcentratein:MexicansinTexas&CaliforniaPuertoRicansinNewYorkCubansinFlorida?recentimmigrantsfromCentralAmerican英語國家概況——美國篇?Asianimmigration

ImmigrationandNationalityActAmendments(1965)

in1980shalfofimmigrants—AsianssettledinCalifornia,Hawaii,NewYork,andTexas?ChineseAmericans:industrious,intelligent&doingfine英語國家概況——美國篇ameltingpotmanynationalitiesconstitutetherelativelynewnationvariousracialðnicgroupcombinedintoonecultureasaladtheymixharmoniouslybutkeeptheirdistinctculture&custom英語國家概況——美國篇3.RacialAssimilation?

culturalcharacters:English-speakingwesternEuropeanProtestantmiddle-class

?

values:

freedomequalitydesiretoahigherstandard英語國家概況——美國篇?AsuccessfulmeltingpottheprocessofassimilationDominantmajoritysolidifiedImmigrantstendtobeviewedasathreattobasicAmericanvalues&wayofliveDuringlate19th&20thcenturiespoverty-strickenimmigrantshardertobeassimilatedwithestablishedAmericans&clusteredinclose-knitcommunities–Chinatown英語國家概況——美國篇Americanization.NewimmigrantslearnAmericanwayinEnglishinstruction&citizenshipclasses.Naturalization.NewimmigrantsacceptthevaluesofthedominantAmericans&inturnacceptedbymajorityofAmericansTheimmigrantsnowhaveamuchstrongerfeelingaboutbeinganAmerican英語國家概況——美國篇Chapter9

HistoryI.AmericaintheColonialera英語國家概況——美國篇ThedescendantsoftheMongoloidabout20,000yearsagoNativeAmericanslivinginNorthAmericaformanyhundredsofyearsbeforeEuropeansreachedthecontinent.ForalongtimewhitepeoplecalledthemIndians.Todaymanypeopledonotlikethisnamesinceitisbasedonamistake:itwasgiventothepeoplelivingintheAmericabyChristopherColumbuswho,whenhearrivedthere,thoughthehadlandedinIndia.Instead,peopleprefertousethetermNativeAmericans.英語國家概況——美國篇

AmerigoVespucci(1445-1512),Italiannavigator.InLatin,Amerigoistrans-latedintoAmericus.VespucciarrivedsoutheastcoastofSouthAmericaforexplorationin1499,realizingthesignifi-canceofColumbus’sdiscoveryoftheNewWorldin1492.In1507,thename“Amerigo”emergedinitiallyonamap,aGermanmapmarkedhisdiscoveryofthe“SouthContinent”.英語國家概況——美國篇ThePilgrimswerethe102peoplewhosailedtoAmericafromEnglandontheshipMayflowerin1620.Thegroup,latercalledthePilgrimFathers,included35PuritanswhoseaimwastocreateasafereligiouscommunityintheNewWorld.ThePilgrimsprobablylandedatPlymouthRock,MAandsettled.Theyestablishedthefirstsuccessfulcolony,Plymouthcolony.英語國家概況——美國篇alongwiththeSevenYears’War(theFrenchandIndianWarinEurope)(1756-63),thewarbetweenEnglandandFrancewasundergoinginNorthAmericaforrulingtheareain1763EnglandcontrolledCanada&NorthAmerica(eastofMississippi)英語國家概況——美國篇

II.TheWarofIndependenceBackgrounds:ThecontradictionssharpenedbetweenEnglandanditscoloniesEnglandimposednewtaxestodefraythewarcost&expectedpeopletolodgeBritishsoldiersColonistsresentedthetaxes&resistedthequarteringofsoldiers“notaxationwithoutrepresentation”英語國家概況——美國篇thefirstshotsatLexingtontheSecondContinentalCongresstheDeclarationofIndependenceprincipalpoliticalprincipleprocessoftheWar英語國家概況——美國篇III.TheCivilWarBackgroundoftheWarSouthstates:farmingblackAfricanslavesbought,sold&treatedcruellyNorthstates:factoriesgrowingneedforlaboringforceJohnBrown,thefamouswhiteabolitionist,leadanarmeduprisingin1859againstslaverybutfailedThepublishingofUncleTom’sCabin英語國家概況——美國篇葛底斯堡

美國賓夕法尼亞州南部的一個自治村鎮(zhèn)。位于阿勒格尼山東麓。人口7，200。水果產(chǎn)地中心和加工地。美國南北戰(zhàn)爭中葛底斯堡戰(zhàn)役（1863年7月1-3日）的戰(zhàn)場，林肯總統(tǒng)曾在此發(fā)表具有歷史意義的演說，提出“民有、民治、民享”口號。國家軍事公園中保留有許多戰(zhàn)場和國家公墓。英語國家概況——美國篇LINCOLN’SGETTYSBURGADDRESSbyAbrahamLincoln

Fourscoresandsevenyearsagoourfathersbroughtforthonthiscontinentanewnation,conceivedinLiberty,anddedicatedtothepropositionthatallmenarecreatedequal.Nowweareengagedinagreatcivilwartestingwhetherthatnationoranynationsoconceivedandsodedicated,canlongendure.Wearemetonagreatbattle-fieldofthatwar.Wehavecometodedicateaportionofthatfieldasafinalrestingplaceforthosewhoheregavetheirlivesthatthatnationmightlive.Itisaltogetherfittingandproperthatweshoulddothis.But,inalargersense,wecannotdedicate-wecannotconsecrate-wecannothallow-thisground.Thebravemen,livinganddead,whostruggledhere,haveconsecratedit,foraboveourpoorpowertoaddordetract.Theworldwilllittlenote,norlongrememberwhatwesayhere,butitcanneverforgetwhattheydidhere.Itisforustheliving,rather,tobededicatedheretotheunfinishedworkwhichtheywhofoughtherehavethusfarsonoblyadvanced.Itisratherforustobeherededicatedtothegreattaskremainingbeforeus-thatfromthesehonoreddeadwetakeincreaseddevotiontothatcauseforwhichtheygavethelastfullmeasureofdevotion-thatweherehighlyresolvethatthesedeadshallnothavediedinvain-thatthisnation,underGod,shallhaveanewbirthoffreedom-andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.英語國家概況——美國篇林肯葛底斯堡演講詞

八十七年以前，我們的祖先在這大陸上建立了一個國家，它孕育于自由，并且獻身給一種理念，即所有人都是生來平等的。當(dāng)前，我們正在從事一次偉大的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，我們在考驗，究竟這個國家，或任何一個有這種主張和這種信仰的國家，是否能長久存在。我們在那次戰(zhàn)爭的一個偉大的戰(zhàn)場上集會。我們來到這里，奉獻那個戰(zhàn)場上的一部分土地，作為在此地為那個國家的生存而犧牲了自己生命的人的永久眠息之所。我們這樣做，是十分合情合理的?？墒?，就更深一層意義而言，我們是無從奉獻這片土地的--無從使它成為圣地--也不能把它變?yōu)槿藗兙把鲋?。那些在這里戰(zhàn)斗的勇士，活著的和死去的，已使這塊土地神圣化了，遠(yuǎn)非我們的菲薄能力所能左右。世人會不大注意，更不會長久記得我們在此地所說的話，然而他們將永遠(yuǎn)忘不了這些人在這里所做的事。相反，我們活著的人應(yīng)該獻身于那些曾在此作戰(zhàn)的人們所英勇推動而尚未完成的工作。我們應(yīng)該在此獻身于我們面前所留存的偉大工作--由于他們的光榮犧牲，我們要更堅定地致力于他們曾作最后全部貢獻的那個事業(yè)--我們在此立志宣誓，不能讓他們白白死去--要使這個國家在上帝的庇佑之下，得到新生的自由--要使那民有、民治、民享的政府不致從地球上消失。英語國家概況——美國篇TheConfederateStatesofAmerica(theConfederacy)of11southernstatesLincoln’sfirstpriority:keeptheintegrityofthewholenationhissecondobjective:freedomforblackpeopleTwogreathistoricachievementsoftheWar:Americamaintainedasingle,indivisiblenation&thecompleteabolitionoftheslavery英語國家概況——美國篇IV.Americainthe20thcenturyWorldWarI(WWI)PresidentWilson:ProclamationofNeutralityFourteenPointsUSCongressrejectedtheVersaillesTreatyalongwiththepointsproposedbyWilson英語國家概況——美國篇theGreatDepressionThevalueofthestocksinNYSE:atthepeakin19291inOctober192960%(40%wipedout)by1933(lessthan)20%businessesclosedfactoriesshutdownbanksfailedfarmincomefellby50%1inevery4Americansunemployed英語國家概況——美國篇FranklinD.RooseveltwaselectedPresidentMorethan70actswerebroughtforwardtoCongressTheNewDeal:helptheeconomygetoutofthedepression英語國家概況——美國篇TheWWIIbrokeoutasit-on-the-fencepolicygloriousisolationtheLend-LeaseBill軸心國theAxiscountries/powerstheRome-BerlinAxisthefascistmilitarybloc同盟國theAlliescountriesJapaneseattackonthePearlHarbor--U.S.policychangingfundamentally英語國家概況——美國篇Postwararrangement:

●OrganizingtheUN●EstablishingtheIMF&WorldBank●FormingtheNATO英語國家概況——美國篇theColdWarFormationoftheNATOtheKoreanWartopreventCommunistideologytheVietnamWartocontainCommunisminVietnam

500,000troops58,000soldierskilled$141billionmilitaryexpenditureoutcome:?weakenedUSgreatly?sharpenedinternalcontradictions英語國家概況——美國篇TheCubanmissilecrisisin1962Nixon’sdiplomaticbreakthroughsbackground1.reestablishrelationswithChina2.negotiatefirstSALTwithUSSRNixon’sintention&hisScandal英語國家概況——美國篇3importantCommuniques

ShanghaiCommunique——RichardNixon1972establishingdiplomaticrelations——JimmyCarter1978arms-sellingtoTaiwanlimitation——RonaldReagan1987英語國家概況——美國篇Reagan’ssuccessfuleconomicachievementstightmoneypolicy:inflation–undercontrolrecovery–underwayprosperity–duringlongestrecordedpeacefultimerecessionordepression–nobut:wideningtwoextremes(rich&poor)highdeficitspending英語國家概況——美國篇recurrenteconomiccrisis

周期性經(jīng)濟危機

depression蕭條 inflation通貨膨脹

recovery復(fù)蘇 prosperity繁榮

boom高漲 recession衰退

crisis危機 falter疲軟

deficit赤字英語國家概況——美國篇GeorgeBush?goodatforeignaffairsagoodexcusetobeattheformerSovietUnion’ssphereofinfluence:IraqiintentionofgobblingupKuwait(theNationalSecurityDirectives45)OperationDesertStorm?incapableofdomesticaffairsafalteringeconomyinternalviolencerising英語國家概況——美國篇BillClinton’sachievements?economicrecovery?unemploymentratedecreasing?foreignpolicygainingNAFTA:1.eliminationofmostimporttaxesamongmembers2.endingrestrictionsontheflowofgoods,servicesandinvestment?affairwithanintern英語國家概況——美國篇V.Americainthe21stcentury

GeorgeWBush:administrativeprogramnationalunityreformeducationcuttaxesshoreupsocialsecurity&medicarestrengthenthecountry’sdefensesButsoontheeconomybecamehisfirstpriority:securethepassageofataxcut英語國家概況——美國篇September11——themostdevastatingforeignattackagainstitsmainlandHijack4passengerairplanes2planesassuicidevehiclestodestroytwintowersoftheWorldTradeCenter1planecrashedintothePentagon1meantfortheUSCapitolbutcrashed

OsamabinLadenAl-QaedaOrganizationTalibanregime英語國家概況——美國篇AxisofEvil:atermusedbyG.W.BushinhisStateoftheUnionAddresstodescribegovernmentsthatheaccusedofhelpingterrorismandseekingweaponsofmassdestruction.Bushnamed(1)Iraq,(2)Iranand(3)NorthKorea.Bush’spresidencyhasbeenmarkedbythisnotionasajustificationforhisWaronTerrorism.Later,“BeyondtheAxisofEvil”asdescribedbyJohnRobertBolton(25thUnitedStatesAmbassadortotheUnitedNations)were(4)Cuba,(5)Libyaand(6)Syria.英語國家概況——美國篇Chapter10

GovernmentConstitutionGovernmentPoliticalPartiesElectionForeignPolicy英語國家概況——美國篇I.Constitution

drawnupin1787cameintoeffectin17892obviouscharacteristics:——checks&balanceslegislature,executive,judiciary——separationofpowercentralgov.&stategov.英語國家概況——美國篇Ordain&establishConstitutionforUSA:formamoreperfectunionestablishjusticeinsuredomestictranquilityprovideforthecommondefensepromotethegeneralwelfaresecuretheblessingsoflibertytopeople——PreambleofConstitution英語國家概況——美國篇BillofRight(firsttenamendments)FreedomofreligionFreedomofspeechFreedomofpressFreedomofpeacefulassembleRighttobeararmsFreedomagainstunreasonablesearchandseizure英語國家概況——美國篇TheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatestakesprecedenceoverallstateconstitutionsandlaws,andoverlawsmadebytheU.S.Congress.Itenjoyshighest,supreme,authorityandparamountpositioninpoliticalandlegalsystems.Ithasneverbeenrevisedbutaddedamendmentsto.Therehavebeen27amendmentsaddingtotheConstitutionsince1789.英語國家概況——美國篇II.GovernmentTHREEMAINPRINCIPLESoftheformingofgovernment:FederalismSeparationofpowersRespectfortheConstitutionand theruleoflaw英語國家概況——美國篇FederalgovernmentequalsthecentralgovernmentoftheUSAFederalgovernmentiscomposedofthreeequalbutseparatebrancheswhicharecheckedandbalancedeachother英語國家概況——美國篇1.TheLegislature立法機關(guān)，議會Functions:law-makingbodysupremelegislativebobyInstitution:twohousesSenatetheHouseofRepresentatives英語國家概況——美國篇Senate&SenatorSenate:100votingmembers,twofromeachofthe50statesSenator:electeddirectlybyallvotesintheirstatesMaybereelectedforanunlimitednumberofsix-yeartermsPrerequisites:over30aresidentintheplacewhichtheyrepresentaUScitizenforatleastnineyears英語國家概況——美國篇HouseofRepresentatives&

RepresentativeHouseofRepresentatives:435votingmembers+3non-votingrepresentatives(PuertoRico,GumaandtheD.C.)Onecongressionaldistrictelectsone RepresentativeRepresentative:AtermoftwoyearsPrerequisites:atleast25yearsoldUScitizenfornolessthan7years英語國家概況——美國篇英語國家概況——美國篇

VeryComplicatedLaw-makingProcess(I)1.Anymemberintroducesabillorproposal2.Thebillimmediatelysenttoacommittee3.TheresponsiblecommitteeholdshearingsPeopleofferopinionsbeforecommitteeAsub-committeeisoftensetupThesub-committeeholdsmanysessionsforpeopletoofferwrittenstatements4.ThecommitteemembersvoteonthebillIfnotfavorablyvote,thebill“dies”英語國家概況——美國篇

VeryComplicatedLaw-makingProcess(II)Iftheillisfavorablyvoted,5.ThecommitteereportsthebilltotheHouse6.Workoutacompromiseinaconferencecommittee,iftwohouseshavedifferenceonthebill.7.Ifanagreementnotreached,thebill“l(fā)ost”;Ifpassed,theillbecomesan“Act”.8.TheActgoestothePresidentforapproval:IfthePresidentsignsit,itbecomes“Law”;IftheActisvetoedbythePresident,9.Congresscanoverrideitbya2/3majority英語國家概況——美國篇2.TheExecutive(Administration)總統(tǒng)行政

ThePresidentistheheadofstateandtheheadofgovernmentaswellintheUS——rarethroughouttheworld

President:thechiefofexecutivebranch

Cabinet:majorsourceofadvice&assistancetothePresident

Secretaries:headsof14departments&otherindependentagencieswhoformtheCabinetPresident——theFirstcitizenHiswife——theFirstLady英語國家概況——美國篇President’spowerorauthorityofoffice1.Managenationalaffairs&theworkingofthefederalgovernment2.Issueexecutiveorders,includingrules,regulations&instructions3.ActasCommander-in-Chieftoraise,train,supervise&deployarmedforces4.Controlforeignpolicy5.Holdsignificantinfluenceinlaw-making6.Influencethedecisionofthefederalcourts7.NominatejusticesoftheSupremeCourt英語國家概況——美國篇UnderthePresident:1.TheCabinet——anucleusofleadership——apresidentialcouncil

theheadsofthemajordepartmentotherpersonschosenbyPresident2.TheNationalSecurityCouncil英語國家概況——美國篇PrerequisitesofbeingaPresidentAnatural-bornAmericancitizenAtleast35yearsofageAresidentoftheUSforatleast14yearsServicetermTwosuccessivefour-yeartermsResidentialplaceTheWhiteHouse英語國家概況——美國篇ExtentofauthorityaskCongressforeverydollarofhisadministration’sofficefundshisnominationandforeigntreatiesmustbeconfirmedbytheSenatereporttoCongressonhismilitaryactionsabroadforapprovalCongresscanimpeachhimifheabuseshispowerorcommitsacrime英語國家概況——美國篇3.TheJudiciaryA.Federaljudicialsystem:theSupremeCourtthecourtsofappealsthedistrictcourts

英語國家概況——美國篇SupremeCourtthehighestcourtoftheUSChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates8AssociateJusticeseachhasonevotedecisionsmadebythemajorityallappointedbythePresidentwiththeSenate’sapprovalandcanonlyberemovedbytheCongress英語國家概況——美國篇ThemajorpowersoftheSupremeCourta)b)c)d)e)ThepowerslimitedbythePresidentCongressmayimpeachandconvictanyfederaljudges,andmayproposeanamendmenttotheConstitutioniftheSupremeCourtdeclaresalawunconstitutional.Openingtime:firstMondayofOctobertillmiddleofnextJune——9months英語國家概況——美國篇Thecourtsofappeals(上訴法院)sharetheburdenoftheSupremeCourtthewholeUSisdividedinto12appealregionseachregionhasacourtwithseveraljudges英語國家概況——美國篇Thedistrictcourt——lowestinfederaljudicialsystemthe50statesdividedinto94federaljudicialdistrictseachdistricthasadistrictcourtitsdecisionscanbereviewedbythecourtofappealsifnecessary英語國家概況——美國篇B.Thestatejudicialsystemcourtsoflawapoliceforceaprisonsystem英語國家概況——美國篇AllCourts’PracticeThejurysystem&commonlawAllthecriminalsarecalledsuspectsbeforesentencingThedeathpenalty英語國家概況——美國篇InJune,1972theSupremeCourtoftheUSdeclaredcapitalpunishment,orthedeathpenalty,tobeunconstitutional.InJuly,1976theSupremeCourtdeclaredthedeathpenaltycouldbeconstitutionalforcrimesofmurderincertaincircumstances.Butatthebeginningoftheyear1981,thestateofCaliforniadidnothavelawspermittingthedeathpenalty.英語國家概況——美國篇III.PoliticalPartiesAtwo-partysystemdominatestheUS

theDemocraticParty——donkeytheRepublicanParty——elephant英語國家概況——美國篇DemocraticPartyenjoysalonghistoryOriginalmembers:labor,minorities&progressivereformersEndof18thcentury,Jefferson’ssupporterscalledthemselves“DemocraticRepublicans”TheirbeliefistoadvocatepopulargovernmentandtoopposemonarchismTheParty’spresentnameisadoptedin1830’sTheleadingpartybeforetheCivilWar英語國家概況——美國篇RepublicanPartySlavery-opposingnortherncapitalistsFirstnationalconventionheldinFeb.1856,onitthepresentpartynameisusedIn1860,Lincoln,theRepublicancandidate,waselectedPresidentandtheCivilWarbrokeafterwards.OnlysinceWWII,twopartieshaveheldthepresidencyinturn

英語國家概況——美國篇PoliticalPostureDemocratic:liberalRepublican:conservativeThisdifferenceinideologydisplaysoneconomic&socialissues&foreignaffairs英語國家概況——美國篇DemocratsThegovernmentplaysanimportantroleintheeconomyandemphasizesfullemploymentasamatterofnationalconcernFavorcivilrightslawsAstrongsocialsecuritysystemLessrestrictiveabortion英語國家概況——美國篇RepublicansFavorasystemwhichgivesenterprisesagreaterfreedomDemandthatthegovernmentcontrolinflationStresstheneedforlawandorderOpposecompletegovernmentalsocialprogramsOpposefreechoiceofabortionAdo