2024屆高考英語閱讀理解主旨大意題解題策略講義

鉆研高考閱讀理解主旨大意題解題策略理解主旨和要義——段落大意題和全文大意題理解語篇的主旨和要義是高考英語閱讀理解的考查技能之一。解答這種類型的題目需要考生具備很強的篇章分析能力。從考查的題型類別看，理解主旨和要義的題目一般可分為兩類：段落大意題和全文大意題。段落大意題針對語篇的某段或者某幾段的主要內(nèi)容進行提問。全文大意題針對整個語篇的主題進行提問。段落大意題解答段落大意題，最關(guān)鍵的是要找到段落主題句。段落主題句可出現(xiàn)在段首或段尾。這類文章一般段內(nèi)層次較為分明，多采用“總—分”或“分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)。但有時主題句會出現(xiàn)在段落的中間，這時段落結(jié)構(gòu)一般是：細節(jié)—主題—細節(jié)。請?zhí)貏e關(guān)注段落內(nèi)起過渡作用的詞匯，如however、but、and、also、forexample、inconclusion、onthecontrary等。例：（2023年高考英語全國乙卷D篇，保留原題號，下同）Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,

ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartof

humanity,

youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,

becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,

whilemostoftheworld,

formostofthetime,

hasnot.

Writingisoneofhumanity'slaterachievements,

anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate

(有文字的)

societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.

Howpasteventsshouldbepresented.B.

Whathumanity

isconcernedabout.C.

Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords.D.

Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.【分析】第一段包含兩句話。第一句引出話題，第二句是段落主題句。根據(jù)第二句“Writingisoneofhumanity'slaterachievements,

anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate

(有文字的)

societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.（寫作是人類較晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至許多有文字的社會，不僅用文字，而且也用物品來記錄他們的關(guān)切。）”可知，人類不僅用語言記載歷史也用物品記載歷史。即怎樣記載歷史。與A項意思一致。故選A。全文大意題全文大意題考查考生能否分辨主題和細節(jié)，是否具有提綱挈領(lǐng)的能力。做這類題時，要求考生能理解全文細節(jié)，然后運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯方法對文章進行總結(jié)。常用的技巧有：1.尋找主題句。文章的主題句通常出現(xiàn)在文章第一段或最后一段，而有些文章需要通過歸納總結(jié)每段的段落大意獲得主題句。2.抓住高頻詞。選項形式為一兩個單詞或一個短語時，文中被反復(fù)提到的概念或名稱多是正確選項。3.看選項特點。正確選項通常不含表示絕對意義的詞，而且不能只是概括某個細節(jié)或表述局部觀點，也不能包括文章沒有提及的內(nèi)容。例：（2022年高考英語全國甲卷C篇）AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittle

Gentoopenguins

(企鵝)

longingtosayhello.

Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.

Throughouthercareer

(職業(yè))

asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.

Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimeto

taketheplunge.Aftertakingadegreeat

ChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotravelthe

world,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.

"Ijustdecided

Iwantedtogo,"

shesays.

"IhadnoideaaboutwhatI'dfindthereandIwasn'tnervous,

Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway."InMarch2008,

Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.

"Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,"

Ginnisays."IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewater

likesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperatic

soundsitwasmakingunderwater."Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.

Achildhooddream.B.Anunforgettableexperience.C.Sailingaroundtheworld.D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.【分析】該題目的選項均由三個詞或四個詞的詞組組成，屬于高度概括型的選項。通讀全文可知，文章是總分總結(jié)構(gòu)，文章第一段第二句“Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget”點明主題。也就是說，文章開篇即介紹了Ginni抵達南極洲時，可愛的企鵝開啟了她終生難忘的旅行。下文依次介紹了她去南極洲的原因、時間及其感受等。最后一段升華主題，寫出了作者這次南極之行的感悟。因此，B選項“一次難忘的經(jīng)歷”最能概括文章主旨。故選B。綜上，解答理解主旨和要義的題目，需要從分析語篇的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)入手，并運用相關(guān)語篇知識。同學(xué)們應(yīng)在平時的學(xué)習(xí)中加強這些能力的訓(xùn)練，以便在考試中做到游刃有余。主旨大意題是高考英語閱讀理解中常見命題形式。主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主旨和理解文章中心思想的能力。主旨大意題包括選擇最佳標題（title），概括文章大意、段落大意和判斷作者的寫作目的（purpose）等。常見的命題形式是：Whatdoesthepassage/authormainlydiscuss?Whatisthefirst/secondparagraphmainlyabout?Whatisthemainideaofthetext?Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?What'sthepurposeofthepassage?一、最佳標題方法：1、中心句法：根據(jù)文章中心句，提煉主題詞充當(dāng)文章標題。2、當(dāng)文章的寫作對象特點較多時，常用寫作對象的名稱充當(dāng)文章的標題。3、將文章的寫作對象和其主要特點、意義或影響整合充當(dāng)文章的標題。標題的特點：概括性：抽象、準確、簡短，常用一個短語或一句話。針對性：標題外延恰當(dāng)，與文章內(nèi)容相符，避免以偏概全。醒目性：新穎奇特，激發(fā)讀者的閱讀興趣。注意排除標題干擾項：(1)片面性：概括不夠。所給選項只概括了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細節(jié)或個別字詞作為選項，或以次要信息作為標題。(2)過于籠統(tǒng)或過渡概括：所給選項概括的范圍過大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容。2018課標全國ⅡD篇We

‘veallbeenthere:

inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.What

‘stheproblem?

It

‘spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It

‘smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit’sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit’s

annoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.

Experts

sayit’saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn’tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(潤滑劑)forsocialcommunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.“Almosteverygreatlovestory

andeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,”heexplains.

“Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.”Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互動)withitswaiter;

theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.“It’snotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,”saysDunn.“Butinteractionswithperipheral(邊緣的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwell-beingalso.”Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk.“Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,”hesays.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ConversationCountsB.WaysofMakingSmallTalkC.BenefitsofSmallTalkD.UncomfortableSilence解析：中心句法。根據(jù)第二段最后一句(專家說閑聊是一種可帶來巨大益處的極有價值的社交行為)以及最后一段最后一句(閑聊是良好舉止的基礎(chǔ))可知,C項“閑聊的益處”與題干要求一致,故答案為C項。A項“會話很重要”為干擾項,錯在偷換概念,conversation(會話,

交談)和smalltalk(閑談)不是一個概念;文章沒有就閑聊的方式或方法做具體的解釋,故排除B項“進行閑聊的方式”;D項“令人不安的沉默”只是第一段提到的現(xiàn)象之一,

而不是文章的主旨。

二、概括文章大意方法：1、借助段落主題句歸納：段首、段中、段末2、借助文章主題段歸納：首段（新聞報道、議論文、說明文、科技文獻）、末段（記敘文、議論文）（根據(jù)不同的文體定位主題句）3、借助主題詞歸納：抓住文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的主題詞，然后對其進行概括和歸納，確定文章的主旨大意，說明文、議論文找主題句的五個小竅門：(1)段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however,yet,but,infact,indeed,actually等)時，該句很可能是主題句。（行文標志詞定位主題句）

(2)首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。(3)作者有意識地反復(fù)重復(fù)的觀點，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。(4)表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的話常有therefore,thus,inbrief,

inshort,allinall,

inconclusion,inaword,

tosumup,

so等。（行文標志詞定位主題句）(5)表示研究成果的詞之后：find,

show,indicate,suggest,accordingto,sb（權(quán)威人士）says等。（行文標志詞定位主題句）2018課標全國ⅢB篇Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.

Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,

Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness(荒野).Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30,000.（thereasonofitsappearance）Dawson

didnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow-coveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.ThepathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarning.Anavalanche(雪崩)onceclosedthe

path,killing63people.Formanywhomadeitto

Dawson,

however,

therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.(itsdevelopment)But

nomatterhowrichtheywere,

Dawson

wasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.Tourismisnowthechiefindustryof

Dawson

City—itspresentpopulationis762.(itsdecline)27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Theriseandfallofacity.

B.ThegoldrushinCanada.

C.Journeysintothewilderness.

D.TourisminDawson.解析：這篇記敘文沒有主題段，但是每一段的大意很清楚，很容易歸納出全文的mainidea。第一段講Dawson城市出現(xiàn)的原因。第二段講Dawson城市的發(fā)展。第三段but一轉(zhuǎn)折講Dawson城市的衰落。所以答案是A。

2018全國I卷C篇Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.

Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,

manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.

Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunications

inthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.

Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.

Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.

Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.People’slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.解析：這是一篇說明文。借助段落主題句很容易選正確答案C項。

三、概括段落的主旨大意

方法：段落有主題句（說明文和議論文），沒有主題句就按前面總結(jié)文章大意的方法歸納段落大意?？偡质?總分總式:段落首句為主題句，段落其他各句是舉例或論證。分總式：段尾是主題句，段落開頭是舉例子或者層層推進。分總分式：主題句在中間。開頭引出話題→論述主題→解釋2019全國高考I卷D篇Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小學(xué)),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.

Thelikables’

plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,Dr.Prinstein’sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are

“mostlikelytoengage(從事)indangerousandriskybehavior.”Inonestudy,Dr.Prinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoringtheleastliked,themostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys(調(diào)查研究).

“Wefoundthattheleastwell-likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus.”Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate

—

sharing,kindness,openness

—

carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch,Dr.Prinsteincametoanotherconclusion:Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too.

“Beinglikedcreatesopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage,

”

hesaid.33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout？A.Theclassificationofthepopular.

B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.

D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.

解析：找主題句法。2016·浙江高考閱讀C篇Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn,butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.

Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike?Psychologistshavesuggestedthatscienceasaneffort

—

thedesiretoexplore,explain,andunderstandourworld

—

issimplysomethingthatcomesfromourbabyhood.Perhapsevolution(進化)providedhumanbabieswithcuriosityandanaturaldrivetoexplaintheirworlds,andadultscientistssimplymakeuseofthesamedrivethatservedthemaschildren.Thesamecognitive(認知的)systemsthatmakeyoungchildrenfeelgoodaboutfiguringsomethingoutmayhavebeenadoptedbyadultscientists.Assomepsychologistsputit，“Itisnotthatchildrenarelittlescientistsbutthatscientistsarebigchildren.”53．Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?A．Theworldmaybemoreclearlyexplainedthroughchildren’splay.B．Studyingbabies’

playmayleadtoabetterunderstandingofscience.C．Childrenmayhavegreaterabilitytofigureoutthingsthanscientists.D．One’sdriveforscientificresearchmaybecomestrongerashegrows.解析：找主題句法。根據(jù)讀文關(guān)注點定位到原文中的第一句話“Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasa...lookatscienceandscientists.”；再由關(guān)注點——轉(zhuǎn)折信息處定位到本句話的后半部分“butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists”，此處用到了轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but強調(diào)本部分內(nèi)容，故可知本段主要強調(diào)研究孩子們的天性可能有助于更好地理解科學(xué)家。所以B項正確。A項表述不夠確切，屬于過于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云；C、D兩項文中未提及，屬于無中生有，生搬硬套。四、判斷作者的寫作意圖

各種文體的常見寫作目的：記敘文：tellastory/teachalesson/shareanexperience/entertainreaders

廣告:

advertiseorpromoteproducts/attractreaders議論文:

argue/persuade/showthewriter'sopinionon說明文/新聞報道：informreadersofsth./introducesth/providesomeinformation/reportanevent/presentthefindingsofastudy/stresssth2017年高考北京卷C篇Measles(麻疹),whichoncekilled450childreneachyearanddisabledevenmore,wasnearlywipedoutintheUnitedStates14yearsagobytheuniversaluseoftheMMRvaccine(疫苗).

But

thediseaseismakingacomeback,causedbyagrowinganti-vaccinemovementandmisinformationthatisspreadingquickly.

Alreadythisyear,115measlescaseshavebeenreportedintheUSA,comparedwith189foralloflastyear.（引出話題）Thenumbersmightsoundsmall,

but

theyaretheleadingedgeofadangeroustrend.

Whenvaccinationratesareveryhigh,astheystillarein