報(bào)關(guān)與國(guó)際貨運(yùn)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)Module Four 第二單元

Unit2InternationalOceanTransportForwardingBusinessⅠ.OceantransportOceantransport,shortforshipping,referstoamodeoftransportationthatdeliverspassengersorgoodsbyshipontheseaway.Themaritimecargovolumeofworldforeigntradenowaccountsforabout80%ofthetotalamountoftheinternationaltransportofgoods.Accordingtothemodesofshippingbusinessoperation,oceantransportofinternationaltrademainlyincludeslinertransport,namelylinershippingaswellasshippingbychartering,namelytrampshipping.Linertransport,alsocalledlinershipping,isamarinetransportthatdeliversmostnon-specificgoodsofmostnon-specificownersofcargoinafixedrouteaccordingtothescheduleddatesandfreightrates.Asopposedtolinertransport,trampshippingisanoperationmodewhichdoesnothaveanypredeterminedtimetable,fixedroute,fixedportorpredeterminedfreightrates.Instead,theoperationoftheshipistobearrangedaccordingtothecarriagecontractsignedbytheshipownerandthechartererregardingthetransportroute,thetypeandquantityofgoods,stop-and-startspot,timeofdispatchandtimetodestination,freightratesorrentsetc.Itisapplicabletothegoodswithlargequantitiesandcouldbetransportedwithinoneship.Itincludes：（1）VoyageCharterVoyagecharter,alsocalledtripcharter,isoneofthecarriagesofspecificgoodsforasingletriporseveraltripsfromthespecifiedporttoanother,ortoseveralportsundertheconditionthattheshipowneragreestoprovidethespecificshiporpartoftheshippingspaceforthecharterer.（2）ContractofAffreightment（COA）ContractofAffreightment（COA）isthecharterforthecompletionoftotalvolumeregulatedbythecontractbetweenthespecificportsatapredeterminedtimeandvoyageperiod,withalmostequalfreightvolumeforeachvoyageundertheconditionthattheshipowneragreestoprovidecertaintonnageforthecharterer.（3）TimeCharterTimecharteristhetime-basedhiringofashipforaspecificperiod,duringwhichshiplessorsrentoutspecificshipstothechartererforuse.（4）BareboatCharterBareboatcharteror,alternatively,demisecharter,isanarrangementforthehiringofavessel,wherebynoadministrationortechnicalmaintenanceisincludedaspartoftheagreement.Thecharterershallpayanagreedsumoffreighttotheownerandisresponsibleforcrewingseamentomanageandoperatethevesselforaspecifiedperiodoftimeregulatedbythecontract.Theinternationaloceanfreightforwardersmeansthosetradesentrustedbyownerofthegoodsconductthecustomsdeclarationandexaminationofoceanimportandexportofgoods,charterandbookspace,andcollectremunerationsfortheirservicesintheirownnamesorinthenameoftheirconsignors.Generallyspeaking,thefeaturesofmaritimelineragentsinclude：Mainlybeingtheagentofcontainertransport,andsometimesengaginginasmallamountoftramptransportagentbusiness.②Mainlyundertakingthebusinessoffillingrelatedbillsandcustomsinspectionwithmanyemployees.③Somemaritimelineragentsarealsothespacebookingagentsofshippingcompanies,thustheycangetmoreroomtoexpand.④SomemaritimelineragentswithhighprofessionalabilityandrelativelyperfectsalesnetworkhavedevelopedintoNVOCCsormultimodaltransportoperators,bringingthemmultipleidentities.⑤Maritimelineragentsalwaysoperatecollectionanddistributionbusinessandwarehousingofrailwayandroadasasideline.一、海洋運(yùn)輸海洋運(yùn)輸（oceantransport），是指以船舶為工具，通過(guò)海上航道運(yùn)送旅客或貨物的一種運(yùn)輸方式，簡(jiǎn)稱海運(yùn)。目前，世界外貿(mào)海運(yùn)量在國(guó)際貨物運(yùn)輸總量中占80%左右。按照船舶的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式，國(guó)際貿(mào)易海洋運(yùn)輸主要有班輪運(yùn)輸（linertransport）即定期船運(yùn)輸和租船運(yùn)輸（shippingbychartering）即不定期船運(yùn)輸、班輪運(yùn)輸（linershipping），也稱定期船運(yùn)輸，是指在一定航線上，按照預(yù)定船期表和事先規(guī)定的運(yùn)價(jià)，運(yùn)輸屬于不特定多數(shù)貨主的不特定多數(shù)貨物的海上運(yùn)輸。不定期運(yùn)輸（trampshipping）是與班輪運(yùn)輸相對(duì)應(yīng)的一種營(yíng)運(yùn)方式，在不定期運(yùn)輸中，運(yùn)輸工具的營(yíng)運(yùn)不是按預(yù)定的時(shí)刻表、固定的航線、固定的港口和事先規(guī)定的運(yùn)費(fèi)費(fèi)率表等固定形式進(jìn)行的，而是按承托雙方達(dá)成的有關(guān)運(yùn)輸航線、運(yùn)輸貨物種類、數(shù)量、停發(fā)地點(diǎn)、起運(yùn)與終到時(shí)間、運(yùn)價(jià)或租金等運(yùn)輸合同來(lái)進(jìn)行，它比較適宜于運(yùn)輸批量大、能組織整船運(yùn)輸?shù)呢浳?。包括：?）航次租船航次租船（voyagecharter），又稱航程租船或程租船，是指船舶出租人向承租人提供特定的船舶或者船舶部分艙位，在特定的兩港或數(shù)港之間進(jìn)行一個(gè)特定的航次或幾個(gè)航次并承運(yùn)特定貨物的租船。（2）包運(yùn)租船包運(yùn)租船（contractofaffreightment，COA），是指船舶出租人提供給承租人一定的噸位，在確定的港口之間，以事先約定的時(shí)間及約定的航次周期和每航次較均等的貨運(yùn)量完成合同規(guī)定的總運(yùn)量的租船方式。（3）定期租船定期租船（timecharter），也稱期租船，是一種以時(shí)間為基礎(chǔ)，由船舶出租人將特定的船舶出租給承租人使用一個(gè)時(shí)期的租船。（4）光租租船光租租船（bareboatcharter，demisecharter），是由船舶出租人向承租人提供一艘未配備船員的空船，承租人在合同規(guī)定的租期內(nèi)按所確定的租金率支付租金，并配備船員來(lái)管理和經(jīng)營(yíng)船舶的租船。

國(guó)際海上貨運(yùn)代理是指接受貨主的委托，以委托人的名義或自己的名義從事海上進(jìn)出口貨物報(bào)關(guān)報(bào)驗(yàn)、租船訂艙等業(yè)務(wù)，并收取報(bào)酬的企業(yè)。一般而言，海運(yùn)班輪代理具有以下基本特點(diǎn)：①以集裝箱運(yùn)輸代理業(yè)務(wù)為主，兼營(yíng)少量不定期運(yùn)輸代理業(yè)務(wù)。②從業(yè)人員較多，業(yè)務(wù)主要以繕制單證、報(bào)關(guān)報(bào)驗(yàn)為主。③一些海運(yùn)班輪代理同時(shí)兼具船公司的訂艙代理，從而具有更多的擴(kuò)展空間。④一些具有較高業(yè)務(wù)能力和較為完善的業(yè)務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的海運(yùn)班輪代理已發(fā)展成為無(wú)船承運(yùn)人或多式聯(lián)運(yùn)經(jīng)營(yíng)人，從而使其身份呈現(xiàn)多重性。⑤海運(yùn)班輪代理往往兼營(yíng)鐵路、公路集疏運(yùn)業(yè)務(wù)和倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)業(yè)務(wù)。Ⅱ.TheprocessofmarinelinerexportfreightforwardingTheprocessofmarinelinerexportfreightforwardingmeansthatinternationalfreightforwarderrepresentsownerofthegoodsonbehalfoftheagenttomanagethebusinessprocessofexportofgoodsthroughmarineliner,gettingthegoodsfromtheconsignor,receivingthegoodsanddeliveringthemtothecarrierandallthebusinessprocessrelatedtotheaboveservices,suchasthelinks,theproceduresandthenecessarydocuments.Thedetailedoperationprocessesincludes：canvassingthecargoandreceivingtheorder,handlingthecargoandmakingthedocument,bookingthespaceandbookingspaceprocess,coveringcargoinsurance,collectingemptycontainer,packingthegoods,thehandoverandsigningofgoods,thesupervisionofloadingship,theinformationnotificationsafterthetransporthasbeendone,fillinginthebills,payingandgettingthebills,therelevantissuesaftershippingandplacingbusinessonfile.二、海上班輪出口貨運(yùn)代理流程海上班輪出口貨運(yùn)代理業(yè)務(wù)流程是指國(guó)際貨運(yùn)代理以代理人的身份代表貨主辦理貨物經(jīng)海運(yùn)班輪出口，從發(fā)貨人手中攬取貨物，接受貨物到將貨物交付承運(yùn)人這一過(guò)程所需要通過(guò)的環(huán)節(jié)、所需要辦理的手續(xù)及必備的單證等業(yè)務(wù)過(guò)程。具體操作流程如下：攬貨接單、理貨制單、訂艙及訂艙處理、辦理貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)、提取空箱、貨物裝箱、貨物的交接與簽收、監(jiān)裝船、完船信息通告及繕制提單、付費(fèi)取單、處理裝船后的有關(guān)事宜、業(yè)務(wù)歸檔。Ⅲ.TheprocessofmarinelinerimportfreightforwardingTheprocessofmarinelinerimportfreightforwardingmeansthattheinternationalfreightforwarderrepresentsownerofthegoodsonbehalfofagenttomanagethebusinessprocessofimportofgoodsthroughmarinelineranddeliveringthemtothecarrierandallthebusinessprocessrelatedtotheaboveservices,suchasthelinks,theproceduresandthenecessarydocuments.Theproceduresoflessthancontainerload（LCL）import（FOB）businessinclude：canvassingthecargoandreceivingtheorder,sortingtheorderandmakingthedocument,bookingspaceandbookingspaceprocess,notifyingtheconsignee,consignorandagentofloadingport,forwardingtheinformationabouttheshippingadviceofthegoods,coveringinsuranceonthegoods,knowingthedynamicofimportedships,receivingorderandprovidingtheflowofimportedgoods,dealingwiththedeliveryprocedures,customsinspectionandexamination,customsdeclaration,unburyingcontainers,deliveringthegoodstotheconsignee,returningtheemptycontainers,expensesettlement,placingbusinessonfile.Ifthefreightforwardersowncustomssupervisionwarehouse,theycanreceivethegoodsbeforecustomsinspectionandexamination.Theproceduresofbulkcargoimport（FOB）businessarefundamentallythesameastheabovementioned,onlyleavingoutunburyingcontainersandreturningtheemptycontainers.Andasarule,thearrivalsandtransferlocationsarethewarehouseinsteadofthecontainerfreightstation（CFS）andthecontainerterminalyard.Inaddition,theshippingdocumentsarequitedifferentfromtheonesthatthecontainer-shippedgoodsuse.Generallyspeaking,thedeliveryrecordsusedindealingwiththedeliveryproceduresandcustomsinspectionandexaminationarecalledbilloflading（B/L）.三、海上班輪進(jìn)口貨運(yùn)代理流程海上班輪進(jìn)口貨運(yùn)代理業(yè)務(wù)流程是指國(guó)際貨運(yùn)代理以代理人的身份代表貨主辦理貨物經(jīng)海運(yùn)班輪進(jìn)口，將貨物交付承運(yùn)人承運(yùn)這一過(guò)程所需要通過(guò)的環(huán)節(jié)、所需要辦理的手續(xù)及必備的單證等業(yè)務(wù)過(guò)程。對(duì)于集裝箱拼箱進(jìn)口（FOB）業(yè)務(wù)需要經(jīng)過(guò)：攬貨接單—理單制單—訂艙及訂艙處理—通知收發(fā)貨人及裝港代理—轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)貨物已裝船通知—辦理貨物保險(xiǎn)—掌握進(jìn)口船舶動(dòng)態(tài)—接單與提供進(jìn)口貨物流向—辦理提貨手續(xù)—報(bào)檢報(bào)驗(yàn)—報(bào)關(guān)—提取集裝箱—貨交收貨人—空箱返還—費(fèi)用結(jié)算—業(yè)務(wù)歸檔。如果貨運(yùn)代理?yè)碛凶约旱暮ｊP(guān)監(jiān)管倉(cāng)庫(kù)，也可以先接收貨物再進(jìn)行報(bào)關(guān)報(bào)驗(yàn)。對(duì)于散雜貨進(jìn)口（FOB）業(yè)務(wù)流程與上述流程基本相同，只不過(guò)省去提取拆箱、返還空箱環(huán)節(jié)，而且貨物交接地點(diǎn)通常也不在貨運(yùn)站或碼頭堆場(chǎng)而是在倉(cāng)庫(kù)。此外，所用的貨運(yùn)單證也與集裝箱貨物有所不同。在辦理提貨手續(xù)、報(bào)關(guān)報(bào)驗(yàn)以及提貨時(shí)，通常使用交貨記錄，即提貨單。Ⅳ.Non-VesselOperatingCommonCarrier（NVOCC）AccordingtotheRegulationofthePRConInternationalMaritimeTransportation,non-vessel-operatingcommoncarrierisanenterpriseaslegalpersonthatacceptsshipmentsfromtheshipperasacarrier,issuesitsownbillsofladingorothershippingdocuments,chargestheshipperforthefreight,accomplishesthecarriageofgoodsbyseathroughtheeffortsoftheinternationalshippingoperator（namelytheactualcarrier）,andassumestheresponsibilitiesofthecarrier.Thebusinessscopeofnon-vessel-operatingcommoncarrierincludes：makingtheinternationalgoodstransportcontractwiththeshipperonbehalfofthecarrier;takingoverthegoodsanddeliveringthemasacarrier;signingandissuingthebillofladingandothershippingdocuments;collectingfreightandotherserviceremuneration;bookingspaceanddealingwiththeconsignmenttotheinternationalshippingoperatorsandothermeansoftransportoperators;payingfortheporttoportfreightchargesandothertransportcharges;containerunloadingandLCLbusiness;otherrelatedbusiness.Inrespectofformat,content,term,signingandissuingetc.,theNVOCC’smasterbillofladingandhousebillofladingshouldbeinconformitywiththeadjustmenttotheregulationsofinternationalconventionandlawsonthemarinebillsoflading.Thereiscertainrelevancebetweenthemandtheyarethesameinlegalstatusandtransportpurpose.However,theyaredifferentinmakingtheB/Landtheproceduresofexchange.NVOCC’smarinebillofladingshouldbemadeandsignedstrictlyinaccordancewiththeregulationoftheletterofcredit，inordertohandlethesettlementofexchangeandtakedeliveryofthegoodsfortheconvenienceofthesupplier.四、無(wú)船承運(yùn)人根據(jù)《中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)際海運(yùn)條例》的規(guī)定，無(wú)船承運(yùn)人，是指以承運(yùn)人身份接受托運(yùn)人的貨載，簽發(fā)自己的提單或者其他運(yùn)輸單證，向托運(yùn)人收取運(yùn)費(fèi)，通過(guò)國(guó)際船舶運(yùn)輸經(jīng)營(yíng)者（即實(shí)際承運(yùn)人）完成國(guó)際海上貨物運(yùn)輸，承擔(dān)承運(yùn)人責(zé)任的企業(yè)法人。無(wú)船承運(yùn)人的業(yè)務(wù)范圍包括以承運(yùn)人身份與托運(yùn)人訂立國(guó)際貨物運(yùn)輸合同；以