2023年考研外語(yǔ)考試題目及答案13

考研外語(yǔ)考試題目及答案13

一、UseofEnglish

1、Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofus

haveyettoform,anopinionaboutit,(1)developapoint

ofview.Butthishasn'tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfans

fromagreeing(2)theearlyconventionalwisdomabout

digitalcameras—they,renew(3)foryou.Butthey'renot

suitableforeverydaypicturetaking.

Thefansarewrong:Morethananythingelse,digitalcameras

areradically(4)whatphotographymeansandwhatitcan

be.Thevenerablemediumofphotography(5)weknowitis

beginningtoseemoutof(6)withthewaywelive.Inour

computerandcamcorder(7)savingpicturesasdigital

(8)andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical一andin

manywaysmore(9)thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthat

mustbesentofftobe(10).

Paperisalsoterribly(11).Picturesthatareincorrectly

framed,(12),orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilm

andultimatelyprocessedintoprints.

Thedigitalmediumchangesthe(13).Stillimagesthatare

(14)digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer

(15),aTVscreen,orasmallliquid-crystaldisplay(LCD)

builtfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat

(16)animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin

electronicmemory,(17)beingpermanentlyetchedonto

film,theycanbeerased,retouched,andtransmitted(18).

What'sitliketo(19)withoneofthesedigitalcameras?

It'salittle1ikeafirstdate一exciting,confusingand

fraughtwith(20).

A.ratherthan

B.letalone

C.muchless

D.soasto

2、⑵

A.on

B.with

C.to

D.by

3、(3)

A.attachments

B.auxiliaries

C.attributes

D.counterparts

4、(4)

A.re-explaining

B.rearranging

C.re-exposing

D.redefining

5、⑸

A.though

B.if

C.as

D.unless

6、(6)

A.rate

B.pace

C.step

D.speed

7、⑺

A.environment

B.civilization

C.community

D.culture

8、⑻

3

A.files

B.documents

C.programs

D.softwares

9、(9)

A.appealing

B.facilitating

C.enlightening

D.encouraging

10、(10)

A.converted

B.developed

C.exposed

D.evolved

11>(ID

A.unforgiving

B.unperceiving

C.unconsidering

D.unsympathizing

12、(12)

A.aimed

B.targeted

to

4

C.focused

D.pointed

13、(13)

A.regulations

B.rules

C.disciplines

D.principles

14、(14)

A.gripped

B.seized

C.grasped

D.captured

15、(15)

A.demonstrator

B.exhibitor

C.monitor

D.transmitter

16、(16)

A.constitute

B.illumine

C.penetrate

D.dissolve

5

17、(17)

A.incase

B.ratherthan

C.aswellas

D.asthough

18、(18)

A.on-digit

B.on-cable

C.on-line

D.on-data

19、(19)

A.fire

B.maneuver

C.operate

D.shoot

20、(20)

A.chances

B.probabilities

C.opportunities

D.possibilities

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

6

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

In1967,inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedby

medicalreportsofasbestosthatrelateddeaths,theNational

MedicalResearchCouncilorganizedacommitteeofenquiryto

investigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseof

asbestosinthebuildingindustry.

Afterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersand

buildingworkersandmanagement,theCouncilpublishedareport

whichincludedadvicesfordealingwithasbestos.Thereport

confirmedthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStates

andCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmal1quantitiesofasbestos

fibers,theyconcluded,wasdirectlyresponsibleforthe

developmentofcancers,asbestosisandrelateddiseases.

Takingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsand

buildingindustrymanagement,however,thereportassumedthat

despitetheavailabilityofothermaterials,asbestoswould

continuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustry

formanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost.

Asaresult,thecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhich

wereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposed

toasbestosinworkingenvironments.Theyrecommendedthat,

wherepossible,asbestosfreematerialsshouldbeemployed.In

caseswhereasbestoswasemployed,itwasrecommendedthatit

shouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefibreswerelesslikely

toentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcare

shouldbetakenduringworkinenvironmentswhichcontain

asbestos.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtake

specialcaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothing

withtheuseofvacuumcleaner.

Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevel

ofriskinvolved.Thestateandtypeofasbestosiscritical

todeterminingtheriskfactors.Inaddition,dustformation

wasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwet

ratherthandry.

Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesof

asbestosparticlesthatentertheair.Machinetoolsproduce

greaterquantitiesofdustthanhandtoolsand,wherepossible,

theuseofthelatterwasrecommended.

Acriticalfactortakesplaceinriskreductionistheadequate

ventilationoftheworkingenvironment.Whenworktakesplace

inanenclosedspace,moreasbestosparticlescirculateandit

wasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilation

shouldbeused.Bycloselyfollowingtheseadvices,itwas

claimedthatexposurecanbereducedtoareasonablypractical

minimum.

Exposuretoasbestosfibrescancausecancer______.

A.onlywhenasbestosisusedinbuildingindustry

B.onlywhenitisusedinlargequantities

C.evenifitisusedinsmallquantities

D.iftheyareusedwhenwetratherthandry

2、

Exposuretoasbestosfibresisharmfultopeople'shealth

A.sotheuseofasbestosislimited

B.butasbestoswillcontinuetobeusedforalongtimeto

come

C.soothernewkindsofmaterialsareunderdevelopment

D.buttheywillnotbesowhenventilationdevicesareused

3、

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattherealdangercomes

from.

A.theasbestosdustthatpeopletakein

B.thecontactoftheworker'sskinwithasbestosparticles

C.theinferiorqualityoftheasbestositself

D.theexcessiveuseofmanmadeasbestosmaterial

4、

Evidencefromtheeconomistsandthebuildingindustriesshows

that.

A.exposuretoasbestosfibresiscancer-causing

B.asbestosisinextensiveuseinbuildingindustry

C.useofasbestosisbeingreducedgradually

D.exposuretoasbestosfibrescanbereducedsignificantly

5、

Whencouldtheriskofasbestosdisappearedaccordingtothe

passage?

A.Whenweadopttheresearchers，advice.

B.Whenwedon'tuseasbestos.

C.Formanyyearsfromnow,itwillnotdisappear.

D.Thecouncilhavealreadyfindwaystopreventtherisk.

6、Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingasacouplebutalsogrowing

asindividuals.Thisisn'teasy,marriagehasalwaysbeen

difficult.Whythenareweseeingsomanydivorcesatthistime?

Yes,ourmodernsocialfabricisthin,andyesthe

permissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectations

andthrownthefamilyintodisorder.Butdivorceissocommon

be-causepeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisethe

self-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.Theyexpecteasyjoy,

liketheentertainmentonTV,thethrillofagoodparty.

Marriagetakessomekindofsacrifice,netdreadful

self-sacrificeofthesoul,butsomelevelofcompromise.Some

ofone'sfantasies,someofone'slegitimatedesireshaveto

begivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself."Whileall

maritalpartnersfeelshackledattimes,itistheywhoreally

choosetomakethemaritaltiesintoconfiningchainsor

supportingbends”,saysDr.Whitaker.Marriagerequiressexual,

financialandemotionaldiscipline.Amanandawomancannot

followeveryimpulse,cannotallowthemselvestostopgrowing

orchanging.

Adivorceisnotanevilact.Sometimesitprovidessalvation（挽

救）forpeoplewhohavegrownhopelesslyapartorwerefrozen

inpatternsofpainormutualunhappiness.Divorcecanbelike

thefirstcutofthesurgeon，sknife,asteptowardnewhealth

andagoodlife.Ontheotherhand,ifthepartnerscanstay

pastthebreakingupoftheromanticmythsintothedevelopment

ofrealloveandintimacy,theyhaveachievedaworkasamazing

asthegreatestcathedrals（教堂）oftheworld.Marriagesthat

donotfailbutimprove,thatpersistdespiteimperfections,

arenotonlyrarethesedaysbutofferawondrousshelterin

whichthefaceofourmutualhumanitycansafelyshowitself.

Accordingtotheauthor,anidealmarriagelife.

A.requiresconsiderablesacrificeonbothpartners

B.requiresthatthecouplebeemotionallyinvolved

C.allowsforthegrowthofthehusbandandwifeasacouple

andastwoindividuals

D.isonlyanillusionintoday'ssociety

7、

InParagraph2,theword“l(fā)egitimate"mostprobablymeans

A.lawful

B.biological

C.personal

D.reasonable

8、

Intheauthor,sopinion,adivorceisnotanevilact.

A.ifthemaritallifeisimperfect

B.ifitleadstoamoreworthwhilelifeforthetwopersons

C.itthecouplelatergetroamedagainandandreallove

D.ifthecouplelivefarawayfromeachother

9、

Theauthorbelievestherealcausefortheincreaseofdivorces

todayisthat.

A.peoplehavetoomanysourcesofentertainment

B.peoplehavelessinternalrestraints

C.peoplenolongerenjoyfamilylifeastheydidbefore

D.peopledonotwanttobeconfinedbymaritalties

10、

InParagraph2,theword"shackled"means.

A.connected

B.pleased

C.restricted

D.disappointed

11、Thefullinfluenceofmechanizationbeganshortlyafter

1850,whenavarietyofmachinescamerapidlyintouse.The

introductionofthesemachinesfrequentlycreatedrebellions

byworkerswhowerefearfulthatthemachineswouldrobthem

oftheirwork.PatrickBell,inScotland,andCyrusMcCormick,

inUnitedStates,producedthreshingmachines.Improve-meats

weremadeinplowstocompensatefordifferentsoiltypes.

Streampowercameintousein1860sonlargefarms.Hayrakes,

hay-loaders,andvariousspecialharvestingmachineswere

produced,Milkingmachinesappeared.Theinternal-combustion

enginerunbygasolinebecamethechiefpowersourceforthe

farm.

Intime,thenumberofcertainfarmmachinesthatcameintouse

skyrocketedandchangedthenatureoffanning.Between1940and

1960,forexample,12millionhorsesandmulesgavewayto5

milliontractors.Tractorsoffermanyfeaturesthatare

attractivetofarmers.Thereare,forexample,numerous

attachments:cultivatorsthatcanpenetratethesoiltovarying

depths,rotaryhoesthatchopweeds;spraydevicesthatcan

spraypesticidesinbands100feetacross,andmanyothers.

Apieceofequipmenthasnowbeeninventedoradaptedfor

virtuallyeverylaborioushandoranimaloperation.Onthefarm

latheUnitedStates,forexample,cotton,tobacco,hay,and

grainareplanted,treatedforpestsanddiseases,fertilized,

cultivatedandharvestedbymachine.Largedevicesshakefruit

andnutfromtrees,gainandblendfeed,anddrygainandhay.

Equipmentisnowavailabletoputjusttherightamountof

fertilizerinjusttherightplace,tosprayanexactrowwidth,

andtocountout,Space,andplantjusttherightnumberofseeds

forarow.

MechanizationisnotusedinagricultureinmanypartsofLatin

America,Africa,Agricultureinnovationisacceptedfastest

whereagricultureisalreadyprofitableandprogressive.Some

mechanizationhasreachedthelevelofplantationagriculture

inpartsofthetropics,buteventodaymuchofthatlandis

laboriouslyworkedbypeopleleadingdraftanimalspal-ling

primitiveplows.

Theproblemsofmechanizationinsomeareasarenotonly

culturalinnature.Forexamples,tropicalsoilsandcrops

differmarkedlyfromthoseintemperateareasthatthemachines

aredesignedfor,soadaptationshavetobemade.Butthe

greatestobstacletomechanizationisthefearin

underdevelopedcountriesthattheworkerswhoaredisplacedby

machineswouldnotfindworkelsewhere,Introducing

mechanizationintosuchareasrequirescarefulplanning.

Thefirstparagraphusesseveralexamplestoconveytheideas

that.

A.theintroductionofmachinesintoagriculturalwork

createdrebellionsonthepartofthefarmers

B.theuseofinternalcombustionengineasachiefpower

sourceforthefarmproducedgreatinfluence

C.themechanizationofagriculturalworkafter1850

graduallyrobbedmanyfarmersoftheirwork

D.ingeniousimprovementsweremadeinfanningmachinesinthe

1860stoyieldproduction

12、

Inthefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraph,theword

skyrocketed,mostprobablymeans.

A.becamevarious

B.wasupdated

C.increasedrapidly

D.remainedthesame

13、

Inthetropicalareas,.

A.mechanizationisnotyetusedinagriculture

B.agricultureisacceptedfastest

C.alotoffarmworkisstilldoneintheoldway

D.mechanizationisavoidedtosaveprimitiveforest

14、

Bysayingthat"theproblemsofmechanizingsomeareasarenot

onlyculturalinnature”,theauthormeans.

A.mechanizationisnotyetintroducedinsomeareasfor

economicreasons

B.humanandanimallabourinsomeareasarelessexpensive

C.cultureisnotafactorinobstaclingtheintroductionof

mechanization

D.differentkindsofmechanizedfanningtoolsareusedin

differentcultures

15、

Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?

A.Humancanbetotallyreplacedbymachinesinagriculture.

B.WecannotseemechanizationinAfrica,

C.Aslongasadaptationsbeenmade,mechanizationwillbe

usedinagricultureintropicalarea.

D.ThenumberoffarmerswhorunafarminAmericaislessthan

thatofthefarmerwhorunafarmofunderdevelopedcountries.

16^Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeciinebeaboutto

return?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,theprice

ofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromless

than$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescalls

upscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,

and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothprevious

shocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomic

decline.Sotherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoom

thistime?

TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraq

suspendedoilexperts.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthe

sametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpush

thepricehigherstillintheshortitem.

Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequences

nowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthe

costofcrudeoi1nowaccountsforasmallershareoftheprice

ofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,tuxesaccount

foruptofour-fifthsoftheretai1price,soevenquitebig

changesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpump

pricesthaninthepast.

Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,

andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energy

conservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineinthe

importanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereduced

oilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephones

usefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.Foreachdollar

ofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%

lessoi1thanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomic

Outlookthat,oilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,

comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimport

billinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatisless

thanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheother

hand,oil-importingemergingeconomies一towhichheavy-

industryhasshifted一havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,and

secouldhemoreseriouslysqueezed.

Onemorereasonnettolosesleepovertheriseinoilprices

isthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurred

againstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflation

andglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionofthewor1disonly

justemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist'scommodity

priceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973

commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.

Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis.

A.globalinflation

B.reductioninsupply

C.fastgrowthineconomy

D.Iraq'ssuspensionofexports

17、Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailprice

ofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif.

A.priceofcruderises

B.commoditypricesrise

C.consumptionrises

D.oiltaxesrise

18、

TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrich

countries.

A.heavyindustrybecomesmareenergy-intensive

B.incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoil.

prices

C.manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed

D.oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP

19、Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat.

A.oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow

B.inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks

C.energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices

D.thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavy

industry

20、Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems.

A.optimistic

B.sensitive

C.gloomy

D.scared

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

B、C、D、E>F、G...)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

TheRevolutionaryWar,whichbeganofficiallyonApril19,1775,

draggedonformorethansixbitteryears.Itwasconflict

foughtbythecolonialsfortherighteouscauseofsecuring

freedomfromintolerableBritishinterventioninAmerica

affairs.

(41).Whenlegalrestrictionswereimplementedbyboth

theBritishandthecolonistsin1775,nearlyallAmerican

overseascommerceabruptlyceased.Bymid-1775,thecolonies

facedacuteshortagesinsuchmilitaryessentialsaspowder,

flints,muskets,andknives.Evensalt,shoes,woolensand

linenswereinshortsupply.Latein1775,Congressauthorized

1imitedtradewiththeWestIndies,mainlytoprocurearmsand

ammunitions,andtradewithothernon-Britishareaswasonan

unrestrictedbasisbythespringof1776.

(42).Yetthecoloniesengagedininternationaltrade

despitetheblockade.FormaltreatiesofcommercewithFrance

in1778andwithHollandandSpainshortlythereafter

stimulatedtheflowsofoverseastrade.Between1778andearly

1782,Americanwartimecommercewasatitszenith.Duringthose

years,France,Holland,Spain,andtheirpossessionsall

activelytradedwiththecolonies.Evenso,theflowofgoods

inandoutofthecoloniesremainedwellbelowprewarlevels.

Smuggling,privateering,andlegaltradewithoverseas

partnersonlypartiallyoffsetthedrastictradereductions

withBritain.Eventhecoastaltradeswerecurtailedbyalack

ofvessels,byblockades,andbywartimefreightrates.

British-occupiedports,suchasNewYork,generatedsomeimport

activitybutlittleornothinginthewayofexports.

(43).InPhiladelphia,forinstance,nearly4,000women

wereemployedtospinmaterialsintheirhomesforthenewly-

establishedtextileplants.Asharpincreasealsooccurredin

thenumberofartisanworkshopswithasimilarstimulusinthe

productionofbeer,whiskey,andotherdomesticalcoholic

beverages.(44).Onlytheleastcommercializedrural

areasremainedlittleaffectedbytheserpentinepathofwar

andthesporadicflowsofwartimecommerce.

Overall,thewarimposedadistincteconomichardshiponthe

newnation.Mostgoodsroseincostandweremoredifficultto

obtain.Highpricesandseverecommercialdifficulties

encouragedsomeinvestorstoturnfromcommerceto

manufacturing.Then,oncethetradelanesreopenedwiththe

comingofpeace,eventhosewhoprofitedfromthewarwerestung

bythetideofimportsthatsweptittoAmericanportsand

sharplyloweredprices.(45).

A.TherechannelingofAmericanresourcesintoimportcompeting

industrieswasespeciallystrongalongthecoastandinthe

majorportcities.

B.Asexportsandimportsfell,importsubstitutionabounded,

andthecolonialeconomybecameconsiderablymore

self-sufficient.

C.AlthoughmanyAmericansescapedthedirectordealsofwar,

fewAmericanswereuntouchedbyit—atleastindirectly.

D.Nevertheless,theBritishmaintainedafairlyeffective

navalblockadeofAmericanports,especiallyduringthefirst

twoyearsofthewar.

E.Internally,the.mostpressingproblemswerefinancial.

F.MoreimportantwasthefactthatCongresshadnoindependent

incomeandhadtorelyforfundsoncatchascatchcan

contributionsfromthestates,maderoughlyinproportionto

theirindividualpopulations.

G.Maritimecommercewasalwaysanimportantfactorinthewar

effort,andtradelinkageswerevitaltothesupplyofarmsand

ammunitions.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Almostal1ourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andthey

cannotbesolvedbyphysicaland