城市規(guī)劃濱水景觀設(shè)計(jì)中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)RiverfrontLandscapeDesignforLondon2012OlympicParkHowdoyouplantalongariver'sedge,knowingthatmillionsofpeoplecouldbepassingthroughthesiteinthenearfuture?Howdoyoudesign,createandmaintainthesurroundingwetlands,knowingthatman-madewetwoodlandisveryrareandtransitionalbynature?Howdoyouensurethatthehabitatbeingcreatedremainsviableandsustainableinthelong-term?Atkins’engineersofthewetlandsandriveredgesontheLondon2012OlympicParkweretaskedwithfindinganswerstoallofthesequestions.Coveringmorethan246hectaresofformerlyderelictindustrialland,London’snewOlympicParkfortheLondon2012OlympicandParalympicGamesisoneofEurope’sbiggest-everurbangreeningprojects.Riversandwetlandsareattheheartofthevisionforthenewpark,whichliesineastLondon’sLowerLeeValley.Thelandscapethat’snowemergingwillprovideabackdropforthemainactionoftheLondon2012Games.Asriveredgeandwetlandengineersfortheproject,Atkinshasplayedacriticalroleinturningthevisionintoreality.Atkins’remitincludesdesignofthesoftriveredgesandwetlands,includingriverbankrestorationandbioengineering.Thetransformationisunprecedented.Morethan8kmofriverbankshavebeenrestoredaspartoftheproject;intandemwiththis,2hectaresofreedbedsandpondshavebeencreated,alongwith9,000squaremetersofrarewetwoodland(Fig.01).Thechallengewasaboutgettingpeoplebothvisualandphysicalaccessdowntotheriver-toactuallymaketheriversmoreaccessibleandmoreopen,andthereforethecenterpieceofthePark.MikeVaughanheadsupAtkins'multidisciplinarydesignteam,whichincludesriverengineers,geomorphologistsandecologists.“Theideawastoopenuptherivercorridorbymakingthesteepslopesthatlinetheriverflatter,”explainsMike.“Bydroppingtheslopes,we’vebroughttheriverintotheparkandmadeitmuchmoreaccessible-peoplecangetclosetotheriverandseewhat’sgoingonthere.”Gettingtheriverbankgeometryjustrightwasadelicatebalancingact.Toosteep,andthebankswouldneedcostlyartificialreinforcement;tooshallow,andtheywouldstarttoeatintovaluablespaceonthesite.Anoptimumslopeof1in2.5-about22degrees-waschosen.Thespaceoccupiedbyriverbankwasrestrictedbytheneedtoconveyfloodwaterandthelocationofterrestriallandscapeandinfrastructure.Assuch,thebankswereover-steepenedusingtwoapproaches.Firstly,wherepossible,theriverbankswereterracedusingcoirrollsandtimberstakes.Inotherlocations,whereonlya70degreebankwaspossible,areinforceddetailwasused,providinglayersofgeo-gridandsteelmeshcages,facedwithariversideturf.Today,withthenewlandscaperapidlytakingshape,it’seasytoforgethowtheLeeValleyusedtolook.UntiltheOlympicDeliveryAuthority(ODA)tookpossessionofthesitein2006,manyoftheriverchannelsthatcriss-crossthesitewerecloggedwithinvasiveweeds,alongwiththepredictabledetritusofurbandecay:abandonedshoppingtrolleysandcartires.TheLeeValley’sneglectedrivernetworkwasn’tonlyaneyesore,butalsoanobstacle-agulfseparatingHackneyandTowerHamletsinthewestfromWalthamForestandNewhamintheeast.Now,therevitalizedwaterways-andthenewcrossingsspanningthem-willbevitalnotonlyduringtheGames,butalsoafter2012.Theyareanintegralpartofthelegacysolution,stitchingthenewParkanditswaterwaysintothewiderfabricofeastLondon.1BringingHabitatsbacktoLifeMakingthemostofthesite’sriversandnaturalfeaturestocreatesustainablehabitatsisakeypartoftheOlympicDeliveryAuthority’svisionfortheOlympicPark.Buttheprocessoftransformingthepark’sriversfromweedandrubbish-infestedgulchesintopristinewatercourseshasbeenlongandtough.ForAtkins,thatprocessstartedwithdevelopinganintimateunderstandingofthelabyrinthofwaterwaysandchannelsthatwindtheirwaythroughthesite.Flowsandvelocitiesweremeasuredatdifferentpointsoveraperiodoftime,withdatausedtoconstructadetailedhydraulicmodeltopredictfloodrisk.That’sofcriticalimportance,becauseAtkinshadresponsibilityforeverythinguptoacontourof4metersaboveordnancedatum(sealevel)onthesite.Afullfloodriskassessmentwasundertakenatenvironmentalimpactassessmentstage.Atkinsundertookanalysesoftheriskoffloodingcausedbyfrequentrainfall,takingintoaccounttheautomatedregulationofwaterlevelsintheimpoundedreachesandtheimpactoftidallockout.Themodelingexercisewasmadeconsiderablymorecomplicatedbytheimpoundmentoftheriversystemduringthecourseof2008;ineffect,thiseliminatedthedirecttidalinfluenceoftheThames.Butitsindirectinfluenceisstillfelt.“WhenthetidecomesinontheThames,itstopswaterflowingoutoftheRiverLee,”explainsMikeVaughan.“Sotheriverlevelsfluctuatebyanaverageof400mmaday.”Atkins’modelingcalculationscorrectlypredictedthisphenomenon,andalsotheincreasedriskofflooding.“Thesediscoveriesledtosomechangesinthelandscapingprofile,”saysMike.“Theriversidepathshavebeenraisedbyuptoameterandtheprofileofthewetlandswasalsoraised,asmaintainingcorrectwaterlevelsiscriticaltotheirsurvival.”SustainabledrainagetechniqueshavealsobeenusedacrossthePark.Inthelandscapeareas,porousstripshavebeenusedintheconcourse,feedingintobioswaleswhichdraindownintotheriversideponds.Surfaceconveyance,undergroundpipesandstoragefeatureshavealsobeenutilized(Fig.02).Thefirststepintheriverrestorationprocesswasto“l(fā)ayback”thebanks,manyofwhichwereprecipitouslysteep.Thisre-profilingwasnecessarybecausemuchofthesurroundinglandwas“made”ground,theresultofcenturiesoftippingthathadraisedthegroundlevelbyasmuchas10metersinplaces.Thecocktailofmaterialsonthebanksincludedrubble,glass,animalbonesand,morerecently,wartimedemolitionmaterialsfromLondon’seastend.AnotherchallengefacingtheAtkinsteamwastheprevalenceofinvasiveweeds.TheseincludedHimalayanbalsam,Japaneseknotweedandgianthogweed.Allarefast-growingnon-nativeplantsintroducedtoBritaininthe19thcenturyasgardencuriosities;allhaveprosperedonthewrongsideofthegardenwall.Invasivespeciesarebadnewsforriverbanks.Theyreproduceandgrowwithprodigiousspeed,drivingoutnativeplantspecies.Andthey’rehighlyresilient.Knotweedcanforceitswaythroughsolidconcrete,whilegianthogweedcontainsfurocoumarins,sun-activatedtoxinsthatcancauseskinulceration.Eliminationwasapriority–soilwastreatedthroughoutthesiteandthebanksstrippedofallremainingvegetation.Inaddition,Atkinswasresponsibleforensuringtheprotectionoftheexistingfloraandfaunaonthesite.Phaseonehabitatsurveyswereundertakenaspartoftheenvironmentalimpactassessmentin2006,includingbirdandfishsurveys.Amajortranslocationofspecieswasundertakentosuitablereceptorsitesincludingaspecially-created1hectaresitejustoutsidethePark.Atkinstranslocated330commonlizards,100toadsand4,000smoothnewts.Inordertoprotectthefloraonthesite,Atkinsmaintaineda‘permittoclear’systemforcontractors,andspecifiedsafeguardedhabitatareasthatwerenottobetouchedincludingareasofsycamoretrees.2ChoosingPlantstoPlantAtkinsisresponsibleforthefinallookoftheriverbanksandwetlands-anddecidingwhattore-plantpresentedachallenge.Withbanksnowbare,newplantingwouldhavetofulfillnotonlyecologicalandaestheticdemands-they’dbeexpectedtobeinbloomfortheOlympicGames-butengineeringimperativestoo.TheAtkinsdesignteamchosebioengineeringtechniques,ratherthanculvertingandhardengineering,fortheproject.Thatmeansprotectingandconsolidatingriverbanksbyusingvegetationandnaturalproductsinsteadofconcrete.Choosingtherightspecieswiththerightrootsystemswouldbecriticaltoprotectthebanksfromerosion.Anaddedchallengewasthattherivernetworkissemi-tidal.Thetwice-dailyriseandfallofaround400mmhadthepotentialtoplayhavocwithnewplanting,andtheriver’shighsedimentloadsthreatenedtosmotheranythingplantedfromseedorplugs.“Wedon’tactuallyhaveanaturalriversystem,”notesMike.“Plantsdon’tcopwellinthoseconditions.”Tofindoutwhichplantswouldfarebest-andtoestablishthemosteffectiveplantingmethods-Atkinsconductedauniqueriverbankplantingtrialalonga50-metrestretchoftheLeeintheOlympicPark.“Wetrialledplantsofdifferentelevationsanddifferentinstallationtechniques.Theseweremonitoredoverayear,”saysIanMorrissey,seniorenvironmentalscientistwithAtkins.“That’sreallyhelpedtoinformexactlywhatspeciesweshouldplantandwhere.”Thetrialrevealedthatplugplantswouldbejusttoovulnerable.Butplantspre-grownincoir-coconutfibrematting-resistedbeingwashedawayorswamped.Coirhasotherbenefitstoo-it’seasyandquicktoinstallinrollsandpalletstwometerslongandameterwide(Fig.03).“Thematitselfactslikeamulch,soyoupreventanyweedsgrowingupthroughitthatmightalreadybewithinthebankmaterial.Butmoreimportantly,whenthebanksbecomeinundated,yougetfinesedimenttrappedwithinthecoir.Thathelpstobindtherootsandfeedtheplants,”saysIan.3BankingonTomorrow’sSeedlingsCreatingasustainableriverbankecosystemmeansusingnativespecies.Sobeforethebankswerescrapedback,seedwascollectedfromsuitablenativeaquaticspecies-aprocessmanagedbyAtkins-andstoredinaseedbank.Someofthisseedwasthenusedbybioengineeringandnurseryspecialists,Salix,whowereappointedbytheOlympicDeliveryAuthoritytocultivateplantsoffsiteinwhat’sbelievedtobeoneofBritain’sbiggest-evernurserycontracts.TheoffsitegrowingoperationwashugeandsowingfortheprojectcommencedinJune2009,asplantsmustbeayearoldandwellestablishedintheircoirpalletsbeforeencounteringthetoughriverbankenvironment.Plantsforthewetwoodlands,includingsedges,wereraisedinmorethan7,000potsatSalix’snurseryontheGowerpeninsula,nearSwansea.AndinNorfolk,thecompanycreatedanew16-acrenurserydedicatedtothe2012project(Fig.04).Here,morethan300,000plantsrepresentingsome28differentspecies,includingsedges,commonreed,marshmarigoldsandyellowflagirises,weregrownonmorethanathousandcoirpallets,readytobetransportedtoLondoninthefollowingmonths.Duringthesummerof2010,the18,000squaremetresofplantingwerethenpiecedtogetherlikeagiantjigsaw.Thiswasamassivelogisticalchallenge.Tomakeiteasier,eachofthepalletsandrollswastagged.Itwasvitallyimportantthateachonewentinexactlytherightspacesoastoavoidcuttingandtrimmingtherootsandrhizomesoftheplants.Theteamlaidthemoutinblocks,toaplan,tomakesurethisdidn’thappen.4PondsandWetWoodlandsfromScratchWhiletheriverbanksofthe“OldRiverLee”occupiedmuchoftheattentionoftheAtkinsteam,therewerealsoentirelynewbodiesofwatertoconsider.AfundamentalpartofthebiodiversityoftheriveredgesinthenorthoftheParkliesinthreenewtriangularponds,offtheeastbank.Twooftheseweredesignedtodryupinthesummer,formingmoistgrassyhollows.Thethirdpondwascreatedtoretainwater,enablingspeciessuchaswaterliliesandmarshmarigoldtothrive(Fig.05).Preventingthatthirdpondfromdryingout-whilealsoensuringthatitdidnotfloodalongwiththeRiverLee-wasaconundrum.Atkinsrespondedbydesigningaconnectionbetweenthepondandtherivertoactasbothoverflowandfeed.Flowscouldberegulated:whenthepondlevelrosetoohigh,watercouldbedrainedbackintotheriver;whenitstartedtodryout,avalvecouldbeopenedtoreleaseriverwaterbackintothepond.Itsoundssimple,butitisbelievedtobethefirstofitskindforahabitatfeatureofthisscale.Aswellastheimprovedwaterwaysandriverbanks,newwetwoodlandswillbeanotablefeatureoftheOlympicPark.They’renowararehabitatintheUK,andtheonesintheParkarebeingcreatedfromscratch.“Itwasquiteanovelthingtobeaskedtodo,”recallsAtkins’IanMorrissey.“Thechallengewastomakesurewehadtherightwaterlevelswithinthewetwoodlandareas.Atkinswasresponsibleforworkingoutthetopographiesandthechannels,andhowtheywouldinteractwiththeriver.”Wetlandshaveatendencytobecomedrylandeventually,aprocessthatcanbesloweddownthroughselectingtherightvegetation,carefulwaterlevelmanagementandmaintenance.“Thesedgespeciesweselectedwerechosenbecausetheyarequitevigoroussoareabletocompetewellwithterrestrialspecies,”saysIan.Treespeciesforthewetwoodlandincludewillow,alder,birchandthenowrareblackpoplar,pointsoutAtkins’MikeVaughan:“It’sfantasticforwildlife.Yougetalotofinvertebratesinthere,aswellasnestingbirds.”Birds,though,canpresentachallenge,particularlyonthefreshlyplantedriverbanks.“There’sariskofwildfowlgrazingourplantswhentheygetonsite,”saysMike.Topreventthathappening,hundredsofmetersofdeterrentfencingwereerectedaroundnewvegetation.Thatstayedthereuntilspring2012(Fig.06).5BeyondtheFinishingLineThetransformationofthelowerLeeValleyandthecreationofthenewpark,nownearingcompletion,isremarkablebyanystandards.VisitorstotheOlympicPark–upto250,000everydayatthepeakoftheGames–willencounteroneofthegreenestandmostenvironmentallyfriendlyparksevertobecreatedfortheOlympics.Andthebenefitswillbefeltlongafter2012.“We’repullingthatreallydifficulttrickofputtingininfrastructurethat’sgoodfortheGames,butwillworkinlegacy,”saidtheODA'sJohnHopkins.“Thiswillbeagreatplacetoliveandwork,withriversandparklandsattheheart.Socially,economicallyandenvironmentally,therewillbeaterrificlegacy-it’sanewlandscapepoweringanewpieceofcity.”倫敦2012奧林匹克公園濱水景觀設(shè)計(jì)與營(yíng)造如果在不久的未來(lái)，將有數(shù)百萬(wàn)人途經(jīng)這塊濱水區(qū)域，沿河該如何種植？如果了解到自然界中人造濕林地已十分罕見(jiàn)，該如何設(shè)計(jì)、創(chuàng)造并維護(hù)周邊這種濕地環(huán)境？該如何長(zhǎng)期保持棲息地的活力和可持續(xù)性？在倫敦2012奧林匹克公園項(xiàng)目中，來(lái)自阿特金斯的工程師們受托負(fù)責(zé)濕地和河濱地區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)及建設(shè)，將會(huì)找到所有這些問(wèn)題的答案。為2012年倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)和殘奧會(huì)而新建的奧林匹克公園是由一片廢棄工業(yè)用地改造而成，占地超過(guò)246hm2，是歐洲最大的城市景觀項(xiàng)目之一。東倫敦下利亞山谷的河流和濕地形成新的風(fēng)景將是整個(gè)新公園的視覺(jué)中心，并為2012年倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)平添景色。阿特金斯負(fù)責(zé)河岸和濕地的軟化設(shè)計(jì)，以及河岸修復(fù)和生物工程。從項(xiàng)目的概念設(shè)計(jì)到施工建成，阿特金斯的工程師們發(fā)揮了重要作用。該項(xiàng)目不僅僅修復(fù)了超過(guò)8km長(zhǎng)的河岸，同時(shí)還修建了2hm2的蘆葦?shù)睾统靥梁?000m2的珍稀濕林地。這樣的河岸改造力度可謂史無(wú)前例（圖01）。項(xiàng)目的挑戰(zhàn)在于要使人們從觀、行兩方面都能有更好的親水體驗(yàn)，因此設(shè)計(jì)要讓河流更具可達(dá)性和開(kāi)放性，并由此成為公園的焦點(diǎn)景觀。邁克·沃恩領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了阿特金斯的多學(xué)科設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)，其中包括河流工程師、地貌學(xué)家和生態(tài)學(xué)家?！拔覀兿Ｍㄟ^(guò)調(diào)整陡峭的斜坡來(lái)打開(kāi)河流廊道，”邁克解釋，“坡度降低后，河水被引入公園，也更具可達(dá)性。人們可以近距離靠近河邊，觀察這里到底發(fā)生了什么。”精確的河堤幾何處理是一門微妙的平衡藝術(shù)。河堤若太陡，河岸的人工加固成本將高居不下；河堤若太淺，河流會(huì)開(kāi)始侵蝕場(chǎng)地上寶貴的空間。最終設(shè)計(jì)采用的坡度為1:2.5，約為22°。河堤的占地空間則受限于疏導(dǎo)洪水、陸地景觀和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的需要。因此，對(duì)于過(guò)度陡峭的河堤采用了兩種辦法：第一，盡可能地用椰皮纖維卷和木樁沿斜坡堆壘河提；對(duì)于一些坡度達(dá)70°的河堤部分則采用加固手段，設(shè)計(jì)了多層土工格柵和鋼絲網(wǎng)籠，表面覆以草皮。如今，新的景觀正在迅速成型，利亞山谷的舊貌已難覓蹤跡。在2006年倫敦奧運(yùn)交付管理局拿到這塊土地之前，這里的河道縱橫交錯(cuò)，被入侵的雜草所阻塞，還有舊購(gòu)物車和汽車輪胎等城市廢棄物被隨處丟棄。利亞山谷中沒(méi)有被好好照管的河道網(wǎng)絡(luò)不僅僅是城市的“眼中釘”，更成為了“絆腳石”——它將西面的哈克尼區(qū)（Hackney）和陶爾哈姆萊茨區(qū)（TowerHamlets）與東面的沃爾瑟姆福雷斯特區(qū)（WalthamForest）和紐漢區(qū)（Newham）分而隔之?，F(xiàn)在，重新煥發(fā)生命的水路以及橫跨其間的新交叉點(diǎn)，不論在賽期還是2012年之后都將十分重要。它們是遺賽后規(guī)劃方案的一個(gè)主要部分，將新公園及其水網(wǎng)與東倫敦大范圍內(nèi)的規(guī)劃布局連接起來(lái)。1棲息地再煥生機(jī)倫敦奧運(yùn)交付管理局對(duì)奧林匹克公園寄予厚望，希望場(chǎng)地中大部分河流和自然特征都能創(chuàng)造可持續(xù)的棲息地。但是要將雜草和垃圾填塞的河谷轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槠渥畛醯脑紶顟B(tài)，是一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)而艱難的過(guò)程。阿特金斯的工程師們先深入了解場(chǎng)地上盤枝錯(cuò)節(jié)的河道水路，并在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)對(duì)不同地點(diǎn)的水流量和水速進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)，將收集的數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)建了一個(gè)精細(xì)的水力模型，用以預(yù)測(cè)洪水風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這點(diǎn)極其重要。因?yàn)榘⑻亟鹚钩袚?dān)著場(chǎng)地上平均海面（海平面）4m以內(nèi)的所有責(zé)任。在環(huán)境影響評(píng)估階段，洪水風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的充分評(píng)估就已展開(kāi)。分析不僅包括了由于頻繁降雨造成的雨洪，還考慮了由于潮汐變化和蓄水所造成的水位自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)。2008年期間，河道系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了蓄水，使得建模過(guò)程相當(dāng)復(fù)雜。實(shí)際上，盡管蓄水削弱了潮汐對(duì)泰晤士河的直接影響，但間接影響仍然存在?！爱?dāng)潮汐來(lái)臨，它會(huì)阻礙河水排出李河。”邁克·沃恩解釋，“因此，水位一天的變化能達(dá)到平均400mm?！卑⑻亟鹚沟哪Ｐ陀?jì)算準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測(cè)到了這一現(xiàn)象，以及由此增加的洪水風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?！斑@些發(fā)現(xiàn)帶來(lái)了景觀輪廓上的改變?！边~克說(shuō)，“沿河道路被抬高了1m，同時(shí)對(duì)濕地的輪廓也做了抬升。對(duì)于它們的生存而言，保持正確的水位十分關(guān)鍵。”公園大量運(yùn)用了可持續(xù)的排水技術(shù)。在景觀領(lǐng)域，廣場(chǎng)采用了滲水性材料，水可流入與河邊池塘相連的生態(tài)洼地。此外，還采用了地面運(yùn)輸、地下管道和存貯等多種手段（圖02）。由于原有的河堤許多部分非常陡峭，因此河道修復(fù)的第一步就是讓河堤“躺下來(lái)”。經(jīng)過(guò)幾個(gè)世紀(jì)不斷地堆積，有的地方地平面高達(dá)10m，堆在河堤上的垃圾有碎石、玻璃、動(dòng)物骨頭和更近一些時(shí)期從倫敦最東端運(yùn)來(lái)的拆除的戰(zhàn)時(shí)物品。項(xiàng)目面臨的另一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)是遍地的入侵植物，如喜瑪拉雅鳳仙、日本紫菀和巨豬草。這些都是19世紀(jì)由于園藝好奇心而引進(jìn)英國(guó)的速生植物，卻成失誤之舉。入侵植物對(duì)于河堤是個(gè)壞消息。它們瘋狂地繁殖、生長(zhǎng)，驅(qū)逐本地植物，并且非常頑固。紫菀能在水泥中扎根；巨豬草含有呋喃香豆素和見(jiàn)陽(yáng)光激活的毒素，會(huì)導(dǎo)致皮膚潰瘍。因此清理成了優(yōu)先考慮的工作——整個(gè)場(chǎng)地的土壤都做了處理，河堤上的所有植物被盡數(shù)鏟除。同時(shí)，阿特金斯還要保護(hù)地塊上的動(dòng)植物種群。2006年環(huán)境影響評(píng)估中即開(kāi)展了第一階段的棲息地調(diào)查工作，包括鳥(niǎo)類和魚(yú)類的調(diào)查。同時(shí)，已著手進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)主要的物種遷移工作，規(guī)劃了一批適宜的遷移地，包括臨近公園營(yíng)建的1hm2棲息地。阿特金斯遷移了330種普通蜥蜴、100種蟾蜍和4000種歐洲滑螈。為了保護(hù)場(chǎng)地上的植物群，阿特金斯延續(xù)了“清除許可制”系統(tǒng)的做法，并詳細(xì)規(guī)劃了包括梧桐樹(shù)林在內(nèi)的多處免干擾棲息地地區(qū)。2選擇栽種植物阿特金斯承擔(dān)著營(yíng)造河堤和濕地最終景觀的任務(wù)，因此需要決定場(chǎng)地種植的植物種類。面對(duì)清理后赤露的河堤，新栽種的植物不僅要滿足生態(tài)和審美要求，還需要在賽期開(kāi)花——但要符合工程規(guī)律。團(tuán)隊(duì)選擇了生態(tài)工程技術(shù)，即用植被和自然材料而非水