《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語》課件第6章

教學(xué)目標(biāo)教學(xué)內(nèi)容Unit1ComputerBasicKnowledge教學(xué)目標(biāo)了解計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史掌握計(jì)算機(jī)的分類方法理解衡量計(jì)算機(jī)的性能指標(biāo)了解計(jì)算機(jī)的幾大熱門技術(shù)教學(xué)內(nèi)容Text1TheHistoryofComputer’sdevelopmentText2KindsofComputersText1TheHistoryofComputer’sdevelopmentMainContentsWordsandExpressionsExercisesHistoryThefirstaddingmachine,aprecursorofthedigitalcomputer,wasdevisedin1642bytheFrenchscientist,mathematician,andphilosopherBlaisePascal.Thisdeviceemployedaseriesoften-toothedwheels,eachtoothrepresentingadigitfrom0to9.Thewheelswereconnectedsothatnumberscouldbeaddedtoeachotherbyadvancingthewheelsbyacorrectnumberofteeth.Inthe1670stheGermanphilosopherandmathematicianGottfriedWilhelmLeibnizimprovedonthismachinebydevisingonethatcouldalsomultiply.

TheAnalyticalEngineEarlyComputersElectronicComputersIntegratedCircuitsLateinthe1960stheintegratedcircuit,orIC,wasintroduced,makingitpossibleformanytransistorstobefabricatedononesiliconsubstrate,withinterconnectingwiresplatedinplace.TheICresultedinafurtherreductioninprice,size,andfailurerate.Themicroprocessorbecamearealityinthemid-1970swiththeintroductionofthelarge-scaleintegrated(LSI)circuitand,later,theverylarge-scaleintegrated(VLSI)circuit(microchip),withmanythousandsofinterconnectedtransistorsetchedintoasinglesiliconsubstrate.GenerationsofElectronicComputerThefirstgenerationofcomputer(1946~1958)Thesecondgenerationofcomputer(1959~1964)TheThirdGenerationofComputer(1964~1971)TheFourthGenerationofComputer(1971~now)ThefirstgenerationofcomputerwascharacterizedbythemainfeatureoftheENIAC-vacuumtubes.Through1950s,severalothercomputerswerebuilt,eachcontributingsignificantadvancements,suchasbinaryarithmetic,randomaccess,andtheconceptofstoredprograms.Thesecomputerconceptsarecommonintoday’scomputers.Thefirstgenerationofcomputer(1946~1958)

Thesecondgenerationofcomputer(1959~1964)Tomostpeople,theinventionofthetransistormeantsmallportableradios.Tothoseinthedataprocessingbusiness,itsignaledthestartofthesecondgenerationofcomputer.Thetransistormeantmorepowerful,morereliable,andlessexpensivecomputersthatwouldoccupylessspaceandgiveofflessheatthandidvacuum-tube-poweredcomputers.Theexpenseitemshouldbeemphasized.Duringthefirst,second,andpartofthethirdgenerations,thecostofacomputerrepresentedasignificantportionofacompany’sbudget.Computerswereexpensive.Significantinnovationshaveresultedinenormousincreasesincomputerperformanceandobviousreductionsinprice.Thistrend,establishedwiththeintroductionofsecond-generationcomputers,continuestoday.TheThirdGenerationofComputer(1964~1971)OnApril7,1964,IBMannouncedtheirSystem360lineofcomputers.Itwasconsideredtobethemostimportanteventinthehistoryofcomputer.Itisthebeginningofthethirdgenerationofcomputer,whichwascharacterizedbytheintegratedcircuitorIC.Thecompatibilityproblemsofsecond-generationcomputerswerealmosteliminatedinthird-generationcomputers.Inotherways,third-generationcomputersworksoquicklythattheyprovidethecapacitytorunmorethanoneprogramconcurrently.Forexample,atanygiventimethecomputermightbeprintingpayrollchecks,acceptingorders,andtestingprograms.TheFourthGenerationofComputer(1971~now)Thestartofthefourthgenerationofcomputerswas1971.Large-ScaleIntegrationcircuitsbecamebasiccomputers.Ourpersonalcomputers,ormicrocomputers,belongtothisgeneration.Oneofthemostsignificantcontributionsofthefourthgenerationofcomputeristhemicroprocessor.Themicroprocessorcanbecontainedonasinglesiliconchip.Thefirstfullyoperationalmicroprocessorwasinventedin1971.Andtheyhavebeendevelopingveryfast.Thisdevicecostslessthanasoftdrinkandcanbefoundineverythingfromliftstosatellites.WordsandExpressionsmanipulate[m?'nipjuleit]v.操縱,利用,假造[計(jì)算機(jī)]操作addingmachine收款機(jī)precursor[pri(:)'k?:s?]n.先驅(qū)者,前導(dǎo),先進(jìn)者philosopher[fi'l?s?f?]n.哲學(xué)家mathematician[,m?θim?'ti??n]n.數(shù)學(xué)家automaticloom自動(dòng)織布機(jī)statistician[,st?tis'ti?(?)n]n.統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家,統(tǒng)計(jì)員electricalcontacts電觸頭census['sens?s]n.戶口普查v.實(shí)施統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查arithmeticoperation算術(shù)運(yùn)算、算術(shù)操作WordsandExpressionsrotatingshaft轉(zhuǎn)軸evaluated[i'v?ljueitid]adj.估價(jià)的analoguecomputing模擬計(jì)算機(jī)MississippiRiverbasin密西西比河流域incorporated[in'k?:p?reitid]adj.組成公司的,合成一體的independentlyof與...無關(guān)(不取決于)transistor[tr?n'zist?]n.晶體管(收音機(jī))integratedcircuits集成電路fabricate['f?brikeit]v.制造(裝配,偽造)WordsandExpressionssiliconsubstrate硅襯底硅基片interconnecting互連symbol['simb?l]n.符號(hào),標(biāo)志,象征recognizablepattern可識(shí)別模式ongoing['?ng?ui?]adj.前進(jìn)的,進(jìn)行的n.前進(jìn),舉止,行為vacuumtube電子管binary['bain?ri]adj.二進(jìn)位的,二元的arithmetic[?'riθm?tik]n.算術(shù)occupy['?kjupai]v.占領(lǐng),占,住進(jìn)established[is't?bli?t]adj.確定的(建成的,建立的,被制定的)v.建立(制定,證實(shí))WordsandExpressionsexpenseitem費(fèi)用項(xiàng)目budget['b?d?it]n.預(yù)算v.編預(yù)算,為…做預(yù)算innovation[,in?u'vei??n]n.創(chuàng)新,革新resultin導(dǎo)致enormous[i'n?:m?s]adj.巨大的,龐大的eliminate[i'limineit]v.除去,排除,剔除[計(jì)算機(jī)]消除microprocessor[maikr??'pr??ses?(r)]n.微處理器satellite['s?t?lait]n.衛(wèi)星breakthrough['breikθru:]n.突破ExercisesI.Trueorfalse?Ifcorrect,writeTinparentheses;Otherwise,writeF.（）1.Thefirstaddingmachine,aprecursorofthedigitalcomputer,wasdevisedin1642bytheAmericanscientist,mathematician,andphilosopherBlaisePascal.（）2.Inthe1670stheFrenchphilosopherandmathematicianGottfriedWilhelmLeibnizimprovedonthismachinebydevisingonethatcouldalsomultiply.（）3.Alsointhe19thcentury,theBritishmathematicianandinventorCharlesBabbageworkedouttheprinciplesofthemoderndigitalcomputer.（）4.ENIACcontained28,000vacuumtubesandhadaspeedofseveralhundredmultiplicationsperminute,butoriginallyitsprogramwaswiredintotheprocessor5andhadtobemanuallyaltered.（）5.Becausetransistorsusemuchmorepowerandhaveamuchlongerlife,thisdevelopmentalonewasresponsiblefortheimprovedmachinescalledsecond-generationcomputers.（）6.Thedevelopmentofprocessorsthatcanhandle16,32,and64bitsofdataatatimehasincreasedthespeedofcomputers.（）7.Thestartofthefourthgenerationofcomputerswas1971.Large-ScaleIntegrationcircuitsbecamebasiccomputers.Ourpersonalcomputers,ormicrocomputers,belongtothisgeneration.II.Fillintheblankswithproperwords.1.A__________isamachinethatmanipulatesdataaccordingtoasetofinstructions.2.Agroupofeightbitsiscalleda__________.3.__________computersbegantobebuiltinthelate19thcentury.4.Theuseofthe__________incomputersinthelate1950smarkedtheadventofsmaller,faster,andmoreversatilelogicalelementsthanwerepossiblewithvacuum-tubemachines.5.Lateinthe1960stheintegratedcircuit,or__________,wasintroduced,makingitpossibleformanytransistorstobefabricatedononesiliconsubstrate,withinterconnectingwiresplatedinplace.6.Eachbytecontaining__________possiblepatternsofONsandOFFs(or1sand0s).7.Itisthebeginningofthethirdgenerationofcomputer,whichwascharacterizedbythe__________.Text2KindsofComputersMainContentsWordsandExpressionsExercisesKindsofComputersComputerscanbegeneralclassifiedbysizeandpowerasfollows:(1)Microcomputer(2)Workstation(3)Minicomputer(4)MainframeComputer(5)Supercomputer(1)Microcomputer1、Microcomputerisgenerallyasynonymforthemorecommonterm,personalcomputer,orPC,whichisasmallsingle-usercomputerbasedonamicrocomputer.Inadditiontothemicroprocessor,apersonalcomputerhasakeyboardforenteringdata,amonitorfordisplayinginformation,andastoragedeviceforsavingdata.(1)Microcomputer2、Microcomputers,alsoknownaspersonalcomputers,aresmallcomputersthatcanfitonadesktop.Portablemicrocomputerscanfitinabriefcaseoreveninthepalmofyourhand.Microcomputersareusedinhomes,schools,andindustry.Todaynearlyeveryfieldusesmicrocomputers.(2)WorkstationWorkstationisapowerfulsingle-usercomputer.Itislikeapersonalcomputer,butithasamorepowerfulmicroprocessorandahigher-qualitymonitor.(3)MinicomputerMinicomputer(atermnolongermuchused)isamulti-usercomputerofasizebetweenamicrocomputerandamainframe.Minicomputers,alsoknowsasmidrangecomputers,aredesk-sizedmachines.Theyfallintobetweenmicrocomputersandmainframesintheirprocessingspeedsanddata-storingcapacities.Medium-sizecompaniesordepartmentsoflargecompaniestypicallyusethemforspecificpurposes.Forexample,theymightusethemtodoresearchortomonitoraparticularmanufacturingprocess.Smaller-sizecompaniestypicallyusemicrocomputersfortheirgeneraldataprocessingneeds,suchasaccounting.(4)MainframeComputerMainframeormainframecomputerisapowerfulmulti-usercomputer.Itiscapableofsupportingmanyhundredsorthousandsofusersatthesametime.Itisnowusuallyreferredtoa“l(fā)argeserver”.Mainframecomputersarelargercomputersoccupyingspeciallywired,air-conditionedroomsandcapableofgreatprocessingspeedsanddatastorage.Theyareusedbylargeorganizationsbusiness,banks,universities,governmentagencies—tohandlemillionsoftransactions.Forexample,insurancecompaniesusemainframestoprocessinformationaboutmillionsofpolicyholders.(5)SupercomputerSupercomputerisanextremelyfastcomputerthatcanperformhundredsofmillionsofinstructionspersecond,butnowitreferstoa“verylargeserver”andsometimesincludesasystemofcomputersusingparallelprocessing.Supercomputersarespecial,high-capacitycomputersusedbyverylargeorganizationsprincipallyforresearchpurposes.Amongtheirusesareoilexplorationandworldwideweatherforecasting.MainfactorsThetypeofCPUMicrocomputersusemicroprocessors.ThelargercomputerstendtouseCPUsmadeupofseparate,high-speed,sophisticatedcomponents.TheamountofmainmemorytheCPUcanuseAcomputerequippedwithalargeamountofmainmemorycansupportmoresophisticatedprogramsandcanevenholdseveraldifferentprogramsinmemoryatthesametime.MainfactorsThecapacityofthestoragedevicesThelargercomputerssystemstendtobeequippedwithhighercapacitystoragedevices.ThespeedoftheoutputdevicesThespeedofmicrocomputeroutputdevicestendstoberatedintermsofthenumberofcharacterspersecond(cps)thatcanbeprintedusuallyintensandhundredsofcps.Largercomputers'outputdevicesarefasterandareusuallyratedatspeedsofhundredsorthousandsoflinesthatcanbeprintedperminute.MainfactorsTheprocessingspeedinmillionsofinstructionspersecond(mips)Theterminstructionisusedheretodescribeabasictaskthesoftwareasksthecomputertoperformwhilealsoidentifyingthedatatobeaffected.Theprocessingspeedofthesmallercomputersrangesfrom7to40mips.Thespeedoflargecomputerscanbe30to150mipsormore,andsupercomputerscanprocessmorethan200mips.Inotherwords,amainframecomputercanprocessyourdataagreatdealfasterthanamicrocomputercan.MainfactorsThenumberofusersthatcanaccessthecomputeratonetimeMostsmallcomputerscansupportonlyasingleuser,somecansupportasmanyastwoorthreeatatime.Largecomputerscansupporthundredsofuserssimultaneously.ThecostofthecomputersystemBusinesssystemscancostaslittleas$500(foramicrocomputer)orasmuchas$10million(foramainframe)andmuchmoreforsupercomputer.WordsandExpressionsmulti-functional多功能mainframe[’meinfreim]n.

(大型電腦的)主機(jī),中央處理機(jī)hand-heldadj.手提式報(bào)話機(jī)；手執(zhí)的microcomputer[,maikr?uk?m-’pju:t?]

n.微型計(jì)算機(jī)Laptops膝上計(jì)算機(jī)Strap[str?p]n.帶子，皮帶NotebookPCs個(gè)人筆記本電腦Subnotebooks超小型筆記本電腦,超輕薄筆記電腦WordsandExpressionsPersonalDigitalAssistants(PDAs)個(gè)人數(shù)位輔助器，數(shù)字化個(gè)人助理Workstation[’w?:kstei??n]n.操作工位,工作區(qū)，工作站Minicomputer[’minik?mpju:t?]n.小型計(jì)算機(jī);小型電腦MainframeComputer大型計(jì)算機(jī)Supercomputer[,sju:p?k?m’pju:t?]n.超型計(jì)算機(jī)，巨型(電子)計(jì)算機(jī)exploration

[,ekspl?:’rei??n]n.搜尋，考察,探究[索]，考[調(diào)]查characterspersecond(cps)每秒字符數(shù)millionsofinstructionspersecond(mips)每秒執(zhí)行百萬指令數(shù)ExercisesI.Trueorfalse?Ifcorrect,writeTinparentheses;Otherwi