美國分布式風能市場2023版-英

Distributed

Wind

MarketReport:

2023EditionDistributedWindMarketReport:2023EditionDisclaimerThisreportwaspreparedasan

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ofEnergy.Thoughthisreportdoesnotconstitute“influential”information,asthattermisdefinedintheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sInformationQualityGuidelinesortheOfficeofManagementandBudget’sInformationQualityBulletinforPeerReview,thestudywasreviewedbothinternallyandexternallypriorto

publication.Forpurposesofexternalreview,thestudybenefitedfromtheadviceand

commentsfrom

ninerepresentativesfroman

association,

twoprojectdevelopers,threeturbinemanufacturers,

onestateagency,onelawfirm,andonefederallaboratory.PACIFICNORTHWESTNATIONALLABORATORYoperatedbyBATTELLEfortheUNITEDSTATESDEPARTMENTOFENERGYunderContractDE-AC05-76RL01830PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaAvailabletoDOE

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(PNNL-34661):distributedwind@DistributedWindMarketReport:2023EditionPreparationandAuthorshipThisreportwasfundedbytheWindEnergyTechnologiesOffice,OfficeofEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergyoftheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyunderContractDE-AC05-76RL01830.ReportauthorsareAliceOrrell,LindsaySheridan,KamilaKazimierczuk,andAnnelieseFenschofPacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory.iiiDistributedWindMarketReport:2023EditionAcknowledgmentsTheauthorswishtothankthefollowingpeoplefortheirhelpinproducingthisreport:PatrickGilmanandLizHartman(U.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sWindEnergyTechnologiesOffice);BretBarker,GageReber,andWendellGrinton,Jr.(insupportofU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sWindEnergyTechnologies

Office);andMikeParker,KelseyAdkisson,CassieFrankovich,andDaniellePreziuso(PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory).Theauthorswishtothank

thefollowingpeoplefortheirreviewand/orcontributionstothisreport:MichaelBerdan,BE-WINDLLC;MichaelBergey,BergeyWindpowerCo.;James

Duffy,NixonPeabody;TomHurd,TwinTurbinesEnergy;MitchHyde,BluestemEnergySolutions;Doris

Jansky,

NebraskaDepartmentofEnvironmentandEnergy;AndreaKraj,WorldWindEnergyAssociation;SteveSherr,FoundationWindpower;BrentSummerville,NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory.Theauthorswishtothankthefollowingcompaniesforcontributingdata,

information,andsupportforthisreport:AdvancedEnergySystems;AeromineTechnologies,Inc.;AffordableEnergyConcepts,Inc;AgathonSolar;AllSolarInc.;AlbrechtWindEnergy;AmericanWindpower;APRSWorld,BarberWindTurbines;BergeyWindpowerCo.;Be-WindLLC;BluePacificEnergy;BTIWindEnergy;BuffaloRenewables;CarterWindSystems;ChavaEnergy;DuctedWindTurbines;Dyocore;EAZWind;EnergyDesign;EnergyOptions;EocycleTechnologiesInc.;ESPE;GoldCoastRenewableEnergy;GreatRockWindpower;HaloEnergy;Hi-VAWTTechnologyCorp.;HossConsulting;LNHEnterprises;NorthernPowerSystems;OasisMontana;PecosWindPower;PrimusWindPowerInc.;PowerGridPartners;RenewableEnergyManagement,LLC;RockwindVenturePartners;RyseEnergy;SivaPowersAmericaInc;SDWindEnergy;SkylandsRenewableEnergy;Storke,LLC;SonsightWind;TickTockEnergy,Inc.;TwinTurbineEnergy;VikingWind;WESEngineering,Inc.;WindHarvest;WindResource,LLC;WindTurbinesofOhio;andXflowEnergyCompany.Theauthorswishtothankrepresentativesfromthefollowingutilitiesandstate,federal,andinternationalagenciesforcontributingdata,information,andsupportforthisreport:Adams-ColumbiaElectricCooperative;AlaskaEnergyAuthority;ArkansasEnergyOffice;AshlandElectric;AssociacíonArgentinade

EnergiaEólica;AustinEnergy;AustralianCleanEnergyRegulator;AvistaUtilities;BlueRidgeMountainElectricMembershipCooperative;BrazilAgênciaNacionaldeEnergiaEléctrica;

CaliforniaEnergyCommission;CentralIowaPowerCooperative;CentralLincolnPeople'sUtilityDistrict;ChelanCountyPublicUtilityDistrict;CityofBrenham,TX;CityofChicago,IL;CityofSanMarcos,TX;CleanEnergyNewHampshire;ColoradoStateUniversity;DanishEnergyAgency;DCPublicServiceCommission;DelawareMunicipalElectricCorporation,Inc.;DelawareSustainableEnergyUtility;DetroitLakesPublicUtilities;DuncanValleyElectricCooperative;EastCentralEnergy;ElPasoElectric;EnergyTrustofOregon;EnergyUnited;EugeneWaterandElectricBoard;Evergy;FirstEnergy;FloridaOfficeofEnergy;GestoredeiServiziEnergetici;GoldenValleyElectricAssociation;GraysHarborPublicUtilityDistrict;HawaiiPublicUtilitiesCommission;HawaiianElectric;IdahoEnergyResourceAuthority;IdahoOfficeofEnergyandMineralResources;IllinoisOfficeofEnergy;IndianaOfficeofEnergyDevelopment;IowaUtilitiesBoard;KentuckyEnergyandEnvironmentCabinet;Klein-Windkraftanlagen;LouisianaTechnologyAssessmentDivision;MainePublicUtilitiesCommission;MarylandEnergyAdministration;MarylandPublicServiceCommission;MassachusettsDepartmentofEnergyResources;MidAmericanEnergyCompany;MinnesotaStateEnergyOffice;MississippiEnergyOffice;MontanaDepartmentofEnvironmentalQuality;NationalGrid;NebraskaDepartmentofEnvironmentandEnergy;NewHampshireDepartmentofEnergy;NewJerseyBoardofPublicUtilities;NewYorkStateEnergyResearchandDevelopmentAuthority;NorthCarolinaGreenPower;NorthernIndianaPublicServiceCompany;NorthwesternEnergy;OhioPublicUtilitiesCommission;OkanoganCountyPublicUtilityDistrict;OrcasPowerandLight;PacifiCorp;PennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection;PortlandGeneralElectric;PublicUtilitiesCommissionofNevada;PublicUtilityCommissionofTexas;PugetSoundEnergy;RenewWisconsin;RenewableEnergyVermont;RhodeIslandOfficeofEnergyResources;RunestoneElectricAssociation;SanMiguelPowerAssociation;SanteeCooper;SouthCarolinaEnergyOffice;TidelandElectricMembershipCorporation;UnitedIlluminatingCompanyPower;UniversityofAppliedScienceTechnikumWien;UniversityofWyoming;UtahvDistributedWindMarketReport:2023EditionOfficeofEnergyDevelopment;ValleyElectricAssociation;VermontElectricPowerProducers;VirginiaDepartmentofMines,MineralsandEnergy;WashingtonDCDepartmentofEnergyandEnvironment;WashingtonStateUniversityEnergyProgram;WestVirginiaEnergyOffice;WorldWindEnergyAssociation;andWyomingStateEnergyOffice.viDistributedWindMarketReport:2023EditionListof

AcronymsACPANSIAWEADOEEIAAmericanCleanPowerAssociationAmericanNationalStandardsInstituteAmericanWindEnergyAssociationU.S.DepartmentofEnergyU.S.EnergyInformationAdministrationFederalAviationAdministrationfeed-intariffFAAFITGEGeneralElectricGWgigawatt(s)ICC–SWCC

InternationalCodeCouncil–-SmallWindCertificationCouncilIECInternationalElectrotechnicalCommissionInflationReductionActU.S.InternalRevenueServiceInterstateTurbineAdvisoryCouncilinvestmenttaxcreditIRAIRSITACITCkWkilowatt(s)kWhLCOEMWNPSNRELkilowatt-hour(s)levelizedcostofenergymegawatt(s)NorthernPowerSystemsNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryNYSERDA

NewYorkStateEnergyResearchandDevelopmentAuthorityO&MPNNLPTCoperationsandmaintenancePacificNorthwestNationalLaboratoryproductiontaxcreditPVphotovoltaicREAPSGIPUSDAWETORuralEnergyforAmericaProgramSelf-GenerationIncentiveProgramU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sWindEnergyTechnologiesOfficeviiDistributedWindMarketReport:2023EditionExecutiveSummaryTheannualDistributedWindMarketReportprovidesstakeholderswithmarketstatisticsandanalysisalongwithinsightsintomarkettrendsandcharacteristicsforwindtechnologiesusedasdistributedenergyresources.Thisreportpresentsthedistributedwindmarketfrom2003through2022.Keyfindingswithrespecttoinstalledcapacity,deploymenttrends,customertypes,incentives,policies,installedcostsandperformance,andthefutureoutlookarepresentedbelow.InstalledCapacityCumulativeU.S.distributedwindcapacityinstalledfrom2003through2022nowstandsat1,104megawatts(MW)fromover90,000windturbinesacrossall50states,theDistrictofColumbia,PuertoRico,theU.S.VirginIslands,theNorthernMarianaIslands,andGuam.Distributedwindturbinesareconnectedatthedistributionlevelofanelectricitysystem,orinoff-gridapplications,toservespecificorlocalloads.In2022,13statesadded29.5MWofnewdistributedwindcapacityfrom1,755turbineunitsrepresenting$84millionininvestment.Thiscomparesto11.7MWofdeployedcapacityacross15statesfrom1,751turbinesrepresenting$41million

ininvestmentin2021and21.9MWin11statesfrom1,497turbineunitsrepresenting$44millionininvestmentin2020.Ofthe29.5MWinstalledin2022,27.2MWcamefromdistributedwindprojectsusinglarge-scaleturbines(greaterthan1MWinsize).Nocapacitycamefromprojectsusingmidsizeturbines(101kilowatts[kW]to1MWinsize)and2.3MWcamefromprojectsusingsmallwindturbines(upthrough100kWinsize).The27.2MWfromfourprojectsusing10turbinesgreaterthan1MWisanincreasefrom8.7MW(threeprojectswithfiveturbines)in2021and20MW(fiveprojectswitheightturbines)documentedin2020.Large-scalewindturbinescontinuetoaccountformostofthedistributedwindcapacityadditions.Theannualdeployedcapacityusinglarge-scaleturbinesfluctuatesfromyeartoyearbecausetheseprojectshavelongerproject-developmentcyclesthansmallerdistributedwindenergyprojectsandlarge-scaleturbinetechnologycontinuestoincreaseinnameplatecapacity.Overthelastfiveyears,theaverageturbinesizeofturbinesgreaterthan100kWindistributedwindprojects

increasedfrom2.2MWto2.7MW.Therewereno

reporteddistributedwindprojectsin2022thatusedmidsizeturbines

(101kWto1MWinsize).Projectsusingmidsizeturbineshaveregularlyrepresentedasmallpartofthedistributedwindmarket.In2021,atotalof1.2MWofmidsizecapacityfromthreeprojectsusingfourturbineswasdeployedrepresenting$2millionofinvestment,comparedto0.28MWfromtwosingle-turbineprojectsin2020representing$0.4millionofinvestment.Atotalof2.3MWofsmallwindturbines(upthrough100kWinsize)

wasdeployedintheUnitedStatesin2022from1,745turbineunits,representing$14.6million

ininvestment.Thisisupfrom1.8MWfrom1,742turbineunitsand$9.2millionininvestmentin2021,and1.6MWfrom1,487turbineunitsand$7.2millionininvestmentin2020.Allsmallwindmanufacturersandsupplierswhorespondedtothe

PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory(PNNL)datarequestreportedhighersalesin2022thanin2021.Iowa,California,andNebraskaledtheUnitedStatesinnewdistributedwindcapacityadditionsbecauseoftwolargeprojectsinIowaandonelargeprojecteachinCaliforniaandNebraskathatcollectivelyrepresent92%ofthedistributedwindcapacityinstalledin2022.ConEdisonDevelopmentinstalledtwo7.94-MWprojectsconnectedtoload-servingdistributionlinesownedbyInterstatePower&LightinIowa.FoundationWindpowerinstalleda5.64-MWbehind-the-meterprojectforDoleFreshVegetables,Inc.

inCalifornia.AndBluestemEnergySolutionsinstalleda5.64-MWprojectconnectedtoaload-servingdistributionlineownedbySouthernPublicPowerDistrictinNebraska.Minnesotaaddedthemostsmallwindcapacityin2022with

327kW.ThiscanbeattributedtoEocycle’scontinuedpushtosellitsEOX-S16turbinemodeltofarmersinMinnesotatoprovideadecarbonizationsolutionfortheemissions-heavyagricultureindustry.ixDistributedWindMarketReport:2023EditionDeploymentTrendsGeneralElectric(GE)RenewableEnergyhasbeentheonlyconsistentU.S.-basedmanufactureroflarge-scaleturbinesusedindistributedwindprojectsoverthepast10years

andwastheonlylarge-scaleturbineproviderfordistributedwindprojectsin2022.Smallwindrepowersaccountedforareducedportionofnewsmallwindcapacitydeploymentin2022comparedtopreviousyears.Repowersarenewturbinesinstalledonexistingtowersandfoundationstoreplacenonfunctioningturbinesortoupgradethetechnology.In

2022,smallwindrepowersrepresentedjust8%oftotalinstalledsmallwindcapacity,comparedto36%in2021and79%in2020.In2022,90%ofdistributedwindprojectsweredeployedtoprovideenergyforon-siteuseand10%ofprojectswereinterconnectedtoadistributiongridto

provideenergyforlocaluse.Historically,whilemostofthedistributedwindprojectsdocumentedareinterconnectedforon-siteuse,theymakeuplessofthetotaldeployeddistributedwindcapacity.In

2022,theprojectsforon-siteuseaccountedfor22%ofthedeployeddistributedwindcapacitywhile78%ofthecapacitywasfromprojectsconnectedtothedistributiongrid.CustomerTypesIn2022,projectsforagriculturalcustomersaccountedfor33%ofthenumberof

allprojectsinstalled.Residentialandcommercialcustomerseachrepresented26%,utilitycustomersrepresented10%,andindustrialandinstitutionalcustomerseachrepresentedjustunder3%ofinstalledprojects.Distributedwinddeployedforutilitycustomersrepresentedthelargestshareoftotaldistributedwindcapacityinstalledin2022,accountingfor78%ofthedocumentedcapacity.

Industrialcustomersrepresentthesecondlargestpercentageofdistributedwindcapacityinstalledin2022,accountingfor20%ofinstalledcapacity.Threeofthefourprojectsusinglarge-scalewindturbineswereforutilities—theotherwasforanindustrialcustomer.Distributedwindforagricultural,residential,commercial,institutional,andgovernmentcustomerseachaccountedfor1%orlessofthedistributedwindcapacityinstalledin2022.IncentivesandPoliciesTheInflationReductionAct(IRA)of2022

enactedlong-termincentivesfordistributedwindthatwillbeavailableforatleastthenextdecade.TheIRAextendstheResidentialRenewableEnergyTaxCreditapplicabletosmallwindturbinesthrough2034.TheIRAalsoextendstheBusinessEnergyInvestmentTaxCredit(ITC)through2024.Startingin2025,thecurrenttechnology-specificITCsandProductionTaxCredit(PTC)optionswillbereplaced

withatechnology-neutralITCandPTCthatwillbeavailabletoallenergy-generationtechnologieswithzeroornet-negativecarbonemissionsbeforebeginningtophaseoutin2032orwhenU.S.powersectoremissionshavedroppedbyatleast75%comparedwith2022levels,whichevercomeslater.Theextendedandnewtaxcreditshavenewprovisionsforadditional,stackablebonuscredits

of10percentagepointsfortheITCand10%forthePTCforlocatingfacilitiesin“energycommunities”orformeetingdomesticcontentrequirements.FurtherITCbonusesupto20percentagepointsareavailableonalimited,competitivebasisforwindorsolarprojectslessthan5MW(andfrom2025onforothercleanenergy)thatarelocatedinorbenefitlow-incomecommunitiesorarelocatedontriballands.TheIRAalsoincludesdirect-payprovisionsfornon-taxpayingentitiesthatwillenableaccesstothecreditsfororganizationslikemunicipalutilitiesandruralelectriccooperatives.TheIRAalsoprovidessignificantnewloanandgrantauthorityfromwhichdistributedwindcouldbenefit.TheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture’s(USDA)RuralEnergyforAmericaProgram(REAP)receivedafundingallocationofover$2billion,with$303millionsetasideforunderutilizedtechnologiesandtechnicalassistance.Windisaneligibleunderutilizedtechnology.ThenewIRA

provisionsforREAPalsodoubledthemaximumallowablegrantsizefrom$500,000,or25%ofcosts,to$1,000,000,orupto50%ofcosts,forrenewableenergyprojects.xDistributedWindMarketReport:2023EditionDistributedwindprojectsacrosseightstatesreceivedatotalof$5millioninstate-levelPTCsandUSDAREAPgrantsin2022.Thisisroughlythesameasthe$5.2millionpaidacrosseightstatesin2021andthe$4.8millionpaidacrosssixstatesin2020,althoughthosepastyeartotalsincludeotherincentivepaymentsinadditiontoUSDAREAPgrantsandstatePTCs.Whileatleast23differentsmallwindturbinemodelshavebeencertifiedtotheAmericanWindEnergyAssociation(AWEA)9.1-2009standardortheInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC)61400standardssince2011,atotalofninesmallwindturbine

modelshavecurrentcertificationsasofJune2023.Smallwindturbinemanufacturersmustrenewcertificationsannually.ManufacturersmayoptnottorenewiftheynolongerwanttoparticipateintheU.S.marketorifthecompanyhasdiscontinuedoperations.SmallwindturbinesmustmeeteitherofthesestandardstobeeligibletoreceivethefederalBusinessEnergyITCpertheU.S.InternalRevenueService.TheAmericanCleanPowerAssociation(ACP),thesuccessortoAWEA,publisheditsnewAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)consensusstandard,ANSI/ACP101-1-2021,inOctober2022.

TheDistributedWindEnergyAssociationandtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyhaverecommendedthattheU.S.InternalRevenueServicerecognizelegacycertificationstoAWEA9.1-2009newcertificationstoANSI/ACP101-1goingforwardforsmallwindBusinessEnergyITCeligibility.InstalledCostsandPerformanceTheoverallaveragecapacity-weightedinstalledcostfornewsmallwindprojectsfrom2013through2022was$10,670/kW.Smallsamplesizesforcostdatain2018,2020,and2022,alongwithhighvarianceindistributedwindprojectcosts,preventclearidentificationofcosttrendsforsmallwindturbineinstallationsovertime.Theoverallaveragecapacity-weightedinstalledcostforprojectsusingturbinesgreaterthan100kWfortheperiodof2013through2022is$4,050/kW.ThePNNLteamdocumentedfourdistributedwindprojectsusingturbinesgreaterthan100kWfor2022andonlyoneofthemhasareportedinstalledcost,so

noaveragecostwascalculatedfor2022.Theoverallaveragecapacityfactorin2022forasampleofsmallwindprojectswas15%.Observedcapacityfactorsrangedfrom1%to37%

forthesampleof101turbinestotaling1.4MWinratedcapacity.Theoverallaveragecapacityfactorin2022forasampleofdistributedwindprojectsusingturbinesgreaterthan100kWwas23%.Observedcapacityfactorsrangedfrom6%to39%.

Thesampleincludes27distributedwindprojectsinstalledfrom2005to2018,across14states,totaling95MWincombinedcapacitywithturbinenominalcapacitiesrangingfrom600kWto3MW.Atotalof60%ofthedistributedwindprojectsPNNLanalyzedhadhighercapacityfactorsin2022thanin2021.ThiscanlargelybeattributedtoastrongerwindresourceyearintheMidwestandNortheastUnitedStates.Ofthe

122distributedwindprojectsusingturbinesofallsizesthatPNNLanalyzed,atotalof73hadcapacityfactorsin2022thatexceededtheircapacityfactorsin2021(with25ofthemintheMidwestand20intheNortheast).Atotalof28projectsunderperformedin2022relativetotheircapacityfactorsin2021andtheremaining21projectsperformedsimilarlybetweenthetwoyears.FutureOutlookWiththepassageoftheIRA

andassociatedlong-termincentivesfordistributedwind,

theoutlookforfuturedistributedwinddeploymentlooksmuchimproved.

TheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory’sDistributedWindEnergyFuturesStudyestimates

distributedwindeconomicpotentialat

919gigawatts(GW)forbehind-the-meterinstallationsand474GWforfront-of-the-meterinstallationsina2022baselinescenario.Economicpotentialincreasessubstantiallyto1.7TWforbehind-the-meterapplicationsandmorethan4TWforfront-of-the-meterinstallationsina2035futurescenariothatincludesreducedbarrierstopermittingandanextensionofthefederalITCroughlyequivalenttothatprovidedunder

theIRA.xiDistributedWindMarketReport:2023EditionTable

ofContentsPreparationandAuthorship

iiiAcknowledgmentsvListofAcronyms

viiExecutiveSummary

ixTableofContentsxiiListofFiguresxvListofTablesxv1Introduction

11.1

PurposeofReport11.2

DistributedWindApplications11.3

WindTurbineSizeClassifications21.4

Data-Collection,Categorization,andAnalysisMethodologies223U.S.DistributedWindDeployment42.1

TopStatesforDistributedWind:Annual

andCumulativeCapacity42.2

Project-DevelopmentTimelines

8U.S.DistributedWindProjects,Sales,andExports

93.1

MidsizeandLarge-ScaleTurbines93.2

SmallWind

103.3

SmallWindExports

113.4

GlobalSmallWindMarket

123.4.13.4.23.4.3AsianMarkets

12EuropeanMarkets

13NorthandSouthAmericanMarkets

144Policies,Incentives,andMarketInsights

154.1

PoliciesandIncentives

154.1.14.1.24.1.3StatePolicyandCashIncentiveHighlights

16FederalTaxIncentives

16USDAREAP

164.2

MarketInsights

184.2.14.2.24.2.34.2.4SmallWindRepowers

18HybridsandCo-LocatedDistributedEnergyResources

18CompetitivenessImprovementProject19CertifiedSmallandMediumTurbines

195InstalledandOperationsandMaintenanceCosts235.1

SmallWindInstalledCosts

235.2

InstalledCostsforProjectsUsingWindTurbinesGreaterThan100kW

245.3

OperationandMaintenanceCosts

25xiiDistributedWindMarketReport:2023Edition6Performance

266.1

SmallWindCapacityFactors

266.2

CapacityFactorsforProjectsUsingTurbinesGreaterThan100kW276.3

AnnualCapacityFactorComparison

2878LevelizedCostofEnergy

31DistributedWindMarkets

328.1

CustomerTypes

328.2

InterconnectionTypes

348.3

WindTurbineSizes

358.4

TypeofTowers

389FutureOutlookandMarketPotential

3910

Conclusions

4111

References

42AppendixA:WindTurbineManufacturersandSuppliersA.1AppendixB:Methodology2xiiiDistributedWindMarketReport:2023EditionListof

FiguresFigure1.U.S.distributedwindcapacity

4Figure2.U.S.cumulative(2003–2022)capacityandcapacityadditionsin2022fordistributedwindbystate

5Figure3.Projectdevelopersusingturbinesgreaterthan100kW,2013–20226Figure4.Stateswithdistributedwindcapacitygreaterthan20MW,2003–2022

7Figure5.Stateswithsmallwindcapacitygreaterthan2MW,2003–20227Figure6.Windturbinemanufacturersofturbinesgreaterthan100kWwithaU.S.salespresence,2013–2022

10Figure7.U.S.smallwindturbinesales,2013–2022

12Figure8.U.S.distributedwindincentiveawards,2013–202215Figure9.USDAREAPgrantsbytechnology,2013–202217Figure10.SmallWindTurbineCertifications,2011-202221Figure11.

Annualaverageandproject-specificnewandrepoweredsmallwindinstalledprojectcosts,2013–2022

23Figure12.Annualaverageandproject-specificnewandrepoweredinstalledcostsforprojectsusingturbinesgreaterthan100kW,2013–202224Figure13.Smallwindcapacityfactorsin2022

26Figure14.Capacityfactorsin2022forprojectsusingturbinesgreaterthan100kW

27Figure15.Distributedwindcapacityfactors,2021-202228Figure16.Windresource

map,2021-2022

30Figure17.Distributedwindend-usecustomertypesbynumberofprojects,2014–2022

33Figure18.Distributedwindend-usecustomertypesbycapacityofprojects,2014–2022

33Figure19.Distributedwindforon-siteuseandlocalloadsbynumberofprojects,2013–2022

34Figure20.Distributedwindforon-siteuseandlocalloadsbycapacityofprojects,2013–2022

34Figure21.Averagesizeofturbinesgreaterthan100kWindistributedwindprojectsandaveragesizeofthoseprojects,2003–2022

36Figure22.U.S.smallwindsalescapacitybyturbinesize,2013–202237Figure23.U.S.smallwindsalespercentageofcapacitybyturbinesize,2013–2022

37Figure24.U.S.distributedwindcapacityandfederalpolicies,2003-2022

39Listof

TablesTable1.GlobalSmallWindCapacityReports(MW)13Table2.CertifiedSmallWindTurbinesasofJune202320xvDistributedWindMarketReport:2023Edition1

IntroductionTheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’s(DOE)annualDistributedWindMarketReportprovidesstakeholderswithdistributedwindmarketstatisticsandanalysisalongwithinsightsintomarkettrendsandcharacteristics.Distributedwindturbinesaredistributedenergyresourcesconnectedatthedistributionlevelofanelectricitysystem,orinoff-gridapplications,toservespecificorlocalloads.Distributedwindinstallationscanrangefromaless-than-1-kilowatt(kW)1

off-gridwindturbineataremotecabinoroilandgasplatform,toa15-kWwindturbineatahomeorfarm,toseveralmultimegawattwindturbinesatauniversitycampus,atamanufacturing