商務(wù)英語(yǔ)名詞解釋及商務(wù)英語(yǔ)文章(帶中文翻譯)

1.

Budget

—預(yù)算anaccountofprobablefutureincomeandexpenditureduringastated,period,usu.ayearusedasaguideinmakingfinancialarrangements.2.

Return

—回報(bào)thegainfromaninvestment,eitherasincomeoryieldorasprofitonthesaleoftheinvestment.3.

Portfolio

—證券投資組合theentirecollectionofinvestmentsintheformofstocks,bonds,orcertificateofdepositsforpurposesotherthancontrolling4.

Royalty

—專利稅moneypaidtotheownerofacopyrightforpermissiontopublishcopyrightmaterialandtotheownerofapatentforpermissiontouseapatenteddesign,usu.atagreedpercentageofthesellingpriceoftheproduct.5.

Patent

—專利權(quán)aspecialrighttoaninventortobetheonlypersontomakeandsell,ortoauthorizeotherstomakeandsellanewly-inventedmachineorprocess.6.

Non-tariffbarrier

—非貿(mào)易壁壘allformsofman-madeobstructionstointernationaltradeotherthantariffs,includingprohibitionsandquotas,etc.7.

Franchise

—經(jīng)銷權(quán)anarrangementbywhichamonopolyproducerorownergivesanotherpermissionfortheexclusiverighttomanufactureorselltheproductsinacertainarea.8.Purchasingpower

—購(gòu)買力ofpersons,thepublic,havingthemoneytobuygoodsandservices.9.

PPP

—購(gòu)買力平價(jià)purchasingpowerparity10.

tariff

—關(guān)稅taxleviedbythecustoms11.barrierstotrade

—貿(mào)易壁壘anyactionbyagovernmenttolimitorpreventthefreeflowofgoodsinandoutofitscountry.12.primarycommodities

—初級(jí)產(chǎn)品thosecommoditiesnotprocessed,oronlyslightlyprocessed,usuallyfarmproduceorrawmaterials13.drawback

—退稅dutiespaidonimportedgoodsthatarerefundedwhenre-exported14.specificduties

—從量稅dutiesleviedonthebasisofquantity,weight,sizeetc.ofthegoods15.advaloremduties

—從價(jià)稅dutiesleviedonthebasisofthepriceofthegoods16.carriage

—運(yùn)費(fèi)thepriceorcostoftransportation17.voluntaryoffer

—主動(dòng)發(fā)盤anoffermadeontheinitiativeoftheofferer18.contractingparties

—締約方signatoriesofanagreement19.forcemajeure

—[不可抗力]socialornaturalcalamitiesthattakeplacebeyondthecontrolofacontractingparty20.firmoffer

—持盤anofferwhosetermsandconditionsarebindingontheoffer21.offeree

—受要約人thepartytowhomanofferismade22.hyperinflation

—極度通貨膨脹soaringofpricesbeyondcontrol23.inflation

—通貨膨脹riseinpricesbroughtaboutbytheexcessdemand,expansionofmoneysupply,credittectionism

—貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義thetheoryofthesystemofdevelopinghomecountriesthroughdutiesandothermeansimposedoncompetitiveimports25.bilateral

—雙邊的oftwosides26.bundling

—捆綁式銷售theexchangeofgoodsorservicesaretiedtogether27.creditors

—債權(quán)人apersontowhomoneownsmoney28.debtor

—債務(wù)人apersonwhoowesmoney29.default

—違約failtocarryoutanobligation30.draft

—匯票anunconditionalordertosomeonetopayasumofmoney31.remittance

—匯款thesendingofmoneyorthemoneysent32.drawer

—出票人thepersonwhoissuesadraft,usuallytheexporter33.drawee

—受票人thepersontowhomadraftisdrawn34.credit-worthiness

—資信beingbelievedoracceptedbyothersasreliableinmakingpayment35.applicantofanL/C

—出口信用證theimporterthatgoestoabankfortheestablishmentofanL/C36.beneficiary

—受益人thecompanythatcanmakeuseofanL/Ctogetpaidforitsexport37.confirmingbank

—保兌行thebankthataddsitsowncommitmenttoanL/C38.reimburse

—退款paybacktosomebodyfortheexpenseshehasspent39.cleancredit

—光票信用證acreditthatdoesnotrequireshippingdocumentsforpayment40.sightcredit

—即期信用證acreditbywhichpaymentcanbemadeuponpresentationofthedraft41.middleman

—中間商traderthroughwhomgoodspassbetweentheproducerandtheconsumer42.consignee

—收貨人thepartyinthebillofladingtowhomthegoodsareshipped43.shippingmarks

—嘜頭whatisprintedontheouterpackingofgoodsassymbolforidentificationinthecourseoftransportation44.insurancepolicy

—保險(xiǎn)單adocumentusedforcoveringpossiblerisks45.title

—抬頭righttothepossessionofapositionorproperty46.insured

—被保險(xiǎn)人apersoncoveredbyaninsurancepolicy47.premium

—保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)theamountpaidbyaninsuredforcoverageunderthecontract48.potentialloss

—潛在損失losswhichispossibletoincur49.claim

—索賠apaymentdemandedinaccordancewithaninsurancepolicy50.margin

—利潤(rùn)amountabovewhatisestimatedasnecessary51.underwriter

—保險(xiǎn)公司apersonwhocarriesoninsuranceasabusiness52.invoice

—發(fā)票adocumentforthegeneraldescriptionofthegoodsandthepensation

—賠償金somethinggivenorreceivedasanequivalentforloss54.pooling

—聯(lián)營(yíng)acombinationoffundsformedforcommonadvantage55.multi-modaltransportation

—多式聯(lián)運(yùn)transportthatcombinesroad,rail,seaandair56.redeem

—兌換torepayorpayoff,esp.loanstock,debenturesandpreferencesharesorstock57.settlement

—結(jié)算theactofpayingabill,debt,charge,etc58.exchangerate

—匯率thepriceatwhichonecurrencycanbeexchangedforanothercurrency59.moneycirculation

—貨幣流通moneyinthehandsofthepublicandbeingusedtopayforgoodsandservices60.devaluation

—貨幣貶值theactofagovernmentinreducingbylawtheexchangevalueofitscurrencyinunitsofgoldorascomparedwithothercurrencies61.reserve

—儲(chǔ)備金moneyheldasidetomeetfuturedemand62.investment

—投資theactofputtingmoneytouseinsomethingofferingprofitablereturns63.quota

—配額alimitplacedbyagovernmentontheamountofimportsorcommodity64.VER

—自動(dòng)出口限制anagreementbyacountry’sexportersorgovernmenttolimittheirexportsorgovernmenttolimittheirexportstoanotherellectualproperty

—知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)certainnon-tangibleassetsheld,principallycoveringtheareasofpatentprotection,registeredtrademarksanddesigns,andcopy-right66.taxholiday

—免稅期aperiodoftimeduringwhichtaxisnotlevied67.jointventure

—合資企業(yè)abusinesswheretheprovisionofriskcapitalissharedbetweentwoormorefirms68.gilts

—金邊債券stocksissuedbygovernment69.cost-effective

—成本效益好producingoptimumresultsfortheexpenditure70.anti-dumping

—反傾銷oneformofactionwhichmaybetakenbyagovernmenttoprotectindustriesfromunfaircompetitionbywhichgoodsaresoldatapricelowerthaninthecountrywheretheyaremanufactured71.mandate

—授權(quán)authoritygiventoperformaduty72.contractingparty

—締約國(guó)acountryorfirmthatsignsalegalagreement73.Visibletrade有形貿(mào)易

:Theformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.(includingcashtransaction-bymeansofmoneyandmarket,andcountertrade)74.Invisibletrade無(wú)形貿(mào)易

:Theformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.iscalledinvisibletradeorserviceindustries.75.FDI(foreigndirectinvestments)

ismadeofreturnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahostcountry.76.Portfolioinvestment證券投資

:Purchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.77.Bonds債券:Thepapersissuedbyagovernmentorafirmwithpromisetopaybackthemoneylentorinvestedtogetherwithinterest.78.Licensing許可經(jīng)營(yíng)

:Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry.Theychooselicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstostatbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty.79.Franchising特許經(jīng)營(yíng)

:afirmcalledthefranchisee,isallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,calledthefranchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logos,andoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.80.Franchiser特許方

:Afirmwhoprovidesthefranchiseewithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.81.Franchisee被特許方

:Afirmisallowedtooperateinthenameofanother.82.GNP國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值

:GrossnationalProduct.Themarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.83.GDP國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值

:GrossDomesticProduct.Themarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy.84.PercapitaGDP人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值

:ItiscalculatedbydividingitstotalGDPbyitspopulation,whichrevealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers.85.Incomedistribution收入分布

:Theproportionsofitsrich,middleincomeandpoorpeople.86.Freetradearea自由貿(mào)易區(qū)

:Themembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemselveswhilestilladoptseachownexternalpolicy87.Customsunion關(guān)稅同盟

:Themembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemselvesandadoptthesameexternalpolicy88.Commonmarket共同市場(chǎng)

:Themembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproductionandadoptthesameexternalpolicy.89.EconomicUnion(EU)經(jīng)濟(jì)同盟

:Themembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproduction,adoptthesameexternalpolicyandharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypoliciesandusethesamecurrency.90.ParentMNCheadquarter跨國(guó)公司母公司，總部

istheoriginalinvestingmultinationalcorporation.ItisalsotheinternationalheadquartersoftheMNE.91.Homecounty母國(guó)

:Thecountrywheretheheadquarteroftheinvestorislocated.92.Hostcountry東道國(guó)

:Thehostcountryisaforeigncountrywheretheinvestoroperates.93.Absoluteadvantage絕對(duì)利益

:Itholdsthatacommoditywillbeproducedinthecountrywhereitcostsleastintermsofresources(capital,landandlabor)100.Comparativeadvantage比較利益

:Evenifacountryislessefficientthananotherintheproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.1..Internationaltrade國(guó)際貿(mào)易

:Theexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanothersufficient.2.Importduties進(jìn)口關(guān)稅

:Tariffsleviedongoodsenteringanarea3.Exportduties出口關(guān)稅

:Taxesleviedongoodsleavinganarea4.Most-favored-nation(MFN)treatment最惠國(guó)待遇

:Atarifftreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoallsignatoriesanytariffconcessionsgrantedtoanyparticipatingcountry5.Inquiry/enquiry詢盤、詢價(jià)

:Itismadebythebuyerstogetinformationaboutthegoodstobeorderedsuchasquantity,specifications,prices,timeofshipmentandotherterms.6.Quotation報(bào)盤

:Estimateofhowmuchsomethingwillcost7.Counteroffer還盤:

Newoffermadebytheoriginaloffereetotheoriginalofferer8.inflation:

Riseinpricesbroughtaboutbytheexcessdemand,expansionofmoneysupply,creditetc9.Barter易貨貿(mào)易:

Thedirectexchangeofgoodsandservices,whichiscompletedinashortperiodoftime.10.Counterpurchase反向購(gòu)買、互購(gòu)貿(mào)易:

Theassumptionbyanexporterofatransferableobligationthroughseparatebutlinkedcontracttoacceptasfullorpartialpaymentgoodsandservicesfromtheimporterorimportingcountry.11.Buyback回購(gòu)貿(mào)易:

Anagreementbyanexporterofplantandequipmenttotakebackinthefuturepartoftheoutputproducedbythesegoodsasfullorpartialpayment.12.Remittance匯付:

Thismethodisalwaysemployedbythepartieswhoarefamiliarwithandtrusteachother13.Documentarydraft跟單匯票:

Thedraftisaccompaniedbytherelevantdocuments.14.Documentarycollection跟單托收:

Itismeansofensuringthatthegoodsareonlyhandedovertothebuyerwhentheamountshownonabillofexchangeispaidorwhenthecustomeracceptsthebillasacontracttopaybyaspecifieddate.15.Sightdraft即期匯票:

Thedraftcallsforimmediatepaymentonpresentationtothedrawee.16.Usancedraft遠(yuǎn)期匯票

Termdraft=Tenordraft:Thedraftispayableatalaterdateonpresentationtothedrawee.17.Draft匯票:=Billofexchange

.Itisanunconditionalordertoabankoracustomertopayasumofmoneytosomeoneondemandoratafixedtimeinthefuture.18.billofexchange

—匯票writtenorderdrawnbythebeneficiaryonthebankforthepurposeofpayment19.Applicant

(OpenerorPrincipal)申請(qǐng)人:ThepersonwhoinstructshisbanktoissueanL/C.(theimporter)20.applicantofanL/C

:TheimporterthatgoestoabankfortheestablishmentofanL/C21.Openingbank(Issuingbank,Establishingbank)開證行:

Thebankthatissuesthecredit.22.Openingbank:

thebankthatissuestheletterofcreditiscalledtheopeningbank.23.Beneficiary受益人

:Theexporterinwhosefavorthecreditisopened24.Correspondentband往來(lái)行、關(guān)系行

:Thebankintheexporter’scountry,whichtheopeningbanksendsthecredittoit25.Advisingbank通知行:

Thebankintheexporter’scountry,whichadvisestheexportertheL/C,isreceived.26.Confirmingbank保兌行:

Thebankaddsitsconfirmationtothecredit.27.Payingbank付款行:

Thebankacceptsornegotiatesthebillofexchange.28.Negotiatingbank議付行:

Thebankbuystheexporter’sdraftsubmittedtoitunderacredit.29.Thedocumentarycredit跟單信用證:

Thecreditsthatrequireshippingdocumentstobepresentedtogetherwiththedraft.30.Revocablecredit可撤消信用證:

Thecreditscanbealteredorevencanceledwithoutconsultingwiththebeneficiary.31.Irrevocablecredit不可撤消信用證

:Thecreditthatcannotbeamendedorrevokedwithouttheconsentofalthepartiesconcerned.32.Confirmedcredit保兌信用證:

Thecreditisconfirmedbyabankotherthantheissuingbank33.Unconfirmedcredit不保兌信用

：Thecreditisn’tconfirmedbyanotherbank34.Sightcredit即期信用證:

Thecreditbywhichpaymentcanbemadeuponpresentationofthedraft35.usancecredit(Termcredit,Timecredit)遠(yuǎn)期信用證:

Thecreditbywhichpaymentcannotbemadeuntilaspecificdateoraspecifictimeafterthedateofaftersight.36.Transferablecredit可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證:

Thecreditcanbetransferredbytheoriginalbeneficiarytooneormoreparties.37.Non-transferablecredit不可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證:

Thecreditcannotbetransferred.38.Non-draftcredit無(wú)匯票信用證:

Thecreditthatpaymentoftobemadebypresentationofthedocumentswithouttheformalityofdrawingandpresentingadraft.39.Revolvingcredit循環(huán)信用證:

Thecreditstipulatedthatitsamountcanberenewedorreinstatedwithoutspecificamendmenttothecreditbeingmade.40.Commercialinvoice商業(yè)發(fā)票:

Thedocumentisthegeneraldescriptionofthequalityandquantityofthegoodsandtheunitandtotalprice.41.Legalholder合法持有人

isanownerofapropertywhoisentitledtoitbylaw42.Packinglist裝箱單:

Thedocumentsgivesinformationsuchasthenumber,date,nameanddescriptionofthegoods,shippingmarks,packing,numberofpackages,specificcontentsofeachpackageanditsnetwithandgrossweightetc.43.Straightbilloflading記名提單:

Itismadeoutsothatonlythenamedconsigneeisentitledtotakedeliveryofthegoodsunderthebill.44.Commoncarrier公共承運(yùn)人:

Itisprivatelyorpubliclyownedcompaniescommittedtoperformingamovementserviceofthesamequalityforallshippersonanequalbasisandwithoutdiscrimination.45.Contractcarrier契約承運(yùn)人:

Individualcontractsmaybearrangedbetweentransportationusersandcarriers(thetransportationcompany).46.Insured被保險(xiǎn)人，保戶:

Thepersonwhotransferrisk.47.Insurer承保人:

Thepersonoracompanywhoassumerisk(theinsurancecompany,theunderwriter).48.Cargoinsurance貨物保險(xiǎn):

Itisanactivityaimedatmovingtheburdenofriskfromtheshouldersoftheexportsandimporters,andplacingitupontheshouldersofspecialistrisk-bearingunderwriters.49.Marineinsurance海上保險(xiǎn):

Theinsuranceofshipsandtheircargoes.50.Insurance保險(xiǎn):

Itisasocialdeviceinwhichagroupofindividualstransferriskandprovidesforpaymentoflossesfromfundscontributedbyallmemberswhotransferredrisk.51.Directquote/quotation（匯率）直接標(biāo)價(jià):

Adirectexchangerateisthepriceofaforeigncurrencyintermsofthehomecurrency.1美元=6.8元外幣為基準(zhǔn)52.Indirectquote/quotation（匯率）間接標(biāo)價(jià):

Anindirectexchangerateisthepriceofhomecurrencyintermsofaforeigncurrency.53.Buyingrate買入價(jià):

Itreferstotheratebywhichacommercialbankbuysacurrency.54.Sellingrate賣出價(jià):

Itistheratebywhichabanksellsacurrency.55.Medialrate中間價(jià)

Itistheaverageofthebuyingrateandthesellingrate.56.SDR特別提款權(quán):

SpecialDrawingRight.ItissometimescalledpapergoldandusedtosettleofficialtransactionattheIMF.57.Anti-dumping反傾銷:

torestricttheexportexpansionofotherplan:商業(yè)計(jì)劃futureactionstobetakenbyacompany,concerningproducts,production,market,investment,etc.59.collateral:propertyoranitemofvalueacceptableassecurityforaloanorotherobligation.擔(dān)保物：被接受作為抵押或其他義務(wù)擔(dān)保的財(cái)產(chǎn)60.stockexchange:證券交易市場(chǎng)amarketwherestocksandsharesareboughtandsoldunderfixedrules,butatpricesdeterminedbysupply&demand.61.retail:零售thesaleofgoodsorcommoditiesinsmallquantitiesdirectlytoconsumers.62.taxdeduction:anexpense費(fèi)用thatataxpayerisallowedtodeductfromtaxableincome.63.policy:保單theprintedlegaldocumentstatingthetermsofinsurancecontractthatisissuedtothepolicyholder投保人bycompany.64.publicrelations:公關(guān)PR,theactivityofkeepinggoodrelationshipsbetweenanorganizationandthepeopleoutsideit.65.depression:aperiodofdrasticdeclineinanationalorinternationaleconomy,characterizedbydecreasingbizactivity,fallingprices,andunemployment.蕭條，不景氣：國(guó)家（或國(guó)際）經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣的一段時(shí)期，其特征是商業(yè)活動(dòng)減少、價(jià)格下降、失業(yè)66.Tradedeficit:貿(mào)易逆差importsminusexportsofgoodsandservices.67.tradesurplus:貿(mào)易順差exportsminusimportsofgoodsandservices.68.Balanceoftrade貿(mào)易支付差額thevalueofcountry’sexportsminusthevalueofitsimports.69.tradesanction:useofatradepolicyasasanction,mostcommonlyanembargo禁運(yùn)imposedagainstacountryforviolatinghumanrights.70.tradereciprocity貿(mào)易互惠:thepracticebywhichgovernmentsextendsimilarconcessions讓步toeachother,aswhenonegov’tlowersitstariffsorotherbarriersimpedingitsimportsinexchangeforequivalentconcessionfromatradingpartneronbarriersaffectingitsexports.71.venturecapital:Moneymadeavailableforinvestmentininnovativeenterprisesorresearch,especiallyinhightechnology,inwhichboththeriskoflossandthepotentialforprofitmaybeconsiderable.Alsocalledriskcapital風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本：投放在富革新精神的企業(yè)或研究的資金，尤指用于高科技，其中虧損的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和贏利的潛力可能都會(huì)很大也作riskcapital72.start-up:abizorundertaking事業(yè)thathasrecentlybegunoperation.73.balancesheet資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表,縮寫B(tài).S.:afinancialstatementthatreportstheassetsandequitiesofacompanyataparticulartime.一個(gè)公司或機(jī)構(gòu)在指定日期的資產(chǎn)、負(fù)債和所有者投資的列表說(shuō)明74.re-capitalization資本額的調(diào)整theactorprocessofchangingthecapitalstructureofacompany.75.stockmarket:aplacewherestocks,bonds,orothersecuritiesareboughtandsold.76.cashflow:Thecashreceiptsornetincomefromoneormoreassetsforagivenperiod,reckonedaftertaxesandotherdisbursements,andoftenusedasameasureofcorporateworth.現(xiàn)金流出量：在特定的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)來(lái)自一項(xiàng)或數(shù)項(xiàng)財(cái)產(chǎn)，扣除稅收和其它支付金額外所得的現(xiàn)金收入或凈收入，常用來(lái)衡量公司的價(jià)值77.labor-intensive:requiringorhavingalargeexpenditureoflaborincomparisontocapital.78.marketshare:theproportionoftotalsalesvolumesofacertainmarketthatacompanyellectualcapital:assetsorcapitalintheformofknowledgepatentortechnology,etc.80.publiclytradedcompanies(PTC):companieswhosesharesaretradedinstockmarkets.81.emergingmarkets新興市場(chǎng):marketswhicharenewlyformedorhavejustcomeintoprominence.82.portfolioinvestment(有價(jià))證券投資:investmentinsecuritiessuchasbondsandstockswiththeaimtoearninterestanddividendsratherthanparticipateinthemanagementofcompanies.83.stockturnover:庫(kù)存[商品]周轉(zhuǎn)率thenumberoftimesaparticularstockofgoodsissoldandrestockedduringagivenperiodoftime.84.leadtime訂貨至交貨的時(shí)間：theperiodoftimebetweentheactualorderingofpartsorequipmentandthedeliveryofthem.85.dealerships：Afranchisetosellspecifieditemsinacertainarea.商品代理權(quán)：在某一區(qū)域內(nèi)出售某特定商品的特許權(quán)86.economicrecession:Anextendeddeclineingeneralbusinessactivity,typicallythreeconsecutivequartersoffallingrealgrossnationalproduct.衰退：經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)普遍而持續(xù)地衰敗，尤指三個(gè)連續(xù)季度的社會(huì)總產(chǎn)品凈值的下降87.depression:Aperiodofdrasticdeclineinanationalorinternationaleconomy,characterizedbydecreasingbusinessactivity,fallingprices,andunemployment.88.liquiditysqueeze流動(dòng)性逃避:financialpressurecausedbyshortagesofnarrowingeconomicmargins.89.reversemerger(借殼上市)：itisaspecialkindofacquisitionthatenablesaprivatecompanytogetpublicly-listedinarelativelyshorttimeperiod.areversemergeroccurswhenaprivatecompanythathasstrongprospectsandiseagertoraisefinancingbuysapublicly-listedshellcompany(空殼公司)。90..moneymarket:Thetradeinshort-term,low-risksecurities,suchascertificatesofdepositandU.S.Treasurynotes.短期資金市場(chǎng)：一種短期、低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的證券經(jīng)營(yíng)買賣市場(chǎng)，如銀行存單和美國(guó)短期公債。91.bullmarket：amarket,especiallysecuritiesmarket,thatisgoinguporexpectedtogoup.92.margin:Thedifferencebetweenthecostandthesellingpriceofsecuritiesorcommodities.盈余：證券或商品的成本與銷售價(jià)之間的差額93.realestate:Land,includingallthenaturalresourcesandpermanentbuildingsonit.不動(dòng)產(chǎn)：土地，包括土地上的所有自然資源和永久性建筑94.hedgefund對(duì)沖基金公司：aninvestmentcompanythatuseshigh-risktechniques,suchasborrowingmoneyandsellingshort,inanefforttomakeextraordinarycapitalgains.95.sellshort:Tocontractforthesaleofsecuritiesorcommoditiesoneexpectstoownatalaterdateandatmoreadvantageousterms.賣空：訂立合同出售自己在以后的某個(gè)時(shí)間才會(huì)擁有的證券或商品以便獲得較有利的條款96.Acceptance承兌Anacceptancecreditcallfordraftstobedrawnatatenorforacceptancebytheissuingbankoranydraweenawedinthecredit.匯票承兌信用證要求匯票按規(guī)定在一定期限內(nèi)由開證行或者其他在信用證上簽名的收款人來(lái)檢驗(yàn)。97.collection托收entrustbanksasintermediariestocollectthemoneyforthegoods委托銀行作中間人收取款項(xiàng)98.Bill票據(jù)astatementofmoneyowedforgoodsorservices;demandpaymenttax

稅收chargeagainstacitizen'spersonorpropertyoractivityforthesupportofgovernment;levyataxon99.option期權(quán)therighttobuyorsellpropertyatanagreedprice;therightispurchasedandifitisnotexercisedbyastateddatethemoneyisforfeited在外匯交易中，以契約形式規(guī)定的在某一特定日期或在未來(lái)某一日期，按規(guī)定的價(jià)格買（看漲期權(quán)）或賣（看跌期權(quán)）特定數(shù)量的基礎(chǔ)票據(jù)權(quán)利。100.future期貨Acurrencyfuture,alsoFXfutureorforeignexchangefuture.isafuturescontracttoexchangeonecurrencyforanotheratspecifieddateinthefutureataprice(exchangerate買賣雙方約定于未來(lái)某一特定日期，以約定價(jià)格買賣的約定數(shù)量的商品。1.foreignexchange匯率,外匯pricebyonecurrencyforothercurrency;meansthesystemutilizedinfinancinginternationalpayments.一個(gè)用于支付國(guó)際金融付款的系統(tǒng)。2.taxbreak減稅，所得稅寬減額ataxdeductionthatisgrantedinordertoencourageaparticulartypeofcommercialactivity3.monopoly壟斷onesellerbutmanybuyers.4.withholdingtax代扣所得稅arethoseimposedbygovernmentsondividendinterestandroyaltypaymentstoforeigninvestors.代扣所得稅是政府向國(guó)外投資者的股息、利息和特許權(quán)使用費(fèi)的收入征收的稅。5.value-addedtax增值稅thistaxistypicallyleviedonthevalueaddedateachstageofproduction每一個(gè)產(chǎn)品增加的價(jià)值ordistribution6.balanceofpayments國(guó)際收支平衡accountskeeptrackofbothitspaymentstoanditsreceiptsfromothercountries.（一）WorldeconomyThejobscrisis失業(yè)危機(jī)It’scoming,whatevergovernmentsdo;buttheycanmakeitbetterorworse不論政府如何努力，失業(yè)危機(jī)已經(jīng)到來(lái)。不過政府可以在這場(chǎng)危機(jī)中起到關(guān)鍵作用IllustrationbyBelleMellorNOTHINGevokesthemiseryofmassunemploymentmorethanthephotographsoftheDepression.Youcanseeitinthedrawnfacesofthemen,intheirshabbyclothes,intheireyes.Theirdespairspawnedpoliticalextremismthatleftastainonsociety;butitalsotaughtsubsequentgenerationsthatpublicpolicyhasavitalpartinalleviatingthesufferingofthosewhocannotgetwork.Thankstowelfareschemesandunemploymentbenefits,manyofwhichhavetheiroriginsinthosedarkdays,joblessnessnolongerplungespeopleintodestitution,atleastinthedevelopedworld.再?zèng)]有什么比關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條的照片更能讓人體會(huì)大量失業(yè)的痛苦。這種痛苦顯見于人們緊繃的面容，襤褸的衣衫，還有他們的眼神。由人們的絕望所引發(fā)的政治極端主義給社會(huì)留下污點(diǎn)；失業(yè)問題也使后人懂得公共政策在減輕失業(yè)痛苦方面所起到的重要作用。很多福利計(jì)劃和失業(yè)救濟(jì)金方案都發(fā)軔于那些灰暗的失業(yè)時(shí)期；受惠于這些計(jì)劃，至少發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的人們不再因?yàn)槭I(yè)而陷入窮困。Noteventhegloomiestpredictthattoday’sslumpwillapproachtheseverityoftheDepression,whichshrankAmerica’seconomybymorethanaquarter,andputaquarteroftheworking-agepopulationoutofajob.Butwiththeworldinitsdeepestrecessionsincethe1930sandglobaltradeshrinkingatitsfastestpacein80years,themiseryofmassunemploymentloomsnonetheless,andraisesthebigquestionposedintheDepression:whatshouldgovernmentsdo?即使是最悲觀的預(yù)計(jì)都不認(rèn)為眼下的衰退會(huì)接近大蕭條的程度，后者使美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)縮水四分之一，四分之一的就業(yè)人口失去工作。但隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)出現(xiàn)自1930年代以來(lái)的最大幅度衰退以及全球貿(mào)易80年來(lái)的最快速萎縮，大規(guī)模失業(yè)的惡魘再度凸顯，并且拋出了和大蕭條時(shí)期一樣的大問題：政府應(yīng)該做些什么？Jointhequeue加入失業(yè)隊(duì)伍IntherichworldthejoblossesarestarkestinAmerica,wheretherecessionbegan.Itsflexiblelabourmarkethasshed4.4mjobssincethedownturnbeganinDecember2007,includingmorethan600,000ineachofthepastthreemonths.Theunemploymentratejumpedto8.1%inFebruary,thehighestinaquarter-century.AnAmericanwholoseshisjobtodayhaslessofachanceoffindinganotheronethanatanytimesincerecordsbeganhalfacenturyago.Thatisespeciallyworryingwhenthefinancesofmanyhouseholdshavecometodependontwofullincomes.富裕國(guó)家的失業(yè)問題在衰退肇始的美國(guó)最為顯著。自從07年12月經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入低迷以來(lái)，美國(guó)靈活的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)已經(jīng)溢出了440萬(wàn)份失業(yè)，其中在過去三個(gè)月內(nèi)每月產(chǎn)生了60萬(wàn)份。二月的失業(yè)率躍升至8.1%，是25年來(lái)的最高數(shù)字。比起有紀(jì)錄的半個(gè)世紀(jì)內(nèi)的任何時(shí)期，眼下失業(yè)的美國(guó)人更難再找到一份工作。特別是當(dāng)很多家庭的財(cái)政依靠雙職工收入的時(shí)候，這種情況尤其令人堪憂。ButitisalreadyclearthatunemploymentwillstrikehardfarbeyondAmericaandBritain.InJapanoutputisplungingfasterthaninotherricheconomies.Althoughunemploymentislow,rapidjoblossesamongJapan’sarmyoftemporaryworkersareexposingtheunfairnessofatwo-tierlabourmarketandstraininganegalitariansociety.然而顯而易見的是，失業(yè)問題的沉重打擊遠(yuǎn)不止于美國(guó)和英國(guó)。日本的生產(chǎn)量比其他富裕經(jīng)濟(jì)體下降得更快。盡管失業(yè)率尚低，但臨時(shí)工當(dāng)中快速增長(zhǎng)的失業(yè)大軍顯示了“雙層勞工市場(chǎng)”的不公平性，加劇了一個(gè)平等社會(huì)中的緊張。InEuropejoblessnesshasgrownfastestinplacessuchasSpainandIreland,wherebuildingboomshavecrashed,buthasonlybeguntoedgeupelsewhere.TheunemploymentratesinmanyEuropeancountriesarebelowAmerica’s,butthatmaybebecausetheirmorerigidlabourmarketsadjustmoreslowlytofallingdemand.GivenhowfastEuropeaneconomiesareshrinking,nobodydoubtsthatworseliesahead.Bytheendof2010,unemploymentinmuchoftherichworldislikelytobeabove10%.在歐洲，建筑業(yè)熱潮遭遇重創(chuàng)的西班牙和愛爾蘭等國(guó)失業(yè)速度增長(zhǎng)最快，而在其他地方則初現(xiàn)端倪。很多歐洲國(guó)家的失業(yè)率都低于美國(guó)，但也許這只是因?yàn)樗鼈冇懈訃?yán)格的勞工市場(chǎng)，從而對(duì)下降的市場(chǎng)需求適應(yīng)更慢。面對(duì)著快速萎縮的歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)，沒有人會(huì)懷疑更糟糕的就業(yè)局面就在眼前。到2010年底，多數(shù)富裕國(guó)家的失業(yè)率可能會(huì)超過10%。Intheemergingworldthepatternwillbedifferent,buttheoutcomemorepainful.Astradeshrinks,millionsofworkersarelosingtheirfootholdonthebottomrungsoftheglobalsupplychain.Povertywillriseastheysinkintoinformalworkormovebacktotheland.TheWorldBankexpectssome53mpeopletofallbelowthelevelofextremepovertythisyear.發(fā)展中國(guó)家的情況就不一樣了，只不過結(jié)果會(huì)更人頭疼。隨著貿(mào)易萎縮，數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的工人正失去他們?cè)谌蚬?yīng)鏈條底端的立錐之地。他們轉(zhuǎn)向非正式工作或者回到農(nóng)村，伴隨而來(lái)的是貧困問題的抬頭。世界銀行預(yù)計(jì)，今年將有約5300萬(wàn)人降到極端貧困線以下。Politicsdictatesthatgovernmentsmustinterveneenergeticallytohelp.That’spartlybecausecapitalhastakensuchalargeshareofprofitsforsomanyyearsthatthependulumisboundtoswingbackandpartlybecause,havingjustgiventrillionsofdollarstothebanks,politicianswillbeunderpressuretoputvastamountsofmoneyintosavingjobs.Buthelpcannotbemeasuredindollarsalone.Badlydesignedpoliciescanbeself-defeating.Aftertherecessionsofthe1970san