智力及其測(cè)量研究新進(jìn)展

心理科學(xué)2000年第23卷第2 黃潔華陳小紅5

莫摘要不同的見(jiàn)解關(guān)鍵詞智力心理測(cè)驗(yàn)多樣性智力靜態(tài)的測(cè)驗(yàn)是指通常要求被試解答給定問(wèn)題,并且解答后沒(méi)有反饋的測(cè)驗(yàn)。目前運(yùn)用最多的是多因素理論的觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為智力是多層次的。例如,Wechler的兒童智力測(cè)驗(yàn)第三版和StanfordBinetKaufman的青少年和青年智力測(cè)驗(yàn)1993,Woocckonsn的認(rèn)知能力修正版1989Naglieri認(rèn)知評(píng)估系統(tǒng)Naglieri&s,197)建立在魯利亞的理論的基礎(chǔ)上,它測(cè)量了注意力,Feuerstein的學(xué)習(xí)潛能評(píng)估測(cè)驗(yàn)已應(yīng)用于臨床,但其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和有效性仍有待于研究[1]典型表現(xiàn)測(cè)驗(yàn)可以作為最佳表現(xiàn)測(cè)驗(yàn)的補(bǔ)充[2]。在這種測(cè)驗(yàn)中,被試要回答諸如“我樂(lè)于做要求認(rèn)真和有從1930年至今是如此。對(duì)這種效應(yīng)的有關(guān)解釋包括學(xué)校教育的增加,父母受教育程度的提高,更好的營(yíng)養(yǎng),兒童疾病的減少和父母增加對(duì)下一代的關(guān)心[4]。Flynn真思考“IQ是固定的”這個(gè)觀點(diǎn),因?yàn)閷?duì)個(gè)體來(lái)說(shuō)它可能不是固定的,BellBell 心理科 第23進(jìn)行隔離和家長(zhǎng)式管理。而Sternberg(1995[)6]則提出疑問(wèn)。首先,HerrnsteinMurray10IQ90%或更多的變化仍然沒(méi)有得到解釋。第二,Herrstein和MurrayIQ式測(cè)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果,而不是智力本身的個(gè)別差異的結(jié)果。近于一般能力的能力,位于下層的是更接近于特殊能力的能力。Carroll(1993)[7]的智力層次模型包括三個(gè)層次音樂(lè)的、身體運(yùn)動(dòng)的、人際關(guān)系的和人自身的智力。近來(lái),Gardner(1998[8]又提出自然智力,即人們辨認(rèn)自然的能力,達(dá)題的關(guān)注。目前沒(méi)有直接檢驗(yàn)整個(gè)GardnerSternberg(1996提出成功智力[9],即適應(yīng)、改造和選擇環(huán)境來(lái)達(dá)到個(gè)人的、社會(huì)的和文化的目標(biāo)的能力。分析,創(chuàng)造和實(shí)踐能力這三種廣義能力對(duì)成功對(duì)獨(dú)立于常規(guī)的能力,IQ一樣,有時(shí)比IQ能更好預(yù)測(cè)工作成功的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。erkin199]Perkins認(rèn)為神經(jīng)智力是人們神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的功能大部分由遺傳決定的不可傳授。一些人的系統(tǒng)比另的擴(kuò)展和組織,第2 黃潔華等智力及其測(cè)量研究的新進(jìn) 很難區(qū)分生物和環(huán)境對(duì)智力的影響。另外,ayer&Gehr(1996[11SATHuAnnual49479 AckermanPL,HeggestadED.Intelligence,personality,anditeretsevdeeforoverlappingtraits.Psychol.Bull,1997:121219 edM BronfenbrennerU,CeciSJ.Naturenurturereconceptionalizedindevelopmentalperspective:abioecologicalmodel.Psychol.Rev,1994101565 HerrnsteinRJ,MurrayC.TheBellCurve:IntelligenceandClassStructureinAmericanLife.NewYork:FreePress,a, HANCranformaionEgewNSOutsmFMayerJD,GehrG.Emotionalintelligenceandtheidentificationofemotion.Intelligence,1996;22 202頁(yè)形成的知覺(jué)物體對(duì)選擇性注意有重要作用。忽視病人的忽視行為表現(xiàn)為以知覺(jué)組織 A,P,10 E,,97 etal,pycopys173,155 al,EPsycol,,16 et,Er ,Pyc,, et,,EPsyhol,P,448 S3260,AnnNerol,309 Iet,JNeuosi,et,ol,47J,negectiialdes193, 心理科 第23isticsofbehavioraffectperformanceofgroupdecisionclimate.Interactionbetweenpurposeandtimedelaywassupported“theCurture andtheexplanationofinteractionbetweentimeandpurposebyK.R.Murphy:thepurposeofgroupdecisionmakingmayaffectboththeencodingofinformationandretrievalofthatinformation.Keywords:Groupdecisionmaking, plementarityhypothesis,twohighthresholdtheoryEFFECTSOFPSYCHOLOGICALSTRESSONRATS'FREERADICALSHou(HangzhouMedcalMiaoX(PsychologyDeparen,EasChnaNoralUnversThepresentresearchstudiedthedamageofthefreeradicalsofrats brain,liver,heart,kidneyandthechangeofantifreeradicalenzymeswhenthepsychologicalstresscausedbynoiseoccurredIntheexperiments,therewerethreeexperimentalgroups(5daygroup,10daygroup,20daygroup)andcontrolgroupsTLPO,SODandCADoftheratsorgansmentionedabovewereanalysedTheresultswereasfollows:1)Psychologicalstresscouldmaketheanimalproducemorefreeradical,andhaveeffectsonthebrain,liver,heart,kidneytissues;2)Duringshorttermstress,thetissuesmentionedabovecouldgetridoffreeradicalsthroughSODorCATIfstressreactionwasprolonged,theeffectofantifreeradicalenzymesdecreasedKeywords:psychologicalstress,freeredical,lipidperoxidation,superoxidedismutases,cattalosACOMPARISONBETWEENTHEPDP(PRIMINGTYPE)SCHEDULEAND(DeparenoPsychology,ShanghaTeachers'UnversTwoexperimentsweremadeforcomparingtheprimingtypeschedulewithRichardsonKlavehnsmodelBymanipulationofthedirections,weexaminedtheimpactofvoluntarinessontheparticipantsretrievalstrat

egyandtheinfluenceofdifferentfactors(attentionlevel,stimulusmaterials,processinglevel,testtypes)upontheparticipantsperformanceTheresultshowed:1)Stimulusmaterialshadanotableinfluenceontheexperimentofvoluntarycontrolledmemory,buthadnoeffectontheunconsciousprocessingparametersofPDP;2)TheresultofprimingtypescheduleshowedagreatcorrespondencewithPDPtheory;3)ThemakingofretrievalstrategyisnotcompletelycontrolledbyKeywords:primingtypeexperimentalscheduleofPDP,retrievalstrategy,oppositiontest,intendedtest,casualtestNEWPROGRESSINTHERESEARCHONINTELLIGENCEANDITSTEST(InsueoHgherEducaon,ShanouUnversy,(DeparenoPsychology,SouhChnaNoralUnversThearticlereviewsrecentliteratureonintelligenceanditstestAlthoughtherearevariousviews,peopleaccepttheideaofmultipleintelligenceItsthemultipleintelligencethatcausespeopletoadaptthemselvesto,selectandshapeenvironmentsinwaysthatmeetthedemandsofthoseenvironmentsKeywords:intelligence,psychometrictest,multipleFROMGAGNE'SIDEAABOUTLEARNER'SQUALITIESLinYing,YaoX(DeparenoPsychology,EasChnaNoralUnversIthasbeenalongtimesincequalityeducationwasputforwardButtheconnotationofthequalityisstillcontroversialtodayInthisarticle,thecomponentsofsqualitiesaredividedintothreeparts:thenatureoflearersqualities,thelearnedqualitiesandthequalitiesmeasuredbypsychometricsTheobjectiveofqualityeducationisthelearnedqualities,involvingverbalinformation,intellectualskill,cognitionstrategy,motorskillandattitudeInstructionshouldfollowtheprinciplesonwhichthequalitiesareacquiredKeywords:learnersqualities,learned—USINGIRTINPOLYCHOTOMOUSLYSCOREDITEMSDIRECTLYMiaoYuan,Li(InsueoHgherEducaonalResearch,