2012年cet6真題12月英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試

PartIWriting(30Direction:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledMyViewsonUniversityRanking.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.MyViewsonUniversity...PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.IntotheTheworldhasneverseenpopulationageingbefore.CanitUntiltheearly1990snobodymuchthoughtaboutwholepopulationsgettingTheUNhadtheforesighttoconvenea“worldassemblyonageing”backin1982,butthatcameandwent.By1994theWorldBankhadnoticedthatsomethingbigwashappening.Inareportentitled“AvertingtheOldAgeCrisis”,itarguedthatpensionarrangementsinmostcountrieswereunsustainable.Forthenexttenyearsasuccessionofbooks,mainlybyAmericans,soundedthealarm.TheyhadtitleslikeYoungvsOld,GrayDawnandTheComingGenerationalStorm,andtheirmessagewasblunt:health-caresystemswereheadingfortherocks,pensionersweretakingyoungpeopletothecleaners,andsoontherewouldbeintergenerationalwarfare.Sincethenthedebatehasbecomelessemotional,notleastbecausealotmoreisknownaboutthesubject.Books,conferencesandresearchpapershavemultiplied.InternationalorganisationssuchastheOECDandtheEUissueregularreports.Populationageingisoneveryagenda,fromG8economicconferencestoNATOsummits.TheWorldEconomicForumplanstoconsiderthefutureofpensionsandhealthcareatitsprestigiousDavosconferenceearlynextyear.Themedia,includingthisnewspaper,aregivingthesubjectextensivecoverage.Whetherallthatattentionhastranslatedintosufficientactionisanotherquestion.Governmentsinrichcountriesnowacceptthattheirpensionandhealth-carepromiseswillsoonbecomeunaffordable,andmanyofthemhaveembarkedonreforms,butsofaronlytimidly.Thatisnotsurprising:politicianswithaneyeonthenextelectionwillhardlyrushtointroduceunpopularmeasuresthatmaynotbearfruitforyears,perhapsdecades.Theoutlineofthechangesneededisclear.Toavoidfiscal財(cái)政meltdownpublicpensionsandhealth-careprovisionwillhavetobereinedbackseverelyandtaxesmayhavetogoup.Byfarthemosteffectivemethodtorestrainpensionspendingistogivepeopletheopportunitytoworklonger,becauseitincreasestaxrevenuesandreducesspendingonpensionsatthesametime.Itmayevenkeepthemalivelonger.JohnRother,theAARP’sheadofpolicyandstrategy,pointstostudiesshowingthatotherthingsbeingequal,peoplewhoremainatworkhavelowerdeathratesthantheirretiredYoungerpeopletodaymostlyacceptthattheywillhavetoworkforlongerandthattheirpensionswillbelessgenerous.Employersstillneedtobepersuadedthatolderworkersareworthholdingonto.Thatmaybebecausetheyhavehadplentyofyoungeronestochoosefrom,partlythankstothepost-warbaby-boomandpartlybecauseoverthepastfewdecadesmanymorewomenhaveenteredthelabourforce,increasingemployers’choice.Butthereservoirofwomenableandwillingtotakeuppaidworkisrunninglow,andthebaby-boomersaregoinggrey.Inmanycountriesimmigrantshavebeenfillingsuchgapsinthelabourforceashavealreadyemerged(andrememberthattherealshortageisstillaroundtenyearsoff).Immigrationinthedevelopedworldisthehighestithaseverbeen,anditismakingusefuldifference.Instill-fertileAmericaitcurrentlyaccountsforabout40%oftotalpopulationgrowth,andinfast-ageingwesternEuropeforabout90%.Onthefaceofit,itseemstheperfectsolution.Manydevelopingcountrieshavelotsofyoungpeopleinneedofjobs;manyrichcountriesneedhelpinghandsthatwillboosttaxrevenuesandkeepupeconomicgrowth.Butoverthenextfewdecadeslabourforcesinrichcountriesaresettoshrinksomuchthatinflowsofimmigrantswouldhavetoincreaseenormouslytocompensate:toatleasttwicetheircurrentsizeinwesternEurope’smostyouthfulcountries,andthreetimesintheolderones.Japanwouldneedalargemultipleofthefewimmigrantsithasatpresent.Publicopinionpollsshowthatpeopleinmostrichcountriesalreadythinkthatimmigrationistoohigh.Furtherbigincreaseswouldbepoliticallyunfeasible.Totackletheproblemofageingpopulationsatitsroot“oldcountrieswouldhavetorejuvenate(使年輕)themselvesbyhavingmoreoftheirownchildren.Anumberofthemhavetried,somemoresuccessfullythanothers.ButitisnotasimplematterofofferingfinancialincentivesorprovidingmorechildcareModernurbanlifeinrichcountriesisnotwelladaptedtolargefamilies.Womenfindithardtocombinefamilyandcareer.Theyoftencompromisebyhavingjustonechild.Andiffertilityinageingcountriesdoesnotpickup?Itwillnotbetheendoftheworld,atleastnotforquiteawhileyet,buttheworldwillslowlybecomeadifferentplace.Oldersocietiesmaybelessinnovativeandmorestronglydisinclinedtotakerisksthanyoungerones.By2025atthelatest,abouthalfthevotersinAmericaandmostofthoseinwesternEuropeancountrieswillbeover50—andolderpeopleturnouttovoteinmuchgreaternumberthanyoungerones.Academicstudieshavefoundnoevidencesofarthatoldervotershaveusedtheirpowerattheballotboxtopushforpoliciesthatspecificallybenefitthem,thoughifinfuturetherearemanymoreofthemtheymightstartdoingso.Noristhereanysignoftheintergenerationalwarfarepredictedinthe1990s.Afterall,olderpeoplethemselvesmostlyhavefamilies.Inarecentstudyofparentsandgrown-upchildrenin11Europeancountries,KarstenHankofMannheimUniversityfoundthat85%ofthemlivedwithin25kmofeachotherandthemajorityofthemwereintouchatleastonceaweek.Evenso,theshiftinthecentreofgravitytoolderagegroupsisboundtohaveaprofoundeffectonsocieties,notjusteconomicallyandpoliticallybutinallsortsofotherwaystoo.RichardJacksonandNeilHoweofAmerica’sCSIS,inathoughtfulbookcalledTheGrayingoftheGreatPowers,arguethat,amongotherthings,theageingofthedevelopedcountrieswillhaveanumberofserioussecurityimplications.Forexampletheshortageofyoungadultsislikelytomakecountriesmorereluctanttocommitthefewtheyhavetomilitaryservice.Inthedecadesto2050,Americawillfinditselfplayinganever-increasingroleinthedevelopedworld’sdefenceeffort.BecauseAmerica’spopulationwillstillbegrowingwhenthatofmostotherdevelopedcountriesisshrinking,Americawillbetheonlydevelopedcountrythatstillmattersgeopolitically地緣AskmeinThereislittlethatcanbedonetostoppopulationageing,sotheworldwillhavetolivewithit.Butsomeoftheconsequencescanbealleviated.Manyexpertsnowbelievethatgiventherightpolicies,theeffects,thoughgrave,neednotbecatastrophic.Mostcountrieshaverecognisedtheneedtodosomethingandarebeginningtoact.Buteventhenthereisnoguaranteethattheireffortswillwork.Whatishappeningnowishistoricallyunprecedented.RonaldLee,directoroftheCentreontheEconomicsandDemographyofAgeingattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,putsitbrieflyandclearly:“Wedon’treallyknowwhatpopulationageingwillbelike,becausenobodyhasdoneityet.“Inits1994report,theWorldBankarguedthatthecurrentpensionsysteminmostcountriescould notbesustainedinthelongfurtheracceleratetheageinghardlyhaltthegrowthofhelptideoverthecurrentageingWhatmessageisconveyedinbookslikeYoungvsThegenerationgapisboundtoTheyoungergenerationwillbeattheOldpeopleshouldgivewaytotheOnereasonwhypensionandhealthcarereformsareslowincomingis.nobodyiswillingtosacrificetheirownintereststotacklethemostpeopleareagainstmeasuresthatwillnotbearfruittheproposedreformswillaffecttoomanypeople’spoliticiansareafraidoflosingvotesinthenextTheauthorbelievesthemosteffectivemethodtosolvethepensioncrisisis.allowpeopletoworklonger[C]cutbackonhealthcareincreasetaxrevenues[D]startreformsrightThereasonwhyemployersareunwillingtokeepolderworkersis theyaregenerallydifficulttothelongertheywork,thehighertheirtheirpayishigherthanthatofyoungeryoungerworkersarereadilyTocompensateforthefast-shrinkinglabourforce,Japanwould toreviseitscurrentpopulationcontrollargenumbersofimmigrantsfromtoautomateitsmanufacturingandserviceapoliticallyfeasiblepolicyconcerningWhydomanywomeninrichcountriescompromisebyhavingonlyoneSmallfamiliesarebecomingmoreTheyfindithardtobalancecareerandItistooexpensivetosupportalargeChildcareistoobigaproblemforComparedwithyoungerones,oldersocietiesarelessinclined.Thepredictedintergenerationalwarfareisunlikelybecausemostoftheolderpeoplethemselves Countriesthathaveashortageofyoungadultswillbelesswillingtocommitthemto PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D],anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.[A]ThemanisthemanageroftheapartmentThewomanisverygoodatThewomanwillgettheapartmentThemanislookingforan[A]Howthepictureswillturnout.[C]Whatthemanthinksofthe[B]Wherethebotanicalgardenis.[D]Whythepicturesarenot[A]ThereisnoreplacementfortheThereisnomatchfortheThesuitcaseisnotworthThesuitcasecanbefixedin[A]HeneedsavehicletobeusedinharshHehasafairlylargecollectionofqualityHehashadhistruckadaptedforcoldHedoesroutinetruckmaintenanceforthe[A]Shecannotstandherboss’sbadShehasoftenbeencriticizedbyherShehasmadeuphermindtoSheneverregretsanydecisionsshe[A]LookforashirtofamoresuitablecolorandReplacetheshirtwithoneofsomeotherVisitadifferentstoreforasilkorcottonGetadiscountontheshirtsheisgoingto[A]Ata“LostandFound”.[C]Atatrade[B]Atareceptiondesk.[D]Atan[A]Repairitandmovein.[C]Convertitintoa[B]Passitontohisgrandson.[D]SellitforagoodQuestions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejust[A]Uniquedescriptiveskills.[C]Colourfulworld[B]Goodknowledgeofreaders’tastes.[D]Carefulplottingand[A]Apeacefulsetting.[C]Tobeintheright[B]Aspaciousroom.[D]Tobeentirely[A]TheyrelyheavilyontheirownTheyhaveexperiencessimilartotheTheylookattheworldinadetachedTheyareoverwhelmedbytheirownQuestions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejust[A]Goodorbad,theyaretheretoLikeitornot,youhavetouseBelieveitornot,theyhaveGainorlose,theyshouldbe[A]Thefrequenttraindelays.[C]Thefoodsoldonthe[B]Thehightrainticketfares.[D]ThemonopolyofBritish[A]ThelowefficiencyoftheirCompetitionfromothermodesofConstantcomplaintsfromThepassingofthenewtransport[A]Theywillbede-nationalised.[C]Theyarefast[B]Theyprovideworseservice.[D]TheylosealotofSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust[A]ThewholeAntarcticregionwillbeSomepolaranimalswillsoonbecomeManycoastalcitieswillbecoveredwithTheearthwillexperienceextreme[A]HowhumansaretocopewithglobalHowunstabletheWestAntarcticicesheetHowvulnerablethecoastalcitiesHowpolariceimpactsglobal[A]Itcollapsedatleastonceinthepast1.3millionItsitsfirmlyonsolidrockatthebottomoftheItmeltedattemperaturesabithigherthanthoseofItwillhavelittleimpactonsealevelwhenitbreaks[A]TheWestAntarcticregionwasonceanopenTheWestAntarcticicesheetwasabout7,000feetTheWestAntarcticicesheetwasoncefloatingTheWestAntarcticregionusedtobewarmerthanPassageQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust[A]WhetherwecandevelopsocialtiesontheWhetheradeletedphotoisimmediatelyremovedfromtheWhetherourblogscanberenewedWhetherwecansetupourown[A]Thenumberofvisitstheyreceive.[C]Thefilestheyhave[B]Thewaytheystoredata.[D]Themeanstheyusetoget[A]Whenthesystemisdown.[C]WhentheURLis[B]Whennewlinksaresetup.[D]WhentheserverisPassageQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust[A]SomeicedcoffeeshaveasmanycaloriesasahotIcedcoffeessoldbysomepopularchainsareDrinkingcoffeeafteramealismorelikelytocauseSomebrand-namecoffeescontainharmful[A]Havesomefreshfruit.[C]Takeahot[B]Exerciseatthegym.[D]Eatahot[A]TheycouldenjoyahappierfamilyTheycouldgreatlyimprovetheirworkManycancercasescouldbeManyembarrassingsituationscouldbeSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavePsychologistsarefindingthathopeplaysasurprisinglyvitalroleingivingpeopleameasurableadvantageinrealmsas(36) asacademicachievement,bearingupintoughjobsandcopingwith(37) illness.And,bycontrast,thelossofhopeisturningouttobeastrongersignthatapersonmay(38)suicidethanotherfactorslongthoughttobemorelikely“Hopehasprovenapowerfulpredictorof(39) ineverystudywe’vedonesofar,”saidDr.CharlesR.Snyder,apsychologistwhohasdeviseda(40)toassesshowmuchhopeapersonForexample,inresearchwith3,920collegestudents,Dr.Snyderandhis(41)foundthatthelevelofhopeamongfreshmenatthebeginningoffirstsemesterwasamore(42) predictoroftheircollegegradesthanweretheirS.A.T.scoresortheirgradepoint(43) inhighschool,thetwomeasuresmostcommonlyusedtopredictcollegeperformance.,”Dr.Snydersaid.“Whenyoucomparestudentsequivalentintelligenceandpastacademicachievements,whatsetsthemapartishope.”Indevisingawaytoassesshopescientifically,Dr.Snyder.“Thatnotionisnotconcreteenough,andblurstwokeycomponentsofhope,”Dr.Snydersaid.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingMostyoungboysaretrainedtobelievethatmenshouldbestrong,tough,cool,anddetached.Thus,theylearnearlytohidevulnerableemotionssuchaslove,joy,andsadnessbecausetheybelievethatsuchfeelingsarefeminineandimplyweakness.Overtime,somemenbecomestrangerstotheirownemotionallives.Itseemsthatmenwithtraditionalviewsofmasculinityaremorelikelytosuppressoutwardemotionsandtofearemotions,supposedlybecausesuchfeelingsmayleadtoalossofcomposure(鎮(zhèn)定).Keepinmind,however,thatthisviewischallengedbysomeresearchers.Aswithgendergaps,differencesinemotionalitytendtobesmall,inconsistent,anddependentonthesituation.Forinstance,Robertsonandcolleaguesfoundthatmaleswhoweremoretraditionallymasculineweremoreemotionallyexpressiveinastructuredexercisethanwhentheyweresimplyaskedtotalkabouttheiremotions.Males’difficultywith“tender”emotionshasseriousconsequences.First,suppressedemotionscancontributetostress-relateddisorders.Andworse,menarelesslikelythanwomentoseekhelpfromhealthprofessionals.Second,men’semotionalinexpressivenesscancauseproblemsintheirrelationshipswithpartnersandchildren.Forexample,menwhoendorsetraditionalmasculinenormsreportlowerrelationshipsatisfaction,asdotheirfemalepartners.Further,childrenwhosefathersarewarm,loving,andacceptingtowardthemhavehigherself-esteemandlowerratesofaggressionandbehaviorproblems.Onapositivenote,fathersareincreasinglyinvolvingthemselveswiththeirchildren.And30percentoffathersreportthattheytakeequalorgreaterresponsibilityfortheirchildrenthantheirworkingwivesdo.Oneemotionmalesareallowedtoexpressisanger.Sometimesthisangertranslatesintophysicalaggressionorviolence.Mencommitnearly90percentofviolentcrimesintheUnitedStatesandalmostallsexualassaults.Mostyoungboyshavebeentrainedtobelievethatmenwhoshowtenderfeelingsareconsideredtobe Somemenbelievethatiftheyexpressedtheiremotionsopenlythey.Accordingtotheauthor,menwhosuppresstheiremotionsmay.Menwhoobservetraditionalmasculinenormsaresaidtoderivelesssatisfaction Whenmalesgetangry,theycanbecome orevencommitSectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D]YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingIntheearly20thcentury,fewthingsweremoreappealingthanthepromiseofscientificknowledge.Inaworldstrugglingwithrapidindustrialization,scienceandtechnologyseemedtooffersolutionstoalmosteveryproblem.Newlycreatedstatecollegesanduniversitiesdevotedthemselvesalmostentirelytoscientific,technological,andengineeringfields.ManyAmericanscametobelievethatscientificcertaintycouldnotonlysolvescientificproblems,butalsoreformpolitics,government,andbusiness.TwoworldwarsandaGreatDepressionrockedtheconfidenceofmanypeoplethatscientificexpertisealonecouldcreateaprosperousandorderedworld.AfterWorldWarⅡ,theacademicworldturnedwithnewenthusiasmtohumanisticstudies,whichseemedtomanyscholarsthebestwaytoensurethesurvivalofdemocracy.Americanscholarsfannedoutacrossmuchoftheworld—withsupportfromtheFordFoundation,theFulbrightprogram,etc.—topromotetheteachingofliteratureandtheartsinanefforttomakethecasefordemocraticfreedoms.IntheAmericaofourowntime,thegreateducationalchallengehasbecomeanefforttostrengthentheteachingofwhatisnowknownastheSTEMdisciplines(science,technology,engineering,andmath).ThereisconsiderableandjustifiedconcernthattheUnitedStatesisfallingbehindmuchoftherestofthedevelopedworldintheseessentialdisciplines.India,China,Japan,andotherregionsseemtobeseizingtechnologicalAtthesametime,perhapsinevitably,thehumanities—whilestillpopularinelitecollegesanduniversities—haveexperiencedasignificantdecline.Humanisticdisciplinesareseriouslyunderfunded,notjustbythegovernmentandthefoundationsbutbyacademicinstitutionsthemselves.Humanistsareusuallyamongthelowest-paidfacultymembersatmostinstitutionsandareoftenlightlyregardedbecausetheydonotgenerategrantincomeandbecausetheyprovidenoobviouscredentials(資質(zhì))formostnonacademiccareers.UndoubtedlyAmericaneducationshouldtrainmorescientistsandengineersMuchoftheconcernamongpoliticiansaboutthestateofAmericanuniversitiestodayisfocusedontheabsenceof“realworld”education—whichmeanspreparationforprofessionalandscientificcareers.Buttheideathatinstitutionsortheirstudentsmustdecidebetweenhumanitiesandscienceisfalse.Oursocietycouldnotsurvivewithoutscientificandtechnologicalknowledge.Butwewouldbeequallyimpoverished貧困的)withouthumanisticknowledgeaswell.ScienceandtechnologyteachuswhatwecanHumanisticthinkinghelpsusunderstandwhatweshouldItisalmostimpossibletoimagineoursocietywithoutthinkingoftheextraordinaryachievementsofscientistsandengineersinbuildingourcomplicatedworld.Buttrytoimagineourworldaswellwithouttheremarkableworksthathavedefinedourcultureandvalues.Wehavealwaysneeded,andwestillneed,both.Intheearly20thcenturyAmericansbelievedscienceandtechnology.solvevirtuallyallexistingproblems[C]helpraisepeople’slivingquickenthepaceofindustrialization[D]promotethenation’ssocialWhydidmanyAmericanscholarsbecomeenthusiasticabouthumanisticstudiesafterWorldWarⅡ?TheywantedtoimprovetheirownstatuswithinthecurrenteducationTheybelievedthestabilityofasocietydependedheavilyonhumanisticTheycouldgetfinancialsupportfromvariousfoundationsforhumanisticTheyrealizedscienceandtechnologyalonewerenoguaranteeforabetterWhyareAmericanscholarsworriedabouteducationTheSTEMsubjectsaretoochallengingforstudentstoSomeAsiancountrieshaveovertakenAmericainbasicAmericaislaggingbehindintheSTEMTherearenotenoughscholarsinhumanisticWhataccountsforthesignificantdeclineinhumanisticstudiesInsufficientfunding.[C]ShortageofdevotedShrinkingenrollment.[D]DimprospectsforWhydoestheauthorattachsomuchimportancetohumanisticTheypromotethedevelopmentofscienceandTheyhelppreparestudentsfortheirprofessionalHumanisticthinkinghelpsdefineourcultureandPassageQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingWillthereeverbeanotherEinstein?ThisistheundercurrentofconversationatEinsteinmemorialmeetingsthroughouttheyear.AnewEinsteinwillemerge,scientistssay.Butitmaytakealongtime.Afterall,morethan200yearsseparatedEinsteinfromhisnearestrival,IsaacNewton.ManyphysicistssaythenextEinsteinhasn’tbeenbornyet,orisababynow.That’sbecausethequestforaunifiedtheorythatwouldaccountforalltheforcesofnaturehaspushedcurrentmathematicstoitslimits.Newmathmustbecreatedbeforetheproblemcanbesolved.ButresearcherssaytherearemanyotherfactorsworkingagainstanotherEinsteinemerginganytimesoon.Foronething,physicsisamuchdifferentfieldtoday.InEinstein’sday,therewereonlyafewthousandphysicistsworldwide,andthetheoreticianswhocouldintellectuallyrivalEinsteinprobablywouldfitintoastreetcarwithseatstospare.Educationisdifferent,too.OnecrucialaspectofEinstein’strainingthatisoverlookedistheyearsofphilosophyhereadasateenager—Kant,SchopenhauerandSpinoza,amongothers.Ittaughthimhowtothinkindependentlyandabstractlyaboutspaceandtime,anditwasn’tlongbeforehebecameaphilosopherhimself.“Theindependencecreatedbyphilosophicalinsightis—inmyopinion—themarkofdistinctionbetweenamereartisan(工匠)orspecialistandarealseekeraftertruth,”Einsteinwrotein1944.Andhewasanaccomplishedmusician.Theinterplaybetweenmusicandmathiswellknown.Einsteinwouldfuriouslyplayhisviolinasawaytothinkthroughaknottyphysicsproblem.Today,universitieshaveproducedmillionsofphysicists.Therearen’tmanyjobsinscienceforthem,sotheygotoWallStreetandSiliconValleytoapplytheiranalyticalskillstomorepractical—andrewarding—efforts.“MaybethereisanEinsteinouttheretoday,”saidColumbiaUniversityphysicistBrianGreene,“butitwouldbealotharderforhimtobeheard.”EspeciallyconsideringwhatEinsteinwas“Theactualfabricofspaceandtimecurving?MyGod,whatanidea!”GreenesaidatarecentgatheringattheAspenInstitute.“Ittakesacertaintypeofpersonwhowillbanghisheadagainstthewallbecauseyoubelieveyou’llfindthesolution.”P(pán)erhapsthebestexamplesarethefivescientificpapersEinsteinwroteinhis“miracleyear”of1905.These“thoughtexperiments”werepagesofcalculationssignedandsubmittedtotheprestigiousjournalAnnalenderPhysikbyavirtualunknown.Therewerenofootnotesorcitations.Whatmighthappentosuchasubmission“Weallgetpaperslikethoseinthemail,”Greenesaid.“WeputtheminthejunkWhatdoscientistsseemtoagreeupon,judgingfromthefirsttwoEinsteinpushedmathematicsalmosttoitsItwilltakeanotherEinsteintobuildaunifiedNophysicistislikelytosurpassEinsteininthenext200ItwillbesometimebeforeanewEinsteinWhatwascriticaltoEinstein’sHistalentasanaccomplishedHisindependentandabstractHisuntiringefforttofulfillhisHissolidfoundationinmathWhatdoestheauthortellusaboutphysicistsTheytendtoneglecttraininginanalyticalTheyareverygoodatsolvingpracticalTheyattachgreatimportancetopublishingacademicTheyoftengointofieldsyieldinggreaterfinancialWhatdoesBrianGreeneimplybysaying“...itwouldbealotharderforhimtobeheard”(Lines1-2,Para.9)?PeoplehavetocompeteinordertogettheirpapersItishardforascientisttohavehispaperspublishedPaperslikeEinstein’swouldunlikelygetpublishedNobodywillreadpapersonapparentlyridiculousWhenhesubmittedhispapersin1905, forgottomakefootnotesandwaslittleknowninacademicwasknownasayounggeniusinmathknewnothingabouttheformatofacademicPartVCloze(15Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.Fo