05844 全國 江蘇 自考國際商務(wù)英語課后習(xí)題答案 詳解

1、Whatdoesinternationalbusinessreferto?Pleasetellthedifferencebetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusiness.Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionsbetweenpartiesfromdiffirentcountries.Therearefourmajordiffrencesbetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusiness:differencesinlegalsystemdifferencesincu

2、rrenciesdifferencesincuturalbackgrounddifferencesinnaturalandeconomicconditionsPleaseexplainthedifferencesbetweenvisibletradeandinvisibletrade.Whichisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandaccountsforanincreasingproportionininternationaltrade?Commoditytrade,i.eexportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacture

3、dinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.Thiskindoftradeisalsoreferredtovisibletrade.Invisibletradeisintheformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.Invisibletradeisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandaccountsforanincreasingproportionininternationaltrade.Canyoucite

4、someexamplestoillustrateculturaldifferencesininternationalbusiness?Culturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,traditions,religion,value,behavioretc.Pleaseelaborateonthetwocategoreisofinternationalinvestment.Whatistheirmajordifference?ForeigndirectinvestmentsorFDIforshortismadeforreturnsthroughcont

5、rollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedininahostcountry.Portfolioinvestmentreferstopurchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.Whatislicensing?Whydofirmssometimeschooseitasmeansofenteringaforeignmarket?Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanothercoun

6、try.Firmschooselicensingbecausetheydonotwanttomakecashpaymentstostartbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty.Besides,theycanbenefitfromlocationaladvantegesofforeignoperationwithoutanyobligationsinownershipormanagement.Whatisfranchising?Howisitdifferentfromlicensing?Underfranchising,afim

7、,calledthefranchisee,isallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,calledthefranchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandname,logos,andoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.Incomparisionwiththerelationbetweenthelicenserandthelicensee,thefranchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmoresupportforthefranchisee.Whatisam

8、anagementcontract?Underwhatconditionsisitmostapplicable?Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecializedservicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolum.Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipincertainindustriesitconsiderstobeofstrate

9、gicimportancebutlackstheexpertiseforoperation,managementcontractsmaybeapracticalchoiceenablingaforeigncompanytooperateintheindustrywithoutowningtheassets.Whatisaninternationalturnkeyproject?InwhatwayisitsvariantBOTdifferentfromit?Foraninterantionalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwithaforeignpurcha

10、serandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequipingbeforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.ForaBOTproject,afirmoperateafacilityforaperiodoftimeafterbuildingitupbeforefinallytransferringittoaforeigncompany.MakingprofitfromoperatingtheprojectforaperiodisthemajordifferencebetweenBOTandt

11、hecommonturnkeyproject.Franchise:anarrangementbywhichamonopolyproducerorownergivesanotherpermissionfortheexclusiverighttomanufactureorselltheproductsincertainarea.Royalty:moneypaidtotheownerofacopyrightfrpermissiontopublishcopyrightmaterialandtotheownerofapatentforpermissiontouseapatenteddesign,usu,

12、atanagreedpercentageofthesellingpriceoftheproduct.Patent:aspecialrighttoaninventortobetheonlypersontomakeandsell,ortoauthorizeotherstomakeandsellanewly-inventedmachineorprocess.Non-tariffbarries:allformsofman-madeobstructionstointernationaltradeotherthantariffs,includingprohibitionsandquotas,etc.Por

13、tfolio:theentirecollectionofinvestmentsintheformofstocks,bonds,orcertificateofdepositsforpurposesotherthancontrolling.Turnkeyproject:oneinwhichoneofthepartiesagreestosupply,atthecontractprice,acompleteproductreadyforuse,suchasanewhome,factory,ship,etc.Budget:anaccountofprobablefutureincomeandexpendi

14、tureduringastated,period,usu,ayearusedasaguideinmakingfinancialarragements.Return:thegainfromaninvestment,eitherasincomeoryieldorasprofitonthesaleoftheinvestment.Expertise:expertknowledgeorskill,esp.inaparticularfield;know-howLicensor:apersonorcompanygrantingalicence、ExplaintheconceptsofGNPandGDPres

15、pectivelyandpointouttheirmajordifference.Canweusetheminterchaeably?GNPreferstothemarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedtythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.GDPmeasuresthemarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy.ThedifferencebetweenGNPandGDPisthatthefor

16、merfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhilethelatterconcentratesontheplacewhereproductiontakesplace.ThedifferencebetweenGNPandGDPcanbeignoredsinceitisverysmallinmostcases,sowecanusetheminterchangeably.Whataremeantbyhighincome,middleincome,andlowincomecountriesaccordingtotheWorldBank?Citesomee

17、xaplesforeachgroup.Thoseenjoyingannualpercapitaincomeof$9386andaboveareclassifiedashigh-incomecountries.Thisgroupcomprisesthreetypesofcountries.mostmembersoftheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)richoilproducingcontriesofthemiddleeast(Kuwait,SaudiArabia,UnitedArabEmirates).Small-i

18、ndustrializedcountriesorregionssuchasIsrael,Singapore,HongKongandTaiwan.Countrieswithannualpercapitaincomebelow$9386butabove$765areregardedasmiddle-incomecountries.mostEastEuropeancountriesandmostmembersoftheCommonwealthofIndependentStates,sixOECDmembers.(Czech,Greece,Hungary,Mexico,Turkey)quiteanum

19、berofLatinAmericancountriesandsomecomparativelydevelopedcountriesinAsia.(Indonesia,Malaysia,thephilippines,Thailand)AmongtheAfricancountries,SouthAfricaandoil-producingLibya,NigeriaandAlgeria.Lowerincomecountriesarethosethathavepercapitaincomesofonly$765orevenless.MostAfricancontries,someAsiancountr

20、iesandafewLatinAmericancountries.Whyarehighincomecountriesimportanttotradeandinvestment?Shouldweneglectlowincomecountriesininternationalbusiness?High-incomecountriesoftenhavegoodinfrastructure,highpurchasingpower,advancedtechnology,efficietmanagement,andfavorableenvironmentfortradeandinvestment.They

21、offerprimemarketsforexpensiveconsumergoodsandarebothattractivesourcesanddestinationsofinvestment.Weshouldnotneglectlowincomecountriesininternationalbusiness,becausetheyconstitutemarketsforlower-pricedstaplegoods,providecheaplaborandareoftenrichinresources.Whatismoreimportant,marketissomethingtobedev

22、eloped.Oncetapped,thebusinesspotentialofthesecountrieswillonedaybecomerealbusinessopportunities.InwhatdifferentwaysareGDPandpercapitaincomesignificantinassessingthepotentialofaparticularmarket?TotalGDPindicatestheoverallsizeofaneconomywhichisimportantinmarketassessmentfordurableequipmentorbulkgoodss

23、uchasgrain,steel,orcement.PercapitaGDPrevealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers,whichisimportantwhenmarketingconsumerdurables.Waschinaalow-incomecountryafewyearsago?Howaboutnow?Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1100isamiddle-incomecountrythoughitwasalowincomecountryjustafewyearsago.Whatdoestheterm“Traid

24、”referto?WhatismeanttyQuad?ThetermTriadreferstothethreerichestregionsoftheworldtheUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnionandJapanthatofferthemostimportantbusinessopportunities.SomepeopleextendthescopeofTriadtoincludeCanadaandnamethebroadenedgroupingQuad.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutOECD?Pleasemakeabriefaccount.OECDme

25、ansOrganizationofEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentwasestablishedin1961bythemajorcapitalimcountrieswiththeheadquarterinParis.Ithas29membercountries,amongwhich,23ofthemarehigh-incomecountriesandtheothersaremiddle-incomecountries.WhatisthebestpolicyforChinatodevelopbusinessopportunites?Thebestpolicyist

26、odevelopbusinessopportunitieswhereveradvantageouswhilekeepinginmindthekeymarkets.Tap:totakewhatisneededform,toexploitPPP:purchasintpowerparityConsumerism:considerabledesiretomakepurchaseforconsumptionRecipient:apersonoranorganizationetc.thatreceivessomethingPruchasingpower:ofpersons,thepublic,having

27、themoneytobuygoodsandservicesAverage:ofanordinary,commonorusualkindinqualityoramountSpur:tourgeorencourageProductive:producinginhighefficiencyorinlargequantityAssess:tojudgeanamountorvalueInfrastructure:large-scalepublicservices,suchaswaterandpowersupplies,road,railandradiocommunications,etc.neededt

28、osupporteconomicactivity,esp.industry,tradeandcommerceWhatisafreetradearea?Makeabriefaccountofthemostnotablefreetradeareaintheworld.Membersofafreetradearearemovesbarriestotheflowofgoodsandservicessmongthemselveswhileeachmemberstilladoptsitsownpolicyasregardstotradewithoutsiders.Themostnotablefreetra

29、deareaistheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA),thelargestfreemarketformedbytheUnitedStates.Inwhatwayisacustomsuniondifferentfromafreetradearea?CustomsUnionthatgoesastepfurtherbyadoptingthesametradepolicyforallthememberstowardcountriesoutsidetheirorganizationinadditiontoabolishingtradebarriersamon

30、gthemselves.Whatarethecharacteristicsofacomonmarket?Whichorganizationremainedacommonmarketforsomeyearsinthepast?Besidesfreemovementofgoodsandservicesandadoptionofcommonexternaltradepolicy,factorsofproductionsuchaslabor,capitalandtechnologyarefreetomoveamongmemberssothattheycanbeutilizedinamoreeffici

31、entandproductiveway.Inthepast,theEuropeanCommunityremainedacommonmarketforsomeyears.Howmuchdoyouknowaboutaneconomicunion?Canmembersofaneconomicunionkeepalloftheirnationalsovereignty?Economicunionischaracterizedbyintegrationofthedomesticpoliciesofitsmembersinrespectofeconomy,financeetc.inadditiontoab

32、senceoftradebarriers,practiceofcommonexternalpolicyandfreeproductionfactormobility.Themembercountriesofaneconomicunionarerequiredtosurrendersomeoftheirnationalsovereignty.MakeabriefaccountoftheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEU.Itshistorydatesbacktotheearlypost-waryears.Thefirstcommunity,theEuropeanCoaland

33、SteelCommunity(ECSC)wasestablishedin1952whichsetthestageformoreambitiousintegrationefforts.ThesigningofthemonumentalTreatyofRomein1957markstheestablishmentoftheEuropeanEconomicCommunitywiththeaimofgraduallyrealizingthefreemovementofgoods,services,laborandcapitalaswellastheharmonizationofeconomicpoli

34、ciesofthemembercountries.Tenyearslaterin1967,theEuropeanCommunitywasformedbymergingEEC,ECSCandtheEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity(EURATOM).1992wasalandmarkyearinthedevelopmentoftheECwhenitbecameatruecommonmarketasenvisagedbytheSingleEropeanAct.ThenonJanuary1,1994theEuropeanUnion(EU)cameintobeingonthest

35、rengthoftheMaastrichtTreaty.WhatisthemostpowerfulinstitutionoftheEU?WhatistheexecutivebodyoftheEU?Howdoesitoperate?ThemostPowerfulinstitutionoftheEUistheCouncilofMinisters.Ithasthefinalsayonallimportantmatters.Decisionsofthecouncilaremadebyvotesallocatedtomembercountriesonthebasisoftheirsize.Differe

36、ntministersattendthecouncilmeetingsdependingonthemattersdiscussed.ItsexecutivebodyistheEuropeanCommisioncomposedof20commissionersoverseeing23departmentsinchargeofdifferentaffairs.ExplainbrieflythefivelayerorganizationalstructureofAsia-PacificEconomicCooperation.1)ThefirstistheInformalMeetingofEconom

37、icleadersheldannually.ThesecondistheDual-MinisterialMeetingattendedbyforeignministers(excludingChineseTaipeiandHongKong)andministersinchargeofforeigntrade.ThethirdistheMeetingforMinistersResponsibleforTrade.ThefourthistheSeniorOfficialsMeeting(SOM)attendedbyviceministers,departmentaldirectorsorambas

38、sadorstoimplementdecisionsbyeconomicleadersandministerialmeetings.ThefifthlayerreferstothefoursubordinatecommitteesunderSOM,i.e.CommitteeofTradeandInvestment,EconomicCommittee,EconomicandTechnicalCooperationSubcommitteeofSOMandBudgetManagementCommittee.WhatarethetenetandobjectivesofAPEC?Whatismeantb

39、yitstwowheels?APEC-Asia-PacificEconomicCo-operation,itstenetandobjectivesare“inter-dependence,mutualbenefits,adheringtoanopenandmultilateraltradingsystemandreductionofregionaltradebarriers”.APECco-operationconcentratesontradeandinvestmentliberationandfacilitation(TILF)andeconomicandtechnicalcooperat

40、ion(ECOTECH)thatarecommonlytermedas“thetwowheelsofApec”.WhatarethenatureandobjectivesofOPEC?ThenatureofOPECisacommoditycartel.Byassigningproductionquotasamongitsmembers,OPECtriedtolimittheoverallcrudeoilsupplyoftheworldforthepurposeofmaintaininghigheroilprices.Veto:righttorejectorforbidsomethingDeto

41、ur:routethatavoidsablockedroad,deviationErode:wearaway,eatintoIntegration:combingintoawholeLiberalization:oftrade,theactofgovernmentinliftingcontrolsoverimportsandexportsTariff:taxleviedbythecustomsEnvisage:picture(anevent,action,etc)inthemindasafuturepossibility;imagineBanknote:printedpapermoneyiss

42、uedbyabank,usu.ThecountryscentralbankMobility:capacitythatcanmoveorbemovedeasilyandquicklyfromplacetoplaceBarriertotrade:anyactionbyagovernmenttolimitorpreventthefreeflowofgoodsinandoutofitscountry四、Whatarethebasicfeatureandmajorroleofeconomicglobalization?Withthebasicfeatureoffreeflowofcomodity,cap

43、ital,technology,service,andinformationintheglobalcontextforoptimizedallocation,economicglobalizationgivingnewimpetusandprovidingopportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopmentandmeanwhilemakingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterdependentandinteractive.Ithasbecomeanobjectivetrendinworldeconomicdevelopment.Me

44、ntionsomeoftheprosandconsofeconomicglobalization.Whatistherightattitudetowardit?Economicintegrationenablescountriesbenefitfromtheboomofothercountriesbutalsomakesthemmorevulnerabletotheadverseeventsacrosstheglobe.Thebestpolicyforusistofollowthetrendclosely,availingtheopportunitiesitofferstodevelopour

45、selvesandavoidingitspoosibleimpacts.Whatistheformaldefinitionofamultinationalenterprise?Howcanyoutellwhetheramultinationalcorporationisaparentorjustanaffiliate?Atypicalmultinationalenterpriseshallbedefinedasabusinessorganizationwhichowns(whetherwholyorpartly),controlsandmanagesassets,oftenincludingp

46、roductiveresources,inmorethanonecountry,throughitsmembercompaniesincorporatedseparatelyineachofthesecountries.IftheMNCistheoriginalinvestingcorporation,itisknownastheparentMNC,whichisnormallyalsotheinternationalheadquartersoftheMNE.IftheMNCisestablishedasaresultofinvestmentsbytheMNE,whetherthroughth

47、eparentorthroughanotherofitsalreadyestablishedMNC,itisanaffiliateMNC.DescribebrieflythecharacteristicsofMNEs.enormoussizewidegeographicalspreadlongevityandrapidgrowthWhatistheecommonlyrecognizedobjectiveofMNEs?Likemostbusinessorganizations,MNEsareformedforprofit.WhyissecuritysoimportanttoMNEs?Profit

48、isuselessifitcannotbesecuredbytheMNEandtransfeeedwhereveritsodesires.Doyouthink“widegeographicalspread”ofMNEsplaysaveryimportantroleinthedevelopmentoftheirbusiness?Why?enablesthemhaveawiderangeofoptionsintermsofdecisionsinareassuchassourcingandpricing.Moreabletotakeadvantageofchangesintheinternation

49、aleconomicenvironment.EnableMNEstoengageinworldwideintegratedproductionandmarketinggivingrisetoextensiveintra-MNEtransactionswhichconstituteaverysignificantproportionoftotalinternationaltrade.WhatistherelationshipbetweenMNEsandtheirhostcountries?HostgovernmentscananddowieldpoweroverMNCslocatedwithin

50、theirterritories.MNCsareunderthelegaljurisdictionoftheirhostgovernmentswhichcanimposevariousrules,regulations,andlawsontheMNCstotheextentofnationalizingalltheirassets.Whatarethefourtypesofmultinationalenterprises?Describeeachofthembriefly.multi-domesticcorporationthatisagroupofrelativelyindependents

51、ubsidiaries.Globalcorporationswhichoperatesunderanoppositeprinciplefromthefirsttypeandviewstheworldmarketasanintegratedwhole.Aretheremanyworldcompaniesatpresent?Imaginetheirfutureroleincompleteglobalization?No,veryfewcompanies,ifany,havereachedthislevelofinternationalization.Whensuchcompaniesbecomed

52、ominating,thepossiblilityofconflictsamongsovereignstatesmaybegreatlyreduced.Possiblytheywillbeinstrumentaltotherealizationofcompleteglobalization.Revenue:thetotalannualincomeofastateDecentralize:distributetheadministrativepowersoveralessconcentratedareaNationalize:tobringunderthecontrolorownershipof

53、anationInput:somethingthatisputinbusinessoperationWelfare:well-beingFramework:organizationstructureFacilities:somethingdesigned,builtorinstalledtoserveaspecificfunctionorperformaparticularserviceAffiliate:asubsidiarycompanycontrolledbyanotherWorldcompany:amultinationalwhosenationalidentityhasbeenblu

54、rredAssets:totalresourcesofabusiness,ascash,accountsreceivable,realestatesetc.五、Howwouldyoudefineinternationaltrade?Internationaltradecanbedefinedastheexchangeofgoddsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanother.Whydidinternationaltradefirstbegin?Inthecomplexeconomicworld,nocountrycanbec

55、ompletelyself-sufficient.Thedistributionofnaturalresourcesisuneven.Somecountriesareabundantinresources,whileelsewherereservesarescarceorevennonexistent.Andacountrymayberichinsomeresourcesbutpoorinothers.Thatisthereasonwhyinternationaltradefirstbegin.Whatisthenewincentivefortradethatarosewiththedevel

56、opmentofmanufacturingandtechnology?Internationalspecialization-onecountryproducingmoreofacommoditythanitusesitselfandsellingtheremaindertoothercountries.Accordingtothetheoryofabsoluteadvantage,tradeoccursonlywhenacountryhasanabsoluteadvantageoveranother.Isthatalwaystrue?No.Becauseinreality,itisnotra

57、rethatonecountryhasnoabsoluteadvantageinanycommodity.Whointroducedthetheoryofcomparativeadvantage?Whichtheorymakesmoresense,absoluteorcomparativeadvantage?DavidRicardo.Comparativeadvantage.Explainbrieflywhytradetoexploitcomparativeadvantagepromotesefficiencyamongcountries.Sinceitcanmakeonecountrybet

58、teroffwithoutmakinganotherworseoff.Iscomparativeadvantagesomethingstatic?Isitpurelydecidedbytheendowmentsofnature?Giveexamplestoshowthedevelopmentofcomparativeadvantagebycertaincountries.Comparativeadvantageisnotastaticconcept.Acountrymaydevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagepurelythroughitsownactio

59、ns,independentoftheendowmentsofnature.Switzerlandscomparativeadvantageinwatchmakingisatypicalexample.Service:somethingdonetohelporbenefitothersAboundant:plentiful,morethanenoughSpecialization:torestrictoneseconomicactivitiestocertainparticularfieldsPrimarycommodities:thosecommoditiesnotprocessed,oro

60、nlyslightlyprocessed,usuallyfarmproduceorrawmaterialsIncentive:thatwhichincites,rousesorencouragesapersonAlternative:thatmaybehad,usedetc.inplaceofsthelseIntuitive:relatingtothepoweroftheimmediateunderstandingofsomethingwithoutreasoningorstudy.Efficient:producingadesiredorsatisfactoryresult;abletope