生物專業(yè)英語-lesson-1-inside-the-living-cell

LessonOneInsidetheLivingCell:StructureandFunctionofInternalCellPartsWarming–upWordsandphrasesTextAnalysisSimpleexercisesAdditionalInformationContentsWarming–up植物細胞模式圖動物細胞模式圖Glossary

---aboutthe

proteinsand

organellesinsidethelivingcellStructureandFunction---aboutthe

organellesinsidethelivingcellFocusin……Aglobularcontractileprotein.Inmusclecells,actininteractswithanotherprotein,myosin,tobringaboutcontraction.1.actin

n.肌動蛋白Wordsandphrases2.n．肌球蛋白肌動蛋白3.

Microfilamentsaresolidrodsmadeofaproteinknownasactin.

4.

Microtubulesarebiopolymersthatarecomposedofsubunits.5.cytoskeletonn．細胞骨架

6.cytoplasm

n.胞質(zhì)7.centriolen.中心粒Anorganellelocatedclosetothenucleusinmostanimalandlowerplantcellsbutabsentfromprokaryotesandhigherplants.8.chemotaxis

n.[動物]化學(xué)向性；[生物]趨化現(xiàn)象；趨藥性

Alocomotorymovementofanorganismorcellinresponseto,anddirectedby,anexternaldirectionalstimulus.9.Aplastidinwhichphotosynthesisiscarriedout.Chloroplastsoccurinallphotosyntheticorganismsexceptphotosyntheticbacteriaandblue-greenalgae.10.ADNA-histonethreadresidinginthenucleusofacell.Eachchromosomepossessestwotelomeresandacentromere,andsomecontainanucleolusorganizer.11.n.纖毛Numerousshort,hairlikestructuresprojectingfromthecellsurfacethatenablelocomotion.12.13.14.15.

16.n．?dāng)M核，類核，核質(zhì)體17.n．核仁18.n．胞核，神經(jīng)核，核

19.n．吞噬作用

20.

21.n.質(zhì)體，成形粒質(zhì)體是植物細胞中由雙層膜包裹的一類細胞器的總稱，可分為白色體、有色體和葉綠體。

22.

23.

24.n．子座；基質(zhì)25.26.27.endoplasmicreticulum

n.內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)

Theendoplasmicreticulumplaysanimportantroleinthebiosynthesis,processing,andtransportofproteinsandlipids.28.nuclearenvelope

n.核膜，核被膜29.Golgicomplex

n.高爾基復(fù)合體30.basalbody

n.基體

纖毛和鞭毛的微管組織中心Wordsandphrases:Actinmyosin

centriolenucleoid

chemotaxisnucleoli

chloroplastnucleus

chromosomephagocytosis

ciliapinocytosis

cytoplasmplastid

cytoskeletonpolysome

dyneinribosome

flagellastroma

lysosometubulin

microfilamentvacuole

microtubulemitochondrionII.TextAnalysis1.Cytoplasm:TheDynamic,MobileFactoryMostofthepropertiesweassociatewithlifearepropertiesofthecytoplasm.Muchofthemassofacellconsistsofthissemifluidsubstance,whichisboundedtotheoutsidebytheplasmamembrane.Organellesaresuspendedwithinit,supportedbythefilamentousnetworkofthecytoskeleton.Dissolvedinthecytoplasmicfluidarenutients,ions,solubleproteins,andothermaterialsneededforcellfunctioning.參考翻譯1.細胞質(zhì)：動力工廠與生命相關(guān)的大部分特性都來自于胞質(zhì)中。絕大多數(shù)細胞都由這種質(zhì)膜包被的半流體胞質(zhì)組成。在胞質(zhì)中懸浮著各種細胞器，并由絲狀的細胞骨架所支撐。營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、金屬離子、可溶性蛋白以及維持細胞生理需求的其他物質(zhì)溶于胞質(zhì)流體中。2.TheNucleus:InformationCentralTheeukaryoticcellnucleusisthelargestorganelleandhousethegeneticmaterial(DNA)onchromosomes.(Inprokaryotesthehereditarymaterialisfoundinthenucleoid).Thenucleusalsocontainsoneortwoorganelles-thenucleoli-thatplayaroleincelldivision.Apore-perforatedsaccalledthenuclearenvelopeseparatesthenucleusanditscontentsfromthecytoplasm.Smallmoleculescanpassthroughthenuclearenvelope,butlargermoleculessuchasmRNAandribosomesmustenterandexitviathepores.參考翻譯2.細胞核:信息中心

在真核生物中，細胞核是最大的細胞器，細胞核的染色體上攜帶著遺傳物質(zhì)—DNA（原核生物的遺傳物質(zhì)位于擬核中）。細胞核含有1～2個核仁，核仁主要在細胞分裂的過程中發(fā)揮作用。含有多個核孔的核膜將胞核和胞質(zhì)隔開，小分子物質(zhì)能自由通過核膜，而大分子物質(zhì)如mRNA、核糖體等則必須通過核孔穿梭于胞質(zhì)和胞核中。3.Organelles:SpecializedWorkUnitsAlleukaryoticcellscontainmostofthevariouskindsorganelles,andeachorganelleperformsaspecializedfunctioninthecell.Organellesdescribedinthissectionincluderibosomes,theendoplasmicreticulum,theGolgicomplex,Vacuoles,lysosomes,mitochondria,andtheplastidsofplantcells.參考翻譯3.細胞器:各司其職所有的真核生物都包含著多種細胞器，每一種細胞器又行使著不同的功能。本文主要介紹核糖體、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)、高爾基體、液泡、溶酶體、線粒體和植物細胞中的質(zhì)體等。Thenumberofribosomeswithinacellmayrangefromafewhundredtomanythousands.Thisquantityreflectsthefactthatribosomesarethesitesatwhichaminoacidsareassembledintoproteinsforexportorforuseincellprocesses.Acompleteribosomeiscomposedofonelargerandonesmaller

subunit.DuringproteinsynthesisthetwosubunitsmovealongastrandofmRNA,“reading”thegeneticsequencecodedinitandtranslatingthatsequenceintoprotein.SeveralribosomesmaybecomeattachedtoasinglemRNAstrand;Suchacombinationiscalledapolysome.Mostcellularproteinsaremanufacturedonribosomesinthecytoplasm.Exportableproteinsandmembraneproteinsareusuallymadeinassociationwiththeendoplasmicreticulum.參考翻譯細胞中核糖體的數(shù)量往往從幾百到幾千不等，數(shù)量之眾反映出在細胞加工過程中核糖體提供了氨基酸裝配合成蛋白質(zhì)的場所，合成的蛋白就地使用或運到別處。完整的核糖體由大、小兩個亞基組成。在蛋白質(zhì)合成的過程中，兩個亞基沿著mRNA移動，讀取mRNA上編碼的遺傳信息并將其翻譯成蛋白。幾個核糖體往往串連到一條mRNA單鏈上，這樣形成的復(fù)合體叫做多聚核糖體。大多數(shù)細胞蛋白是由細胞質(zhì)中核糖體合成，轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白和膜蛋白的合成則通常與內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)有關(guān)。Theendoplasmicreticulum,alacyarrayofmembranoussacs,tubules,andvesicles,maybeeitherrough(RER)orsmooth(SER).Bothtypesplayrolesinthesynthesisandtransportofproteins.TheRER,whichisstuddedwithpolysomes,alsoseemstobethesourceofthenuclearenvelopeafteracelldivides.TheSERlackspolysomes;itisactiveinthesynthesisoffatsandsteroidsandintheoxidationoftoxicsubstancesinthecell.Bothtypesofendoplasmicreticulumserveascompartmentswithinthecellwherespecificproductscanbeisolatedandsubsequentlyshuntedtoparticularareasinoroutsidethecell.參考翻譯內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)是一個連續(xù)的膜囊和膜管網(wǎng)，可分為粗糙內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)和光滑內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)兩種類型，兩種都與蛋白質(zhì)的合成和運輸有關(guān)。其中的糙面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)上附著多聚核糖體，它可能是細胞分裂后形成核膜的來源；光面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)無多聚核糖體，主要作用是脂肪和類固醇的合成以及細胞內(nèi)有毒物質(zhì)的氧化。總之，兩種類型的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)都可以發(fā)揮隔離室的作用，相關(guān)產(chǎn)物在其中進行分流或運輸?shù)郊毎?。Transportvesiclesmaycarryexportablemoleculesfromtheendoplasmicreticulumtoanothermembranousorganelle,theGolgicomplex.WithintheGolgicomplexmoleculesaremodifiedandpackagedforexportoutofthecellorfordeliveryelsewhereinthecytoplasm.參考翻譯轉(zhuǎn)運囊泡能夠?qū)⑥D(zhuǎn)運分子從內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)轉(zhuǎn)運到其他的膜包被的細胞器（高爾基體）中，在高爾基復(fù)合體中修飾，包裝后輸出細胞或傳遞到細胞質(zhì)中的其他場所。Vacuolesincellsappeartobehollowsacsbutareactuallyfilledwithfluidandsolublemolecules.Themostprominentvacuolesappearinplantcellsandserveaswaterreservoirsandstoragesitesforsugarsandothermolecules.Vacuolesinanimalcellscarryoutphagocytosis(Theintakeofparticularmatter)andpinocytosis(vacuolardrinking).參考翻譯液泡看似一個空囊，實則充滿了流質(zhì)和可溶性分子。大液泡存在于植物細胞中，儲留水分、糖分和其他分子。動物細胞中的液泡主要起胞吞和胞飲的功能。Asubsetofvacuolesistheorganellesknownaslysosomes,whichcontaindigestiveenzymes(packagedinlysosomesintheGolgicomplex)thatcanbreakdownmostbiologicalmacromolecules.Theyacttodigestfoodparticlesandtodegradedamagedcellparts.參考翻譯溶酶體是液泡的亞單位，其中含有的多種消化酶是由高爾基體包裝轉(zhuǎn)運的。這些消化酶能夠降解大多數(shù)生物大分子、食物顆粒和損傷的細胞碎片。Mitochondriaarethesitesofenergy-yieldingchemicalreactionsinallcells.Inaddition,plantcellscontainplastidsthatutilizelightenergytomanufacturecarbohydratesintheprocessofphotosynthesis.ItisonthelargesurfaceareaprovidedbytheinnercristaeofmitochondriathatATP-generatingenzymesarelocated.Mitochondriaareself-replicating,andprobablytheyaretheevolutionary

descendantsofwhatwereoncefree-livingprokaryotes.參考翻譯線粒體是所有細胞中細胞中化學(xué)產(chǎn)能的場所。另外，植物細胞中的質(zhì)體在光合作用中利用光能產(chǎn)生碳水化合物。線粒體內(nèi)嵴上提供了很大的表面積并分布著產(chǎn)ATP酶。線粒體自我復(fù)制，可能是獨立生存的原核生物在進化中形成的后代。Therearetwotypesofplastids:Leucoplasts,whichlackpigmentsandserveasstoragesitesforstarch,proteins,andoils;andchromoplasts,whichcontainpigments.Themostimportantchromoplastsarechloroplasts-organellesthatcontainthechlorophyllusedinphotosynthesis.Theinternalstructureofchloroplastsincludesstacksofmembranescalledgrana,whichareembedded,inamatrixcalledthestroma.參考翻譯質(zhì)體有兩種類型，分別是白色體和有色體。白色體不含色素，是淀粉、蛋白質(zhì)、油脂的儲存庫；有色體含有色素，其中最重要的一類是葉綠體。葉綠體含有光合作用所需的葉綠素，其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)由基質(zhì)和嵌入其中基粒（膜包被的類囊體垛疊在一起）組成。4.ThecytoskeletonAlleukaryoticcellshaveacytoskeleton,whichisaconvolutedlatticeworkoffilamentsandtubulesthatappearstofillallavailablespaceinthecellandprovidessupportforvariousotherorganelles.Alargeportionofthecytoskeletonconsistsofthreadlike

microfilamentcomposedmainlyofthecontractileproteinactin.Theyareinvolvedinmanytypesofintracellularmovementsinplantandanimalcells.Asecondprotein,myosin,isinvolveinthecontractionofmusclecells.參考翻譯

4.細胞骨架所有的真核生物都有細胞骨架，細胞骨架是由細絲和小管形成的交錯盤旋的網(wǎng)格結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)幾乎充斥了細胞中所有可利用的空間并且對細胞器提供支持作用。細胞骨架主要由微絲組成，微絲主要是可伸縮的肌動蛋白。動植物細胞的許多種類型細胞內(nèi)運動與肌動蛋白有關(guān)。第二類蛋白是肌球蛋白，它與肌肉細胞的收縮有關(guān)。Anothermainstructuralcomponentofthecytoskeletonconsistsofmicrotubules,whicharecomposedoftheglobularproteintubulinandtogetheractasscaffoldingthatprovidesastablecellshape.

細胞骨架的另一個主要的結(jié)構(gòu)成分是微管，它由球狀微管蛋白組成，起穩(wěn)定細胞形態(tài)的支架作用。Cytoskeletalintermediatefilamentsappeartoimparttensilestrengthtothecellcytoplasm.Mechanoenzymessuchasmyosin,dynein,andkinesininteractwiththecytockeletalfilamentsandtubulestogenerateforcesthatcausemovements.細胞骨架的中間纖維提供了細胞質(zhì)伸縮動力。“機械酶”類如肌球蛋白、動力蛋白、驅(qū)動蛋白與微絲和微管相互作用從而產(chǎn)生動力，驅(qū)動細胞運動。5.Cellularmovements細胞運動Althoughthecytoskeletonprovidessomestabilitytocells,itsmicrotubulesandfilamentsandtheirassociatedproteinsenablecellstomovebycreepingorgliding.盡管細胞骨架提供了細胞的某些穩(wěn)定性，微管、微絲及其相關(guān)蛋白卻仍能夠使細胞以爬行或滑翔的方式運動。Suchmovementsrequireasolidsubstrate

towhichthecellcanadhereandcanbeguidedbythegeometryofthesurface.這種運動需要一個能使細胞附著的固體基質(zhì)，并通過表面幾何形狀的改變而運動。Somecellsalsoexhibitchemotaxis,theabilitytomovetowardorawayfromthesourceofadiffusingchemical.有些細胞還表現(xiàn)出趨化能力，即趨向或逃離擴散開的化學(xué)源。Certainprokaryoticcellscanswimfreelyinliquidenvironments,propelledbywhiplike

cilia

orflagella.某些原核細胞可在液體環(huán)境中通過鞭子似的纖毛或鞭毛推動進行自由地泳動。Bothciliaandflagellahavethesameinternalstructure:ninedoublets(pairsofmicrotubules)arearrangedinaringandextendthelengthoftheciliumorflagellum,andtwomoremicrotubulesrundownthecenterofthering.纖毛和鞭毛具有相同的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)：9對微管排列成環(huán)沿纖毛或鞭毛長軸延長，另有兩根或兩根以上微管在環(huán)的中央位置。Everyciliumorflagellumgrowsonlyfromthecellsurfacewhereabasalbodyislocated.Movementisbasedontheactivitiesoftinydyneinsidearmsthatextendfromoneofthemicrotubulesofeachdoublet.纖毛或鞭毛自細胞表面的基體長出，其運動基于每個聯(lián)管上的一個微管延伸出的由微小的動力蛋白的形成的臂。Nutrients,proteins,andothermaterialswithinmostplantcellsaremovedaboutviacytoplasmicstreaming.大多數(shù)植物細胞內(nèi)部的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、蛋白質(zhì)和其它物質(zhì)通過胞質(zhì)流動進行運動。Theprocessoccursasmyosinproteinsattachedtoorganellespushagainstmicrofilamentsarrayedthroughoutthecell.Microfilamentsandmicrotubulesareresponsibleforalmostallmajorcytoplasmicmovements.這個過程伴隨附著在細胞器上的肌球蛋白推動遍布于整個細胞中的微絲而發(fā)生。微絲和微管負責(zé)幾乎所有主要的胞質(zhì)內(nèi)運動。Duringcelldivision,microtubulesofthespindle—assembledfromtubulinsubunitsnearorganellescalledcentrioles—movethechromosomes.在細胞分裂期間，靠近中心粒的微管蛋白亞基裝配成紡錘體的微管，這些微管負責(zé)染色體的移動。Reviewthewords:Actin------肌動蛋白centriole------中心粒chemotaxis-------趨化性chloroplast--------葉綠體chromosome--------染色體cilia-------纖毛Cytoplasm-------胞質(zhì)cytoskeleton-------細胞骨架flagella--------------鞭毛lysosome-----------溶酶體microfilament---------微絲microtubule-----------微管mitochondrion---------------線粒體myosin

------肌球蛋白nucleoid------擬核nucleoli

-------核仁nucleus-------細胞核phagocytosis

--------吞噬作用pinocytosis-------胞飲作用plastid--------質(zhì)體polysome

-------多聚核糖體dynein

-------動力蛋白stroma

-------基質(zhì)lysosome-------溶酶體vacuole

--------------液泡ExercisesIKeyterms:matchingMatcheachtermontheleftwiththemostappropriatedescriptionontherightPolysomea.proteinsynthesisPinocytosisb.baglikestructureExocytosisc.powergeneratorPlastidd.whereflagellagrowGolgicomplexe.towardorawayfromachemicalstimulusFlagellaf.engulfmentPhagocytosisg.RNAandribosomesLysosomeh.weblikeBasalbodyi.inplantsonlyChemotacticj.controlroomNucleusk.expelVacuolel.vacantRibosomem.whiplikeCytoskeletonn.celldrinkingMitochondriono.packagingII.TrueorfalseTheDNAofprokaryoticcellisconcentratedinthenucleus.2.Ribosomesarederivedfromthenucleoli.3.Unlikeothercellmembranes,thenuclearenvelopehasnopores.4.Thesmoothendoplasmicreticulumisheldinplacebythecytoskeleton.5.Structuralproteinsareexportable.6.Thenuclearenvelopeisproducedbytheroughendoplasmicreticulum.7.Mostcellularproteinsaremanufacturedonribosomes.8.Whitebloodcellsworkbyphagocytosis.9.Prokaryoticcellshavemicrobodies.10.Mitochondriaareself-replication.11.Pinocytosisdescribestheintakeoffluidintoaacellbyavacuole.12.Bothprokaryoticandeukaryoticcellshaveasupportingcytoskeleton.13.Carotenoids（類胡蘿卜素）arecolorlessmolecules.14.Grana（基粒）aresurroundedbystomata（氣孔）.IIICompletionPhagocytosisisamethodofcellfeedingthatfirstrequiresthatthefoodbe

2.Thepackagessomefiftyhydrolyticenzymeinarelysosome-likevesiclescontainingwasteproducts.TheyarethoughttoinvolvedwithcellBothandthoughttohavearisenfromendosymbiosis.(內(nèi)共生)engulfedGolgicomplexlysosomesLipofuscingranules（脂褐質(zhì)顆粒）

agingmitochondriaChloroplastsIIICompletion5.Thecytoskeletoniscomposedofveryfine,mediumandlarger6.Creepingandglidingcellmovementsareusually-dependent.7.Behaviorisshownwhenacellmovestowardorawayfromachemicalsubstance.8.GlagellagrowfromthecellsurfaceonlyatthemicrofilamentsIntermediatefilamentsmicrotubulesanchorageChemotacticbasalbodyIVMultiplechoice1.Mostofthepropertiesassociatedwithprocessesoflifearepropertiesof_______.A.ThenucleusB.DNAC.ThecytoplasmD.endosymbiontsE.Noneoftheabove2.Ribosmes_______.A.areorganellesinvolvedinproteinsynthesisB.arethecell’ssitesforstarchC.areinvolvedinthebreakdownofproteinsD.arethecell’smainenergysourceE.Noneoftheabove3.Smoothendoplasmicreticulum(SER)_______.A.LacksribosomesB.isaciveinfatandsteroidsynthesisC.isinvolvedintheoxidiationoftoxinsD.alloftheaboveE.noneoftheabove4.ribosomesaremanufacturedin_______.A.cytoplasmB.nucleoliC.mitochondriaD.SERE.RER5.lysosomescontain_______.A.hydrolyticenzymesB.geneticmaterialC.storedfatsD.proteins6.DuringproteinsynthesisasinglemRNAmoleculemaybeassociatedwithseveralribosomestoform_______.A.AgeneB.AlysosomeC.ApolysomeD.SmoothendoplasmicreticulumE.Noneoftheabove7.Proteinssynthesizedonendolasmicreticulumaremodified_______.A.invacuolesB.inthecellmembraneC.intheGolgicomplexD.InlysosomesE.Noneoftheabove8.InprokayoticcellstheDNAis_______.A.foundinthenucleusB.organizedintoanumberofdiscretechromosomesC.condensedintoanunboundedareacalledthenucleoidD.condensedintonucleoliE.enclosedinanuclearenvelopeAdditionalInformation1.NamesofChemicalElementSymbolscommonlyUsed:HhydrogenClChlorineCCarbonZnZincAlAluminiumHgMercuryCaCalciumOOxygenFeIron