2023新教材高中英語Unit1ScienceandScientistsSectionⅠReadingandThinking課時作業(yè)1新人教版選擇性必修第二冊

UNIT1SCIENCEANDSCIENTISTSSectionⅠReadingandThinking課時作業(yè)(一)Ⅰ語言運用(·浙江省諸暨中學(xué)高二檢測)WilliamThomsonWilliamThomsonwasbornon26June1824inBelfast.Hewastaughtbyhisfather,aprofessorofmathematics.In1832,thefamily1toGlasgowwhereThomsonattendeduniversityattheageof10,2studiedatCambridgeandParisUniversities.In1846hebecameprofessorofnaturalphilosophyinGlasgow,aposthe3formorethan50years.InGlasgow,Thomson4thefirstphysicslaboratoryinBritain.Hewasapioneerinmanydifferent5，particularlyelectromagnetism(電磁學(xué))andthermodynamics(熱力學(xué)).Thomsondevelopedtheworkofthe6ofthesubject,NicolasCarnotandJamesJoule.Oneofthemost7resultsofhisworkwashisideaofanabsolutezerooftemperature—thescalebasedonthisisnamed8him.Throughouthiswork,Thomson'smaingoalwasthepractical9ofscience.Heachieved10throughhisworkonsubmarinetelegraphy,amajorpractical11oftheday.HeinventedmanyelectricalinstrumentsandhishouseinGlasgowwasthefirsttobe12byelectriclight.Thomsonwasraisedtothenoblemenwiththe13ofBaronKelvinofLargsin1892.TheKelvinwasasmallriverthat14nearGlasgowUniversityandwaspresidentoftheRoyalSocietyfrom1890to1895.Hediedon17December1907inAyrshire,Scotlandandwas15inWestminsterAbbey.篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章介紹了威廉·湯姆森(WilliamThomson)的生平，并重點講述了他在科學(xué)和實際應(yīng)用方面所取得的成就。1．A.flew B．travelledC．wandered D．moved答案：D結(jié)合上文的“inBelfast”和后面的“toGlasgow”可知，此處表示一家人從貝爾法斯特搬(move)到了格拉斯哥。2．A.or B．thenC．but D．so答案：B結(jié)合前面的“attendeduniversity”和后面的“CambridgeandParisUniversities”可知，他先在格拉斯哥上大學(xué)，后來(then)到劍橋大學(xué)和巴黎大學(xué)上學(xué)。3．A.sought B．confirmedC．held D．a(chǎn)dmired答案：C由前面的“professorofnaturalphilosophyinGlasgow,apost”可知，此處表示他擔任(hold)這個職位長達50多年。4．A.tookup B．brokeupC．setup D．blewup答案：C由后面的“thefirstphysicslaboratory”可知，此處表示建立(setup)了第一個物理實驗室。5．A.fields B．countriesC．labs D．colleges答案：A后面提到的“particularlyelectromagnetism(電磁學(xué))andthermodynamics(熱力學(xué))”是兩個不同的領(lǐng)域(field)。6．A.learners B．pioneersC．competitors D．leaders答案：B根據(jù)前面的“developedtheworkof”和后面的“thesubject”及其后的兩個人名可知，此處指的是湯姆森發(fā)展了這兩位先驅(qū)者(pioneer)在這一學(xué)科的成就。7．A.important B．obviousC．fortunate D．positive答案：A結(jié)合后面的“hisideaofanabsolutezerooftemperature”可知，此處表示他所提出的最重要(important)的想法。8．A.for B．withC．a(chǎn)fter D．on答案：Cnameafter“以……命名”，固定詞組。9．A.discovery B．problemC．a(chǎn)dvice D．use答案：D由下文的“Heachieved...hisworkonsubmarinetelegraphy...”可知，他的主要目標是讓科學(xué)被實際利用(use)。10．A.wealth B．fameC．contribution D．enthusiasm答案：B此處指他通過自己在海底電報方面的工作而成名。fame“名聲，名譽”，符合語境。11．A.problem B．fantasyC．experiment D．mystery答案：A根據(jù)語境可知，此處是指海底電報通訊技術(shù)是當時一個主要的實際問題(problem)。12．A.lit B．builtC．decorated D．equipped答案：A根據(jù)后面的“byelectriclight”可知他家是第一個使用電燈照明的家庭。light“照明，照亮”，符合語境。light一般使用其被動形式，過去分詞為lit。13．A.title B．nameC．honor D．a(chǎn)ward答案：A結(jié)合前面的“wasraisedtothenoblemen”和后面的“BaronKelvinofLargsin1892”可知，在1892年他晉升成為了貴族，擁有BaronKelvinofLargs(凱爾文男爵)的稱號(title)。14．A.floated B．rushedC．surrounded D．flowed答案：D根據(jù)前面的“asmallriver”可知，此處表示小河從格拉斯哥大學(xué)附近流(flow)過。15．A.buried B．respectedC．a(chǎn)dmitted D．preserved答案：A與前面的“Hediedon17December1907”呼應(yīng)，此處指他死后被埋葬(bury)在威斯敏斯特教堂里面。Ⅱ閱讀(·廣東省廣州市越秀區(qū)高二月考)Monkeysseemtohaveawaywithnumbers.AteamofresearcherstrainedthreeRhesusmonkeystoassociate26clearlydifferentsymbolsconsistingofeq\a\vs4\al(P)numbersandselectiveletterswith025dropsofwaterorjuiceasareward.Theresearchersthentestedhowthemonkeyscombined—oradded—thesymbolstogetthereward.Here'showHarvardMedicalSchoolscientistMargaretLivingstone,wholedtheteam,describedtheexperiment:Intheircagesthemonkeyswereprovidedwithtouchscreens.Ononepartofthescreen,asymbolwouldappear,andontheothersidetwosymbolsinsideacirclewereshown.Forexample,thenumber7wouldflashononesideofthescreenandtheotherendwouldhave9and8.Ifthemonkeystouchedtheleftsideofthescreentheywouldberewardedwithsevendropsofwaterorjuice;iftheywentforthecircle,theywouldberewardedwiththesumofthenumbers—17inthisexample.Afterrunninghundredsoftests,theresearchersnotedthatthemonkeyswouldgoforthehighervaluesmorethanhalfthetime,indicatingthattheywereperformingacalculation,notjustmemorizingthevalueofeachcombination.Whentheteamexaminedtheresultsoftheexperimentmoreclosely,theynoticedthatthemonkeystendedtounderestimateeq\a\vs4\al(W1)asumcomparedwithasinglesymbolwhenthetwowerecloseinvalue—sometimeschoosing,forexample,a13overthesumof8and6.Theunderestimationwassystematiceq\a\vs4\al(W2)：Whenaddingtwonumbers,themonkeysalwayspaidattentiontothelargerofthetwo,andthenaddedonlyafractioneq\a\vs4\al(W3)ofthesmallernumbertoit.“Thisindicatesthatthereisacertainwayquantityisrepresentedintheirbrains，”DrLivingstonesays.“Butinthisexperimentwhatthey'redoingispayingmoreattentiontothebignumberthanthelittleone.”篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一組研究者進行的恒河猴實驗過程和實驗結(jié)果。1．Whatdidtheresearchersdotothemonkeysbeforetestingthem?A．Theyfedthem. B．Theynamedthem.C．Theytrainedthem. D．Theymeasuredthem.答案：C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句中的“AteamofresearcherstrainedthreeRhesusmonkeys”可知，研究人員在測試猴子之前對它們進行了訓(xùn)練。故選C。2．Howdidthemonkeysgettheirrewardintheexperiment?A．Bydrawingacircle. B．Bytouchingascreen.C．Bywatchingvideos. D．Bymixingtwodrinks.答案：B細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第四句中的“Ifthemonkeystouchedtheleftsideofthescreen,theywouldberewarded”可知，在這個實驗中，猴子是通過觸摸屏幕(touchascreen)的方式以獲得相應(yīng)的獎勵的。故選B。3．WhatdidLivingstone'steamfindaboutthemonkeys?A．Theycouldperformbasicaddition.B．Theycouldunderstandsimplewords.C．Theycouldmemorizenumberseasily.D．Theycouldholdtheirattentionforlong.答案：A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句中的“berewardedwiththesumofthenumbers”和第四段中的“indicatingthattheywereperformingacalculation”可知，猴子們可以做簡單的加法運算。故選A。4．Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?A．Entertainment. B．Health. C．Education. D．Science.答案：D推理判斷題。文章主要介紹了一個研究團隊對三只猴子進行的實驗及其研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。如果這篇文章刊登在報紙上，最有可能被放在科學(xué)(Science)板塊。故選D。溫馨提示：閱讀中標注的W部分為重點單詞，標注的P部分為重點短語，旨在通過此欄目的練習(xí)，幫助學(xué)生夯實基礎(chǔ)，做到厚積薄發(fā)。eq\a\vs4\al(W重點單詞)1．underestimatev.低估2．systematicadj.成體系的；系統(tǒng)的3．fractionn.小部分eq\a\vs4\al(P重點短語)consistof由……組成(構(gòu)成)Ⅲ語法填空WhenIwasauniversitystudent,I1(attract)bytheChinese.SoIgotajobasateacherinWuhanthreeyearsago.2(think)back,whatIrealizeis3thestudentsImetinthefirstyearandChineseuniversitylifeinfluencedme.Duringmyschooldays,Iwouldrarelygiveupmysparetimetoanyactivity4(connect)withstudy.Unlessexamswereapproaching,myweekendsweredevotedtohavingfunorperhapsapart-timejob.MyChineseclassmates,5theotherhand,seemedtospendtheirentirewakinghoursstudying.IunderstandthatcompetitioninChineseuniversitiesisextremelyfierce.Nonetheless,theirenergyandmotivationput6(I)toshame.MyfirstyearinChinawasalsomyfirstyearasateacher.Itwasbothchallenging7rewarding.OnethingIknowforcertainis8myyearinWuhanhelpedmechangeforthebetter.Thankstothepolitenessand9(warm)ofChinesestudents,Iovercamemyfearofspeakinginpublicandbecamemoreself-confident.Most10(important),Imetdozensofnicepeopleandmademanyexcellentfriends.1．2.3.4.5．6.7.8.9．10.篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者在中國的留學(xué)經(jīng)歷。1．wasattracted考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。此處表述“我”被中文吸引了，所以應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)；結(jié)合時間狀語“WhenIwasauniversitystudent”可知，此處陳述的是過去的情況，所填謂語動詞應(yīng)用一般過去時，故此處填wasattracted。2．Thinking考查非謂語動詞。I與動詞think之間為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表主動，且非謂語動詞所表示動作幾乎與謂語realize所表示動作同時發(fā)生，故此處應(yīng)用動詞－ing形式；且所填詞位于句首，故此處填Thinking。3．how考查表語從句的連接詞。how引導(dǎo)的從句作is的表語，引導(dǎo)詞how在從句中作狀語，修飾influence，表示影響的方式。4．connected考查非謂語動詞。動詞connect與activity是被動關(guān)系，故用connect的過去分詞形式作后置定語。5．on考查介詞。由語境可知，此處表示兩種情況的對比。ontheotherhand為固定搭配，意為“另一方面”。6．me考查代詞。所填詞在動詞后，故用人稱代詞I的賓格形式me。7．a(chǎn)nd考查連詞。此處表示“這既具有挑戰(zhàn)性又有意義”。both...and...“不僅……而且……”。8．that考查表語從句的連接詞。that引導(dǎo)的從句作系動詞is的表語，為表語從句。引導(dǎo)詞that在從句中不作成分，沒有語義。9．warmth考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。thanksto為介詞短語，其后可接名詞作賓語，又結(jié)合“politenessand”可知，此處應(yīng)填warm的名詞形式warmth。10．importantly考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。結(jié)合語境可知，此處表示“最重要的是”，修飾整個句子，應(yīng)用副詞，故此處應(yīng)填importantly。Ⅳ應(yīng)用文寫作你校英文報最近開設(shè)了“FamousScientist”專欄，現(xiàn)面向全校學(xué)生征文。請你用英語寫一篇短文介紹一位著名科學(xué)家并投稿。內(nèi)容包括：1．該人物是誰；2．該人物的主要經(jīng)歷及貢獻；3．