學(xué)士建設(shè)工程招投標(biāo)中存在的問(wèn)題及對(duì)策

學(xué)號(hào)xxxxxxxxxxxxxxXXXXXXXXXXXX本科畢業(yè)論文建設(shè)工程招投標(biāo)中存在的問(wèn)題及對(duì)策探討院（系）名稱：XXXX學(xué)院專業(yè)名稱：工程管理學(xué)生姓名：XX斜指煮套導(dǎo)洲蹄教愛稍師告缺衡：夜趁掛X紹該譽(yù)云X氧X終X宿X倡X蘭年毯X拋月午鄭盯挪重主冰聲蝴虜明誓本間人鋪呈富交瘋的羨學(xué)錯(cuò)位押論薯文舒，成是堪在青導(dǎo)恐師快的廳指益導(dǎo)會(huì)下矛，盒獨(dú)勁立勝進(jìn)姓行據(jù)研她究徒工制作壤所麗取扇得假的優(yōu)成搬果可，堡所荒有件數(shù)平據(jù)織、州圖慎片它資且料免真慘實(shí)具可晴靠給。和盡腥我霉所欄知唯，谷除征文獵中鹿已膝經(jīng)暮注飄明尸引棵用孟的丹內(nèi)瓜容愈外扛，記本夾學(xué)家位歌論晌文愛的就研覆究培成否果自不消包對(duì)含換他命人落享窄有籠著筋作氏權(quán)贈(zèng)的產(chǎn)內(nèi)影容奴。帥對(duì)通本辦論廣文糧所悲涉抹及春的爐研豎究季工翠作歲做院出談貢飯獻(xiàn)婚的縣其絨他培個(gè)嫂人僅和唇集丸體犬，理均折已垂在炸文啟中唇以螞明叮確稍的削方腸式粱標(biāo)根明豆。曠本賺學(xué)么位梳論啦文速的注知欄識(shí)置產(chǎn)史權(quán)奇歸礦屬素于家X牛X蠅X退X趣X箭學(xué)曉院西。齊本跌人鹽簽裙名示：朱傘那偵浴沒族眉日治期忍：妹目佛去錄TOC\o"1-5"\h\z\uHYPERLINKsince1999,thecountryandreorganizestheconstructionmarketasthestandardthemarketeconomyorderthekeypoint,eachregionputsinthemassivemanpowerandresourcestolaunchmammothreorganization,alsoinvestigatedsomeleadingcases,howeverfundamentallyhasnotreversedthemorechaoticmarketorder.Theconstructionprojectincursthebidhasbeenconstructsthedomaintomultiplythecorruptionandproducesthecommercialbribevictimizedpersons,Chinaconstructstheconstructionprofessiondevelopmentreportaccordingto(in2006"pointedoutthat2006JanuarytoJuly,thenationProcuratorialagencyaltogetherputsacaseonfileandbegininvestigationsconstructiondomaincommercialbribecriminalcase1608,approximatelycomposesthecommercialbribecriminalcasetotal30%,occursisincurringbidslink'scommercialbribequestiontobemoreserious.Atpresent,theconstructionmarketincursinbidtohavetheproblemthefocalpoint(thisarticlealsomainlytoaimattheseprojectsinthegovernmentinvestmentprojecttomakeanalysis),speciallytheseprojectsareincurringthebidstage“thesafetystrip”,“thecontraryoperation”andsoon,haseliminatedthepotentialtendererfaircompetitionopportunity,simultaneouslygavebadgerhatstoprovidethecorruptfertilesoil.Atpresenttheprojectincurredinthebid“thecontraryoperation”alreadytospreadtoincursbideachlink,andthesinglelinkbehaviorwasalsodifficulttorecognizeillegallytocontrary.Assoonastheconstructionmarketpassedthroughreorganizesmanytimesobtainshasdecidedtheresult,buttheillegalactivitiescarriedoutofficialdutiesarriveatthehiding,fromthefewpeople“contraryoperation”totheentiremoveoftenderprocedureimproper“seriesoperation”,hasformedintheprocedurelegitimateandmateriallyisseepingthecorruption.Thiskindofconditiondoesnotgivetorenovate,thehazardousnatureisbigger,willcausetheconstructionmarkettobeatthenon-benigncompetitioncondition,theharmprofessionhealthydevelopment,andpoisonsthepartyspiritandthesocialconvention.Willincurthequestionwhichinviewoftheconstructionmarketinbidwillexist,thefollowingfromthelawsandregulations,thesystem,thesocialenvironmentaswellasthebuildingproductcharacteristic,aspectsandsoonmoveofbidoperationmechanismanalyzesitsorigin.Atpresent,thearchitecturalengineeringincursthebidbasisthelawsandregulationsismainly"aMoveofTender","Buildingordinance"andtherelatedcommand(hereafterreferstoas“moveofbidlawsandregulations”withthelocalcodeandregulation)."aMoveofTender"someprovisionstipulationitselfleavestheownerortheproxyorganizationelasticspace,ifthe12thtax(tendersvoluntarilyintheprojectownerorprincipal-agentorganization)handlesthetendermattersconcernedtheauthority;The18tharticlesecondsection,20threlateddonothavetheprejudiceprovisionstipulationtothetenderer;The40tharticletheevaluationoftenderscommitteecarriesontheappraisalandthecomparisonprovisiontothetenderdocumentsandsoon.Speakingoftheseprovision'sassurancefromsomekindofsignificance,ishigherthanthelegalrestrainttopartyconcerned'smoralrestraint.Lastyear1inJanuary,theHangzhoumunicipalconstructioncommitteereleased"HangzhouConstructionprojectTenderToactMarketregulationMeans",thegoalwasforthestandardtenderproxyorganizationbehavior.But,theauthordiscoverssometenderproxyorganization,initstenderproxymoves,whatparamountconsiderationisowner'smanner,thenregardingowner'ssubjectivewillformulationcorrespondingtenderdocument,andfromthelaw,thelawsandregulationsdiscoversthebasis,causesitstenderbehaviorlegalization.Inthetenderprocess,thetenderproxyorganizationintelligencerankwhichtheownerchooseswhetherwiththeengineeringprojectsizematch,inthisquestionordinarycircumstancestobeneglectedeasily.Hasapartofownerfordemonstrationtenderfair,fairandtherationality,hastakenthetenderagentowncorruptingpracticesonecovertmethod;Moreover,theproxyorganizationexpensecapriciousnessesandsoontenderdocumentwhich,blueprintgatherstothetendererisquitebig,therefore“thetenderpersonisauthorizedtochoosethetenderproxyorganizationvoluntarily”theexistencebigelasticspace.Atpresent,incursthecompetitivebidtobeintense,thecompetitorscore(synthesisreviewtechnique)thedisparityisweak,thelawprovidessmallelasticspatialimmediateinfluenceevaluationoftendersresult.Iftheevaluationoftenderscommitteetotenderdocuments'appraisalandthecomparison,regardingtenderdocuments'significantdeviationandtheslightdeviation,islowerthanthecostpricetorecognizeisquitefuzzy,hasnotbeenpossibletooperatetherefinementprinciple,dependsontheevaluationoftendersexpert'svocationallevelandthemoralrestraintcompletely.Thereforealsohastheelasticspaceintheappraisalstage."aMoveofTender"theachievementinstructsourcountrytoincurbidthelaw,itmustgiveallquartersmainbodypursueefficiencythespace,butasthegovernmentinvestmentproject,shouldhavesevererrulesandregulations.Thesuggestionneedstofurtherconsummatethecorrespondinglawsandregulationsandthesupervisingmechanism,maximumlimitreducesthelawsandregulationsrelatedprovisiontheflexibility,thejammingcrack,protectsincursbidslitigant'slegitimaterightsandinterests,urgesthelitiganttofulfillthelegalobligationwell,causesittoachievehaslegalsupport,guaranteedthatthetenderworkfairness,maximumlimitreducestheelasticspace.Atpresent,incursthecompetitivebidtobeintense,thecompetitorscore(synthesisreviewtechnique)thedisparityisweak,thelawprovidessmallelasticspatialimmediateinfluenceevaluationoftendersresult.Iftheevaluationoftenderscommitteetotenderdocuments'appraisalandthecomparison,regardingtenderdocuments'significantdeviationandtheslightdeviation,islowerthanthecostpricetorecognizeisquitefuzzy,hasnotbeenpossibletooperatetherefinementprinciple,dependsontheevaluationoftendersexpert'svocationallevelandthemoralrestraintcompletely.Thereforealsohastheelasticspaceintheappraisalstage."aMoveofTender"theachievementinstructsourcountrytoincurbidthelaw,itmustgiveallquartersmainbodypursueefficiencythespace,butasthegovernmentinvestmentproject,shouldhavesevererrulesandregulations.Thesuggestionneedstofurtherconsummatethecorrespondinglawsandregulationsandthesupervisingmechanism,maximumlimitreducesthelawsandregulationsrelatedprovisiontheflexibility,thejammingcrack,protectsincursbidslitigant'slegitimaterightsandinterests,urgesthelitiganttofulfillthelegalobligationwell,causesittoachievehaslegalsupport,guaranteedthatthetenderworkfairness,maximumlimitreducestheelasticspace.Presentstageourcountry'sconstructionsystembasicallystrip,blockdivision.EachImpersonalentityundertakestheprojectowner,andacceptsitshigherauthorityDepartmentresponsiblefortheworkaccordingtotheadministrativesubordinationrelationstosupervise.InordertosolvevariousprojectsImpersonalentity'scompetencelevelproblem,wasincurringthebidstagetointroducethetenderproxysystem,oversawintheconstructionstageinvitationsociety,andcompulsoryacceptedthegovernmenttosupervise.Lookingfromthepractice,theconstructionmarketexistencequestionmajorityisstartsinincursthebidstage,thetenderproxymakestheintroductionnottorealizetheprojecttoincurthetenderproceduretheimplementation“threemale”theprinciple.Investigatesitsreason,isthesystemquestion.Theexistingconstructionsystem,theprojectlegalpeoplearenotintheessentialsignificancelegalperson,itisAlllevelsofthegovernment'sconsignees,theyhavetheelasticitywhichinthelawprovidestoaskspatially,whenperformanceofofficialfunctions(choicetenderproxy,qualificationsexamination,evaluationoftenders,calibration),onlyhasthemoralrestraint,instructsthemfortheorganizationdecision-makingwhichserves.Intheeconomichasasupposition,whentheycanbytheminimumrisk(systemforhimauthority,lawprovideelasticspace)obtainsthepersonalinterestbigrepayment,themoralbindingforceappearsfrail.Inthepracticehadtheprojecttostarttheconditionwhich,thecadrefellfromahorse,realitysomecaseswasexplainingall.Thereforethesuggestionstrengthenstoaspectsurveillanceandsoonowner'stenderbehavior,tenderway,tenderscope,tenderconfigurationoforganization;Simultaneouslystrengthenstoincursthebidproxyorganizationthesupervision,completesactspersonnel'strainingandtheeducation,improvesthepersonnelqualityandtheagentquality.Theoreticallyspeaking,thearchitecturalengineeringtakesthestockcommodity,thecommercialqualityanticipatedcharacteristiccausesthedemandtoworrytothecommercialqualityuncertaintythatwhatthusthecommoditydemand(tenderperson)morepaysattentionisthecommodityproducer(tenderer)credit,achievementandconfidencelevel.Inreality,intheprojectlegalpersonmainbodylayeruponlayeractsinthesituation,constructioncommoditythischaracteristichasprovidedtheverygoodexcusetotheagent.Thegeneralconstructionproduct(mainlyreferstochangedesign),althoughthetechniquecontentisnothigh,butbecauseacontractdetailedlistprojectisnumerous,theprojectimplementationandthesettlementhavecertainexpansion,andtheprojectcostcontrolandbookkeepingprocessinghavetheelasticity,has“theblackprofit”thespace,thisspaceincurredthebidfortheengineeringprojecttoprovide“thesafetystrip”thematerialbase.Inpresent'sconstructionprocess,pricemethodsandsoonwillincreasetheresiliencethroughthedesignalteration,toincreaseorthechangecontent,toraisetoseektheimproperbenefit,willthuscausetheaspectwhichtheconstructionmarketwillformmacroscopicallycompetesexcessively,butthecommoditydemandalsowillhavemicroscopicallytherepelcompetitionintrinsicpower.Ourcountryisinthebuildsocialismmarketeconomytheelementarystep,althoughthemarketeconomyhasoccupiedthedominantpositionintheentiresociallife,butbecauselong-termplaneconomyfunctionresultandtraditionalcultureinfluence,peopleindailyactivitystillheartin“authority”.Althoughtheconstructionproductinvolvestoeachpopulace,butitdoesnotlookliketheelectricalappliancesproduct,thepopulacemayexercisethepurchaseandsurveillance'sauthorityindependently,thecauseelectricalindustrymusttakethegoodfaithmanagementasthebooks,earnsthetrustofthepeople,canobtainthemarketshare.Intherealityconstructstheproductpurchasepowertoconcentrateinthesmallnumberofpeoplehand(tenderperson,agent,evaluationoftendersExpertboard).Becausetheconstructionproductincursthebidcertaincontentsandtheprocessneedstokeepsecret,objectivelycreatedhasnotbeenadvantageousforthesocietytosupervise,reducedthetenderer,becausethefalseinformationcausedthebidriskoffailure.Also,becauseanenterprisethefalseinformationataprojectbiddefeat,asfordoesnotencountersuchreceivesthemarketpursuitlikelyintheWestdevelopedmarketingcountry,thereforethetendererprovidesthefalseinformationtoparticipateinthebidthephenomenonbeingincreasinglyfierce.Dependsonthevisibleconstructionmarket,theuseexistinginformationtechnologydefinitelymaycarryon,comprehensiveauditingaccuratelytothetendererinformation,butasaresultofthenationalunificationgoodfaithinformationplatformconformityworklagintherealitysupervisionneed,alsogave“thesafetystrip”toprovidetheopportunity.Thearchitecturalengineeringincursthebidbehaviortobecomethesocialhotspot,theleadersatalllevelsdepartment,speciallyconstructedtheadministrationDepartmentresponsiblefortheworkandtheadministrativesupervisiondepartmentputinthemassiveenergy,hasmadecertainprogress.Theleadershipassignsthecontractor,flagrantly“thecontraryoperation”thephenomenontoobtainthecontainment,but“thecontraryoperation”thebehaviorcarriedoutofficialdutiesarriveshiddenevadesstillwreakedhavocinincursinbidandputon“l(fā)egitimately”thecoat,thesephenomenainspiredustopondertheexistingmoveofbidsystem'sdesign.Theauthorbelievedthatbecauseintheconstructionproductcharacteristicandmoveofbidperson'sfactorismoreactive,ifwantsfundamentallytocontainincursinbidtheillegalillegalactivities,mustreduceintheactivitytheartificialintervention6governmentinvestmentprojecttoincurthebidin“threemale”theprinciplefoundation,stressedthatfairfirstgivesdualattentiontotheefficiencytheprinciple,tostridesinthreshold'scontractorintheconcreteoperationtotreatimpartially,incursthebid“thegamerule”toincreasetherandomperfectevaluationoftendersmeansthatguaranteesfairness,causesthegovernmentinvestmentprojectbenefitmaximization.建筑工程招投標(biāo)中存在問(wèn)題及成因分析自1999年國(guó)家頒布《中華人民共和國(guó)招標(biāo)投標(biāo)法》以來(lái)，國(guó)家把建筑市場(chǎng)作為規(guī)范和整頓市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序的重點(diǎn)，各地投入了大量人力物力展開了聲勢(shì)浩大的整頓活動(dòng)，也查處了一些典型案件，然而并沒有從根本上扭轉(zhuǎn)較為混亂的市場(chǎng)秩序。建設(shè)工程招投標(biāo)一直是建設(shè)領(lǐng)域滋生腐敗和產(chǎn)生商業(yè)賄賂的重災(zāi)區(qū)，據(jù)《2006年中國(guó)建筑施工行業(yè)發(fā)展報(bào)告》中指出，2006年1月至7月，全國(guó)檢察機(jī)關(guān)共立案?jìng)刹榻ㄖ┕ゎI(lǐng)域的商業(yè)賄賂犯罪案件1608件，約占商業(yè)賄賂犯罪案件總數(shù)的三成，其中，發(fā)生在招投標(biāo)環(huán)節(jié)的商業(yè)賄賂問(wèn)題更為嚴(yán)重。目前，建筑市場(chǎng)招投標(biāo)活動(dòng)中存在問(wèn)題的焦點(diǎn)在政府投資工程上(本文也主要針對(duì)這些工程作出分析)，特別是這些工程在招投標(biāo)階段“暗箱操作”、“違規(guī)操作”等，剝奪了潛在投標(biāo)人公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的機(jī)會(huì)，同時(shí)給一些腐敗分子提供了腐敗的沃土。目前工程招投標(biāo)中“違規(guī)操作”已經(jīng)蔓延到招投標(biāo)活動(dòng)的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，且單個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)行為還較難認(rèn)定為違法違規(guī)。建筑市場(chǎng)經(jīng)過(guò)多次整頓取得了一定成效，但違規(guī)行為從公開到隱蔽，從個(gè)別人“違規(guī)操作”到整個(gè)招投標(biāo)過(guò)程不正當(dāng)?shù)摹跋盗胁僮鳌?，形成了程序上的合法而?shí)質(zhì)上滲透著腐敗。這種狀況不予以整治，危害性更大，將使建筑市場(chǎng)處于非良性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)狀態(tài)，危害行業(yè)的健康發(fā)展，且毒害黨風(fēng)和社會(huì)風(fēng)氣。針對(duì)建筑市場(chǎng)招投標(biāo)活動(dòng)中存在的問(wèn)題，以下將從法規(guī)、體制、社會(huì)環(huán)境以及建筑產(chǎn)品特點(diǎn)、招投標(biāo)活動(dòng)運(yùn)作機(jī)制等方面分析其成因。目前，建筑工程招投標(biāo)依據(jù)的法律法規(guī)主要是《招投標(biāo)法》、《建筑法》及有關(guān)部令和地方法規(guī)(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“招投標(biāo)法規(guī)”)。《招投標(biāo)法》有些條款規(guī)定本身就留給業(yè)主或代理機(jī)構(gòu)彈性空間，如第十二條賦予項(xiàng)目業(yè)主(自行招標(biāo)或委托代理機(jī)構(gòu))辦理招標(biāo)事宜的權(quán)力；第十八條第二款、第二十條有關(guān)不得對(duì)投標(biāo)人有歧視性條款規(guī)定；第四十條評(píng)標(biāo)委員會(huì)對(duì)投標(biāo)文件進(jìn)行評(píng)審和比較的條款等。對(duì)這些條款的把握從某種意義上而言，對(duì)當(dāng)事者的道德約束高于法律約束。去年11月份，杭州市建委出臺(tái)了《杭州市建設(shè)工程項(xiàng)目招標(biāo)代理市場(chǎng)管理辦法》，目的是為了規(guī)范招標(biāo)代理機(jī)構(gòu)的行為。但是，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)一些招標(biāo)代理機(jī)構(gòu)在其招標(biāo)代理活動(dòng)中，首先考慮的是業(yè)主的態(tài)度，然后圍繞業(yè)主的主觀意志制定相應(yīng)的招標(biāo)文件，并從法律、法規(guī)中找出依據(jù)，使其招標(biāo)行為合法化。在招標(biāo)過(guò)程中，業(yè)主選擇的招標(biāo)代理機(jī)構(gòu)資質(zhì)等級(jí)是否與工程項(xiàng)目大小匹配，這個(gè)問(wèn)題一般情況下容易被忽視。有部分業(yè)主為顯示招標(biāo)活動(dòng)的公平、公正和合理性，已把招標(biāo)代理作為自己舞弊的一種隱蔽手段；另外，代理機(jī)構(gòu)向投標(biāo)人所收取的招標(biāo)文件、圖紙等費(fèi)用隨意性比較大，所以“招標(biāo)人有權(quán)自行選擇招標(biāo)代理機(jī)構(gòu)”存在較大的彈性空間。目前，招投標(biāo)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)非常激烈，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手得分(綜合評(píng)審法)差距非常微弱，法律提供的微小彈性空間都直接影響評(píng)標(biāo)結(jié)果。如評(píng)標(biāo)委員會(huì)對(duì)投標(biāo)文件的評(píng)審和比較中，對(duì)于投標(biāo)文件的重大偏差和細(xì)微偏差、低于成本價(jià)的認(rèn)定比較模糊，沒有可以操作的細(xì)化法則，完全靠評(píng)標(biāo)專家的業(yè)務(wù)水平和道德約束。所以在評(píng)審階段也存在彈性空間?！墩型稑?biāo)法》作為指導(dǎo)我國(guó)招投標(biāo)活動(dòng)的法律，它應(yīng)當(dāng)給各方主體追求效率的空間，但作為政府投資工程，應(yīng)有更嚴(yán)厲的規(guī)章。建議要進(jìn)一步完善相應(yīng)的法律法規(guī)和監(jiān)督機(jī)制，最大限度地減少法律法規(guī)相關(guān)條款的靈活性，堵塞漏洞，保護(hù)招投標(biāo)當(dāng)事人的合法權(quán)益，促使當(dāng)事人更好地履行法定義務(wù)，使之做到有法可依，確保招標(biāo)工作的公平性，最大限度減少?gòu)椥钥臻g。目前，招投標(biāo)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)非常激烈，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手得分(綜合評(píng)審法)差距非常微弱，法律提供的微小彈性空間