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Unitone

Lesson2HeatTreatmentofToolSteels教學(xué)目標(biāo)及要求1.掌握課文中相關(guān)熱處理方面專業(yè)詞匯和專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)；2.結(jié)合熱處理相關(guān)專業(yè)知識(shí)閱讀課文，提升翻譯能力。重點(diǎn)1.相關(guān)熱處理專業(yè)詞匯和專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)；2.翻譯課文：熱處理原理;熱處理類型;熱處理步驟。難句分析及翻譯基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)Part（Ⅰ）翻譯基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)介紹二、翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1/31教學(xué)思緒設(shè)計(jì)

時(shí)間分配（共100min）：1.講解課文中專業(yè)詞匯和術(shù)語(yǔ)；2.講解課后生詞、大聲朗誦；3.翻譯課文，注意穿插相關(guān)專業(yè)知識(shí)；4.分析難點(diǎn)句型，講解相關(guān)翻譯基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)；5.學(xué)生答疑。

2/31ContentsBackgroundKnowledgeNewWordsandPhrasedTextAnalysisQuestionsGlossaryofTermsLanguagePoints&TranslatingTechniquesReadingMaterials

SummaryReferences3/31ThePrinciplesofHeatTreatmentHeattreatmentconsistsofHeating-UpandCooling-Downprocess.HeatingupthesteelwillchangethemicrostructuretoAustenite.CoolingdownthesteelatdifferentcoolingrateswillchangethemicrostructurefromAustenitetodifferentstructurescorrespondingly.ChangeinMicrostructuresresultinchangeinmechanicalproperties.BackgroundKnowledge4/31Byheattreatment,wecanchangethemechanicalpropertiesofmouldsandmachinecomponentstoourdesiredstate.Forexample,tohardenthemouldwillincreasestrengthandwearresistanceresultinginlongermouldlife.Toannealahardsteelbarwillsoftenittoastategoodformachining.Tonormalizeasteelbarwilltoughenittoastategoodforimpact.

5/31NewWordsandExpressionsTerms：

1.Heattreating熱處理normalize正火spheroidiz球化處理anneal退火harden淬火temper回火caseharden表面淬火stressrelieving應(yīng)力消除熱處理carburize滲碳quench-hardening淬火硬化6/31NewWordsandExpressionsTerms：

2.Iron-carbonequilibriumdiagram鐵碳平衡相圖ferrite鐵素體austenite奧氏體pearlite珠光體carbide碳化物bainite貝氏體martensite馬氏體liquid液態(tài)delta-ironα-鐵alpha-ironβ-鐵gamma-ironγ-鐵7/31Iron-carbonequilibriumdiagram

8/319/31Time-temperaturetransformation(TTT)diagrams

10/31AContinuouscoolingtransformation(CCT)curvecomparedtoTTTdiagram11/31亞微觀；普通顯微鏡下看不出來(lái)TemperingDuringtempering,martensiteundergoesatransformationprocessfromthatofcarbonatomssupersaturatedinirontoastructuretermedtemperedmartensitewhichconsistsofhighlydispersedsubmicroscopiccarbideparticlesinaferritematrix.Theextentofincreaseinductilityhencetoughnessandthecorrespondingreductioninhardnessandstrengthisafunctionoftemperingtemperatureandtime.

回火；調(diào)和12/31AnnealingIfasteelbariscooledslowlyinafurnacefromatemperatureaboveitsuppercriticaltemperaturetoatemperaturebelowthelowercriticaltemperature,thestructureofthesteelwillbecomeferriteandcementiteagain.Thissteelconsistsofasomewhatcoarsergrainstructurethatislowinstrength,highinductileandsoft.Thisprocessofheattreatmentiscalled'Annealing'.退火，緩冷，韌化13/31正火NormalizingHowever,insteadofcoolinginfurnaceasdescribedabove,thesteelistakenoutfromthefurnaceandcooledinstillair,itistermed'Normalizing'.Anormalizedsteelbarpossesseshigherstrengthandtoughnessthanitsannealedcounterpart.對(duì)應(yīng)物，配對(duì)物14/31Quench-HardeningIfasteelbarisrapidlycooledfromit'suppercriticaltemperaturebyplungingitintoacoolantsuchaswateroroil(termedquenching),theeffectistotransformtheausteniteintoastructurecalled'martensite'.Martensiteisaveryhard,butbrittleconstituentofsteel.Forsteelshavingacarboncontentlessthan0.8%,atemperatureatbetween30degCto50degCabovetheuppercriticaltemperature(723degC)isusedforquenchingandtheresultingstructurecomprisesmartensiteandferrite.15/31TheHeatTreatmentProcessBasically,HeatTreatmentjustconsistsofheatingupandcoolingdownprocess.Theseprocesscanbefurtherdividedintofoursteps.OneStep1

ConstructionofTime-Temperature-TransformationDiagram(TTT)andContinuousCoolingTransformationsDiagram(CCT)TTTDiagrams-canbequiteusefulindeterminingthekineticsoftransformationandthenatureoftheproducts.Thecurveshowsthetimerequiredtocompletethetransformationatthattemperature.16/31OneStep2CCTDiagrams-AlthoughtheTTTdiagramscanprovideusefulinformationaboutthestructuresobtainedthroughnon-equilibriumthermalprocessing,theyarenotrigorouslyapplicabletoengineeringapplicationsbecausetheassumptionsofinstantaneouscoolingfromelevatedtemperatureisfarmorerealistic,andadiagramshowingtheresultsofcontinuouscoolingatvariousrateswouldbefarmoreuseful.17/31TwoStepsThesecondstepisaheatingoperationdesignedtoproduceanelevatedtemperaturehomogeneoussingle-phasesolidsolution.Theheatingshouldnotexceedtheeutectictemperatureortheremightbemeltingifacoredstructurewerepresent.

ThreeAndFourStepsAftersoakingtoassureauniformchemistrysinglephase,thealloyiscooled.Thecoolingrateofthealloydependsonthepropertyofmetalrequired.Theheattreatedmaterialisthenleftfordiffusion.Diffusionisnecessarytoconverttheunstablesupersaturatedsolutionintothestablestructure.

18/31SurfaceHardeningFormanyengineeringpurposesitisdesirableforpartstohaveahardsurfacetoresistwearandabrasionandtheinnerportionremainssoftandtoughtosustainimpactloading.Thisdepthofthehardenedsurfaceisnormallyfrom0.0001mmtoafewmmdependingonapplications.Thesepropertiescanbeobtainedbysurfacehardeningwhichisgenerallydividedintothefollowingthreetypes:19/31Gascarburizing

NitridingMethodPrincipleofInductionHardening

20/31QuestionsWhatprocessisusedtoremovetheinternalstressescreatedduringahardeningoperation?Whatheattreatingprocessmakesthemetalliccarbidesinametalformintosmallroundedglobules?Whatarethemainpurposesofheattreating?Howmanyheattreatingprocessesareinvolvedinferrousmaterials?21/31GlossaryofTerms1．Hardenability淬透性2．hardenabilitycurve淬透性曲線3．hardeningcapacity淬硬性（硬化能力）4．hardnessprofile硬度分布（硬度梯度）5．heattreatmentprocedure熱處理規(guī)范6．heattreatmentinstallation熱處理設(shè)備7．heattreatmentfurnace熱處理爐8．heattreatmentcycle熱處理工藝周期9．heattime加熱時(shí)間10．heatsystem加熱系統(tǒng)11．heatinguptime升溫時(shí)間12．heatingcurve加熱曲線

22/31

13．hightemperaturecarburizing高溫滲碳14．hightemperaturetempering高溫回火15．isothermaltransformation等溫轉(zhuǎn)變16．isothermalannealing等溫退火17．interruptedageingtreatment分級(jí)時(shí)效處理18．localheattreatment局部熱處理19．overheatedstructure過(guò)熱組織20．packcarburizing固體滲碳21．oxynitrocarburizing氧氮碳共滲22．partialannealing不完全退火23．spheroidizedstructure球化組織24．recrystallizationtemperature再結(jié)晶溫度23/31Example1:

Thiscombinationofheatingandcontrolledcoolingdeterminesnotonlythenatureanddistributionofthemicroconstituents,whichinturndeterminetheproperties,butalsothegrainsize.（在熱處理過(guò)程中），加熱與冷卻控制相結(jié)合方法不但決定著材料中微觀組織分布和性質(zhì)（進(jìn)而決定了該材料性能），而且也決定了材料內(nèi)部晶粒大小。句中第一個(gè)and連接是heating和controlledcooling，第二個(gè)and連接是nature和distribution，而whichinturndeterminetheproperties為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾thenatureanddistribution。LanguagePoints&TranslatingTechniques24/31Example2:

Withmostofthemediumcarbonforgingsteels,alloyedandunalloyed,normalizingishighlyrecommendedafterforgingandbeforemachiningtoproducemorehomogeneousstructures,andinmostcases,improvedmachinability.對(duì)于大多數(shù)中碳鍛鋼來(lái)說(shuō)，不論它是否合金化，在鑄造后或加工前通常推薦采取正火處理工藝，這么有利于形成更均勻組織，而且在大多數(shù)情況下可改進(jìn)材料切削加工性能。句首介詞with短語(yǔ)意為“對(duì)……來(lái)說(shuō)”；inmostcases可譯為“在大多數(shù)情況下”。

25/31二、翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)翻譯任務(wù)在于準(zhǔn)確而完整地介紹原文思想內(nèi)容，使讀者對(duì)原文思想內(nèi)容有正確了解。然而，怎樣才算是準(zhǔn)確、完整翻譯呢？要處理這個(gè)問(wèn)題，就需要有一個(gè)共同翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。談到翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不免要提到嚴(yán)復(fù)“信、達(dá)、雅”。嚴(yán)復(fù)在他一部譯著序言中提出了“信、達(dá)、雅”?！靶拧本褪侵覍?shí)原文，“達(dá)”就是表示清楚，“雅”即是文字文雅。以后，魯迅先生在此基礎(chǔ)上又提出了“信”和“順”這兩條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。“信”和“順”，即“忠實(shí)”、“通順”，今天已成為公認(rèn)兩條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)了。Example3:26/31“忠實(shí)”是指譯文思想內(nèi)容必須忠實(shí)于原文，這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)科技英語(yǔ)尤為主要，因?yàn)榭萍甲髌啡蝿?wù)在于準(zhǔn)確而系統(tǒng)地?cái)⑹隹茖W(xué)技術(shù)問(wèn)題，它要求高度準(zhǔn)確性，尤其是對(duì)術(shù)語(yǔ)、定義、定理和結(jié)論翻譯更應(yīng)重視。然而，忠實(shí)原文并不是形式上保持原文，而是內(nèi)容上保持原文。翻譯時(shí)切忌逐字死譯，這么會(huì)有損原意。請(qǐng)看例句：Aroughingcutisusuallytobefollowedbyafishingcut.粗切削通常要被精切削跟隨。譯文毛病在于即使詞類或句子成份都與原文一致，保持了原文形式，但卻失去了原文精神。若譯成“粗切之后，通常還要精切”才算忠實(shí)原文。翻譯第二條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是“通順”?！巴槨笔侵缸g文語(yǔ)言形式必須符合漢語(yǔ)規(guī)范，翻譯時(shí)要按照漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法規(guī)律和習(xí)慣來(lái)遣詞造句，做到通順易懂。但要指出，“通順”是在“忠實(shí)”前提下，任何“順而不信”都是不行，屬于亂譯。27/31看下面一個(gè)例子：Thefoundationofthemachineshouldnotbeconstructedataplaceofconspicuou