Unit1ScienceandScientists高二英語(yǔ)閱讀提升（原卷版）（人教版選擇性）

Unit1ScienceandScientists單元核心脈絡(luò)圖單元核心脈絡(luò)圖必備知識(shí)必備知識(shí)核心詞匯：1.proofn.證據(jù)；證明；檢驗(yàn)2.householdn.一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人3.multipleadj.數(shù)量多的；多種多樣的4.statisticn.[pl.]統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字；統(tǒng)計(jì)資料；統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)5.transformvt.&vi.使改觀；使改變形態(tài)；改變；轉(zhuǎn)變6.microscopen.顯微鏡7.abstractadj.抽象的；理性的n.(文獻(xiàn)等的)摘要8.initialadj.最初的；開始的；第一的9.proteinn.蛋白質(zhì)10.conceptn.概念；觀念11.astronomern.天文學(xué)家12.telescopen.望遠(yuǎn)鏡13.shiftn.改變；轉(zhuǎn)換；輪班vi.&vt.轉(zhuǎn)移；挪動(dòng)；轉(zhuǎn)向14.vividadj.生動(dòng)的；鮮明的；豐富的15.virusn.病毒核心語(yǔ)法：表語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)篇：記敘文表達(dá)：熟悉記敘文語(yǔ)篇的特點(diǎn)和組織結(jié)構(gòu)，能夠就英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)問題和方法運(yùn)用跟主題意義有關(guān)的詞匯和句式記敘一件事或者一個(gè)人。關(guān)鍵能力 關(guān)鍵能力1.以約翰斯諾戰(zhàn)勝霍亂的事件和他的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)為依據(jù)，舉行（模擬）答記者問。2.總結(jié)優(yōu)秀的科學(xué)家精神，即不僅要有科學(xué)的方法，還要有愛心和社會(huì)擔(dān)當(dāng)。學(xué)科素養(yǎng)通過(guò)閱讀學(xué)科素養(yǎng)理解質(zhì)疑精神在科學(xué)研究中的重要作用，思考科學(xué)研究對(duì)人類的影響。在模擬組織答記者問得活動(dòng)中，總結(jié)杰出科學(xué)家的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)，達(dá)到對(duì)科學(xué)精神的深層理解。核心價(jià)值核心價(jià)值學(xué)生通過(guò)本文的學(xué)習(xí)，體會(huì)到英國(guó)醫(yī)生約翰斯諾在霍亂防治鄰域的突出貢獻(xiàn)和他作為杰出科學(xué)家正直的品質(zhì)和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膽B(tài)度。學(xué)會(huì)批判性思考，形成自己的觀點(diǎn)和看法。堅(jiān)定文化信念。單元主題導(dǎo)入單元主題導(dǎo)入引言解讀Everygreatachievementofscience，areboldfantasyasthestartingpoint。釋義:科學(xué)的每一項(xiàng)巨大成就，都是以大膽的幻想為出發(fā)點(diǎn)的。——杜威啟示:必須敢于想象才能在科學(xué)方面獲得成就。名言名句積累名言名句積累1、追求科學(xué)需要特殊的勇敢。——伽利略Thepursuitofscienceneedsspecialcourage。2、運(yùn)動(dòng)是一切生命的源泉?！_(dá)·芬奇Sportisthesourceofalllife。3、真理可能在少數(shù)人一邊。——柏拉圖Truthmaybeinthesideofafewpeople。4、驚奇就是科學(xué)的種子?！獝鄣仙鶶urpriseistheseedofscience。5、只有順從自然，才能駕馭自然?！喔鵒nlyobeynatural，cancontrolthenature。6、人就像一粒種子，各方面都要健康?！∑組anislikeaseed，variousaspectsarehealthy。7、科學(xué)是永無(wú)止境的，它是一個(gè)永恒之謎?！獝垡蛩固筍cienceisendless，itisaneternalmystery。8、一旦科學(xué)插上幻想的翅膀，它就能贏得勝利?！ɡ贠ncethesciencewithwingsoffantasy，itcanwin。9、對(duì)搞科學(xué)的人來(lái)說(shuō)，勤奮就是成功之母。——茅以升Tomakescientific，diligenceisthemotherofsuccess。10、科學(xué)是使人精神變得勇敢的最好途徑?！剪斨ZScienceisthebestwaytomakethepersonspirittobecomeso。主題語(yǔ)篇探究主題語(yǔ)篇探究單元主題探究單元主題探究在“人與社會(huì)”的主題下,本單元主題介紹科學(xué)家英國(guó)醫(yī)生約翰斯諾由霍亂的成因中發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、提出假設(shè)，選擇調(diào)查方法、收集和分析數(shù)據(jù)、尋找支持證據(jù)，直到最后得出結(jié)論并提出解決方案的整個(gè)過(guò)程。語(yǔ)篇品讀JOHNSNOWDEFEATSKING“CHOLERACholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor,JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforallIngeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Anotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.Consequently,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37.38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9Cambridgestreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.WhatismoreinanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremorelikelytogetcholerathanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.ThroughSnow'stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,weknowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientiststudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofepidemiology全文翻譯”約翰·斯諾戰(zhàn)勝“霍亂”霍亂曾經(jīng)是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到一位英國(guó)醫(yī)生約翰·斯諾向我們展示了如何才能戰(zhàn)勝霍亂。這種疾病會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重腹瀉、脫水，甚至死亡。19世紀(jì)初，歐洲爆發(fā)霍亂，數(shù)百萬(wàn)人死于霍亂。作為一名年輕的醫(yī)生，約翰·斯諾變得沮喪，因?yàn)闆]有人知道如何預(yù)防或治療霍亂。很快，他成為了一位著名的醫(yī)生，甚至在維多利亞女王分娩時(shí)照顧她。然而，他從未失去徹底消滅霍亂的愿望。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)時(shí)的醫(yī)生有兩種相互矛盾的理論來(lái)解釋霍亂是如何傳播的。一種理論認(rèn)為是空氣不好導(dǎo)致了這種疾病。另一種說(shuō)法是霍亂是由食物或水中的細(xì)菌感染引起的。斯諾贊同第二種理論。這是對(duì)的，但他還需要證據(jù)。因此，1854年倫敦爆發(fā)霍亂時(shí)，斯諾開始進(jìn)行調(diào)查。他發(fā)現(xiàn)有兩條街道的霍亂疫情非常嚴(yán)重，十天內(nèi)有500多人死亡。他決心找出原因。下雪的開始是在地圖上標(biāo)出所有死去的人居住過(guò)的確切地點(diǎn)。BroadStreet的水泵附近有多人死亡（尤其是16號(hào)、號(hào)和40號(hào)房子）。但是，有些家庭（如20和21BroadStreet，8和9Cambridge沒有死亡。這些人在劍橋街7號(hào)的酒吧工作。他們得到了免費(fèi)啤酒，所以沒有喝水泵里的水。斯諾懷疑是水泵造成的。更糟糕的是，在倫敦的另一個(gè)地方，一名婦女和她的女兒在離開布羅德街后死于霍亂。這個(gè)女人似乎非常喜歡水泵里的水，所以她每天都要把水送到她家里。作為這一證據(jù)的結(jié)果，約翰斯諾能夠宣布水泵的水?dāng)y帶霍亂病菌。因此，他把泵的手柄取下，使其無(wú)法使用。通過(guò)這一干預(yù)措施，疾病得以遏制。事實(shí)是，街上水泵的水已經(jīng)被垃圾污染了，而且，斯諾后來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)了其他霍亂病例與倫敦不同供水公司之間的聯(lián)系。一些公司出售被未經(jīng)處理的廢水污染的泰晤士河的水。喝這種水的人比喝純凈水或白開水的人更容易得霍亂。通過(guò)斯諾的不懈努力，自來(lái)水公司開始銷售清潔水，全球霍亂的威脅也大幅減少。然而，霍亂仍然是一個(gè)問題。每年，全世界有數(shù)百萬(wàn)人感染霍亂，許多人死于霍亂。幸運(yùn)的是，多虧了約翰·斯諾的工作，我們知道如何預(yù)防霍亂。此外，斯諾在使用地圖和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的過(guò)程中，改變了科學(xué)家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯諾被認(rèn)為是流行病學(xué)之父.詞塊積累cholera/?k?l?r?/n.霍亂severe/s??v??(r)/adj.極為惡劣的；十分嚴(yán)重的；嚴(yán)厲的diarrhoea/?da???r??/n.腹瀉dehydration/di?ha??dre??n/n.脫水frustrated/fr??stre?t?d/adj.懊惱的；沮喪的；失意的onceandforall最終地；徹底地contradictory/?k?ntr??d?kt?ri/adj.相互矛盾的；對(duì)立的；不一致的infection/?n?fek?n/n.感染；傳染infect/?n?fekt/vt.使感染；傳染germ/d???m/微生物；細(xì)菌；病菌subscribe/s?b?skra?b/vi.認(rèn)購(gòu)（股份）；定期訂購(gòu)；定期交納（會(huì)費(fèi)）subscribeto同意；贊同proof/pru?f/n.證據(jù)；證明；檢驗(yàn)multiple/?m?lt?pl/adj.數(shù)量多的；多種多樣的題源題源研讀拓展語(yǔ)篇品讀https://uww,wikihow.com（高考題源報(bào)刊）COVID-19ChangedHowtheWorldDoesScience,TogetherByMattApuzzoandDavidD.KirkpatrickWhilepoliticalleadershavelockedtheirborders,scientistshavebeenshatteringtheirs,creatingaglobalcollaborationunlikeanyinhistory.Neverbefore,researcherssay,havesomanyexpertsinsomanycountriesfocusedsimultaneouslyonasingletopicandwithsuchurgency.Nearlyallotherresearchhasgroundtoahalt.Normalimperativeslikeacademiccredithavebeensetaside.Onlinerepositoriesmakestudiesavailablemonthsaheadofjournals.Researchershaveidentifiedandsharedhundredsofviralgenomesequences.Morethan200clinicaltrialshavebeenlaunched,bringingtogetherhospitalsandlaboratoriesaroundtheglobe.Onarecentmorning,forexample,scientistsattheUniversityofPittsburghdiscoveredthataferretexposedtoCovid-19particleshaddevelopedahighfever—apotentialadvancetowardanimalvaccinetesting.Underordinarycircumstances,theywouldhavestartedworkonanacademicjournalarticle.“Butyouknowwhat?Thereisgoingtobeplentyoftimetogetpaperspublished,”saidPaulDuprex,avirologistleadingtheuniversity’svaccineresearch.Withintwohours,hesaid,hehadsharedthefindingswithscientistsaroundtheworldonaWHOconferencecall.“Itisprettycool,right?Youcutthecrap,forlackofabetterword,andyougettobepartofaglobalenterprise.”全文翻譯新冠病毒改變世界科研，科學(xué)家同舟共濟(jì)當(dāng)下，一些國(guó)家的政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人已宣布“鎖國(guó)”，而與此同時(shí)，科學(xué)家們正打破他們之間的科研邊界，形成了一股前所未有的全球合作態(tài)勢(shì)。研究人員表示，從來(lái)沒有像現(xiàn)在這樣，有這么多國(guó)家的專家們?nèi)绱似惹械赝瑫r(shí)專注一個(gè)課題。幾乎所有其他研究都暫停了。如學(xué)術(shù)成就等往常重要的事情已被擱置一旁。在線信息庫(kù)讓研究論文提前于期刊數(shù)月便可供查閱。研究人員已經(jīng)鑒定并共享了數(shù)百個(gè)病毒基因組序列。200多項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)業(yè)已啟動(dòng)，將全球各地的醫(yī)院和實(shí)驗(yàn)室聯(lián)結(jié)在了一起。比如，在最近的一個(gè)早晨，匹茲堡大學(xué)的科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一只暴露在新冠病毒顆粒環(huán)境中的雪貂出現(xiàn)了高燒癥狀——這可能是動(dòng)物疫苗試驗(yàn)的一個(gè)進(jìn)展。通常情況下，他們會(huì)開始撰寫學(xué)術(shù)期刊文章?！暗悄阒绬幔恳院笥械氖菚r(shí)間發(fā)表論文，”在該大學(xué)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這一疫苗研究項(xiàng)目的病毒學(xué)家保羅·杜普瑞斯說(shuō)道。他表示，兩個(gè)小時(shí)之內(nèi)，他就在世界衛(wèi)生組織的電話會(huì)議上與世界各地的科學(xué)家們分享了前述發(fā)現(xiàn)?！斑@件事很酷，對(duì)吧？你無(wú)需廢話，我也找不到更好的詞了，就能參與到一項(xiàng)全球事業(yè)中。”詞塊積累1.lock[l?k]vt.上鎖，封閉n.鎖2.shatter[???t?]vt.打破；徹底毀壞，破滅3.collaboration[k??l?b??re???n]n.合作，協(xié)作4.simultaneously[?s?m?l?te?ni?sli]adv.同時(shí)5.urgency[???d??nsi]n.緊迫，急迫6.imperative[?m?per?t?v]n.重要、緊急的事7.repository[r??p?z?t(?)ri]n.存放庫(kù)，倉(cāng)庫(kù)8.launch[l??nt?]vt.啟動(dòng)9.ferret[?fer?t]n.雪貂10.particle[?pɑ?t?k?l]n.微小的顆粒11.potential[p??ten??l]adj.可能的，潛在的12.circumstance[?s??k?mstɑ?ns]n.情形13.virologist[va???r?l?d?ist]n.病毒學(xué)家14.enterprise[?ent?pra?z]n.大型的、復(fù)雜的項(xiàng)目；語(yǔ)篇拓展閱讀語(yǔ)篇拓展閱讀Passage1主題語(yǔ)境主題群話題推薦指數(shù)人與社會(huì)科學(xué)技術(shù)作為學(xué)生應(yīng)該了解并跟上人工智能發(fā)展的一些相關(guān)信息?！铩铩铩顳uringthepastdecade,artificialintelligencehasbeenrapidlyevolvingandchangingourdailylives.FromvirtualpersonalassistantslikeSiriandAlexatoself-drivingcars,AIhasnotonlyimprovedourefficiencybutalsocreatednewindustriesandnewpossibilities.Asstudents,it’scriticaltounderstandandkeepupwiththelatestdevelopmentsinartificialintelligence.Let’stakeacloserlook.AIisdefinedastheabilityofmachinestoperformtasksthattypicallyrequirehumanintelligence,suchasvisualperception,speechrecognition,decision-making,andlanguagetranslation.Thankstorapidimprovementsincomputerhardwareandsoftware,AIhasbeenwidelyappliedtoavarietyofindustries,includinghealthcare,finance,transportation,andeducation.Forexample,AI-poweredmedicaldevicescandetectillnessesandprovidepersonalizedtreatmentrecommendations.AIalgorithmscanalsohelpfinancialinstitutionstodetectfraudandimproveinvestingdecisions.However,AIisnotwithoutitschallenges.OneoftheprimaryconcernsistheimpactofAIonemployment.AsAIcontinuestoreplacehumanworkers,manyarguethatitcouldleadtojobdisplacementandincomeinequality.Additionally,therearegrowingconcernsabouttheethicalimplicationsofAI.Forexample,AIalgorithmscouldreinforcesocietalbiasesorbeusedinmaliciousways,suchascyber-crimeorwarfare.HowcanweensurethatAIisbeingdevelopedandusedethically?OnesolutionistopromotecollaborativeeffortsbetweenAIdevelopers,policymakers,andthegeneralpublic.TransparencyandopennessinAIdevelopmentcouldhelptomitigatepotentialbiasesandensurethatAIalgorithmsarebeingdevelopedinlinewithsocialvalues.TheriseofAIhasthepotentialforbothpositivesandnegatives.It’scriticalforstudentstostayinformedandcontributetotheconversationontheethicaldevelopmentandusageofAI.1．WhichofthefollowingindustrieshaveundergoneasignificanttransformationthankstotheswiftandpotentadvancementofAI?A．PredominantlythetransportationandtechnologiessectorB．SolelythefinancialsectorandthemedicalfieldC．TheconstructionandhospitalityindustryD．Theautomobileandfashionindustry2．Whatistheparamountapprehensionregardingtheproliferationofartificialintelligence?A．thepotentialimpactofAIontheenvironmentB．thepotentialimpactonthegenerallabormarketandincomeinequalityC．AIcompromisingnationalsecuritymeasuresD．theeffectsofAIonpublichealthcare3．Artificialintelligenceisbestdefinedaswhichofthefollowing?A．Thecapabilityofmachinestoperformtasksthatrequirerobustmanuallabor.B．Thecapabilityofmachinestoperformcreativetasks.C．Thecapabilityofmachinestoperformefficientteamwork.D．Thecapabilityofmachinestoprocessandanalyzedatainordertogeneratepredictionsanddecisions.Passage2主題語(yǔ)境主題群話題推薦指數(shù)人與社會(huì)科學(xué)精神作者通過(guò)上即興交流課，學(xué)會(huì)了“yes,and”方法，讓自己更善于傾聽，并給自己的科學(xué)研究帶來(lái)了好處?！铩铩風(fēng)earningtosay“yes,and”WhenIfirstheardabouttheimprovisation(即興交流．,soitseemedlikeaperfectchancetolearnhowtospeakandcommunicatewithotherseffectively.Isignedup,knowingtheexperiencewouldgivemehelp.Duringourfirstclass,welearnedanimportantconceptofimprovisation:“yes,and.”Itmeansthat,asimprovisers,we’dbetteracceptwhatfellowperformerssay.Ifsomeonesaysthatrhinos(犀牛)arelibrarians,forexample,thenrhinosarelibrarians.Wedonotquestionthelogic;wesay“yes”andthencontinuewiththesceneasifnothingiswrong.Thefirstfewsceneswerehard,butasweeksturnedintomonths,Ibecamemorecomfortableandevenstartedtoenjoyourclasses.Ibecamebetteratlistening,relatingtomyconversationpartners,andcommunicatingclearlyinthemoment.OncewhenIwasgivingapresentationaboutmyscience,anaudiencemembersurprisedmewithaquestionthatdidn’tgrowoutoftheinformationI’dpresented.Insteadofgettingconfusedandnervous,Itookthe“yes,and”approach—acceptingthequestionandlettingmymindfocusonwhyitwasasked.Thathelpedmefindanappropriateanswer.Igotprettyexcitedaboutit.Thebenefitsofimprovisationgobeyondcommunication.Beforeattendingtheclass,Iwouldgetstuckwhenmyexperimentsproducedunexpecteddata,thinkingthatIhadmadeamistake.Butnow,insteadofgettingdiscouraged,Iwillstayopentothepossibilitythattheresultsarereal,keepexploringthedataandendupidentifyinganewtypeofcell—onethatisn’tbehavingasexpected.Ithinkallscientistscanbenefitfromthislesson.Ifthedatasayrhinosarelibrarians,thenit’sworthfindingoutwhetherrhinosare,infact,librarians.Asscientists,ourjobisn’ttochallengedatathatsupport,apreconceivedstory,buttosay“yes,and.”4．Whydidtheauthorattendtheimprovisationclass?A．Togetadifferentexperience.B．．a(chǎn)tuniversity.C．Togiveupherjobasasciencecommunicator.D．Toimproveherspeakingandcommunicatingability.5．Whatwastheauthor’schangeafterattendingtheimprovisationclass?A．Sheformedherownideaquickly.B．Shecameupwithlotsofcreativeresponses.C．Shepaidmoreattentiontothelogicofanswers.D．Shebecameagoodlistenerbeforegivinganopinion.6．Theauthormentionsapplyingthe“yes,and”approachtoherscientificexperimentsto________.A．explaintheprocessofusingthemethodB．provethebenefitsoftheimprovisationclassC．shareherownresearchexperienceswithreadersD．a(chǎn)ttractfellowscientiststoattendtheimprovisationclass7．Whatcanbeinferredaboutscientistsfromthelastparagraph?A．Theyshouldattendtheimprovisationclass.B．Theyshouldquestionallpreconceivedideas.C．Theyshouldcarryonresearchbyadmittingearlierdata.D．Theyshouldtrytoimprovetheiracademicknowledge.Passage3主題語(yǔ)境主題群話題推薦指數(shù)人與社會(huì)科學(xué)精神論述了毫不費(fèi)力的思考的危害以及當(dāng)代世界迫切需要批判性思維這一話題?！铩铩铩颕naclassicepisodeofTheSimpsons,Homer’sclassreunionendsinshamewhenoneofHomer’sguiltysecretsisexposed:henevergraduatedfromhighschool.Togethisdiploma,hemustpassasciencetest.Ashesitsdowntoretaketheexam,heholdsoneofhistrademarkdialogueswithhisbrain.“Allright,brain.Youdon’tlikemeandIdon’tlikeyou.Butlet’sjustdothisandIcangetbacktokillingyouwithbeer.”Manyatruewordisspokenasajoke.HomerSimpson’sEverymancharacterreallyisanEveryman.Formostpeople,engaginginthekindofeffortfulthinkingthatisrequiredtopassasciencetestfeelstoomuchlikehardwork.Itissomucheasiertoquitandletthebrain’sautopilottakeover.Andnowonder.Evolutionhasblessedthehumanbrainwithallkindsofmentalshortcutsthatmakelifemanageable.Ifwehadtothinkabouteveryactionorweighupeverydecision,wewouldbreakdown.Asaresult,certainideasandmodesofthinkingcomenaturallytous,suchaseffortlessthinking.Butathugecost.Ourmentalshortcutsworkfineatthelevelofindividualsandsmall-scalesocieties,butinanincreasinglyinterconnectedandglobalizedworld,theyareadangertosociety.Effortlessthinkingisattherootofmanyofthemodernworld’smostseriousproblems:terrorism,hatred,inequalityandreligiousextremism.Allarecausedbypeopledisengagingtheircriticalthinkingandgoingwiththeirgut(非理性的)feeling.Everybodyiscapableofgutfeeling,butalsoofthecriticalthinking.Boththinkingstylesareneededtomaketheworldgoround.Unfortunately,thelatterrequirestrainingthatisunavailableorunappealingtomanypeople.Oneofthebrightspotsin2017wasthestartofamovementcalledtheMarchForScience.Thosewhobelieveinthepowerofscienceneedtokeeponmarching,orgivemorepowertopeoplewhodon’tmuchliketheirownbrains—orotherpeople’s.8．WhatdoestheauthorwanttoconveythroughHomer’sstory?A．Feelingisveryimportant.B．Drinkingbeerisharmfultoone’sbrain.C．Highschoolseniorsshouldworkhard.D．MostpeoplehateeffortfulthinkinglikeHomer.9．Howdoyoureadbetweenthelinesoftheunderlinedsentenceaccordingtothepassage?A．Mostpeoplewouldrathertelljokesthantellthetruth.B．Mostpeopledon’twanttotoilthroughscientifictests.C．Mostpeoplewouldlovetohavetheirbrainscontrolledbyapilot.D．MostpeoplelikeSimpson’sordinarycharacterarewillingtothinksimple.10．Whatisthefourthparagraphmainlyabout?A．Ourmentalshortcutsfunctionwell.B．Effortlessthinkingisexpensiveforpeople.C．Effortlessthinkingisdangeroustosociety.D．Peopleprefereffortlessthinkingtocriticalthinking.11．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofcriticalthinking?A．Itmakestheworldgoround.B．Itneedsnecessarytraining.C．Itworksfineatthelevelofpersonalaffairs.D．ItleadstotheMarchForSciencein2017.12．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．CriticalThinkingIsUrgentlyNeededB．EffortlessThinkingIsOutofDateC．WeNeedtoMarchTowardsScienceD．ThinkingContributestoSocialProblems教材語(yǔ)篇研讀教材語(yǔ)篇研讀I.教材語(yǔ)篇梳理THEFRESHMANCHALLENGEWhatisthetexttypeofthepassage?narrationMainideaofeachparagraphParagraph1:WhatisKingCholera? WhoisJohnSnow?Paragraph2&3:HowdidJohnSnowdefeatKingCholera?Paragraph4:What'sthetruthofKingCholera?Paragraph5:WhatarethecontributionsandsignificanceofJohnSnow'swork?MainideaofthetextThetextismainlyaboutJohnSnowand____how__hedefeatsKingCholeraII.課文語(yǔ)法填空J(rèn)ohnSnowwasapioneerintheuseofmapsandstatisticswhen1.（study）cholera.Snowbegantheinvestigationbymarkingonamaptheexactplaces2.allthosewhodiedhadlived.Thereweremultiple3.（dead）nearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet4.noonediedinsomehouseholds.Thesurvivors5.（give）freebeerandhadnotdrunkthepumpwater.Anotherwomanawayfromthewaterpumphadthewater6.（deliver）toherhousesothatsheaswellasherdaughterdiedofcholera.Asaconsequence7.theevidence，Snowannouncedthewaterpumpwas（blame）.His9.（intervene）ofremovingthepumphandlestoppedthediseaseinitstracks.Snowalsoshowedalinkbetweencholeraandwatercompanies，10.（make）themsellcleanwater.Therefore，thethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.課文語(yǔ)法填空(2)Perhapsnootherscientisthashadagreaterimpact1.China’saerospacesciencethanQianXuesen.BorninHangzhouin1911，QianattendedschoolsinBeijingandenteredShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitytostudyRailwayMechanicalEngineering.However，heswitchedhismajortoaviation2.（advance）China’saerospaceaftertheSonghuBattlebrokeout.AfterfinishinghisgraduatestudiesintheUnitedStates，QianbecameapioneerinAmericanjetandrockettechnologyandfoundedtheJetPropulsionLaboratorywithseveralotherpeople.QianreturnedtoChinain1955afterhe3.（overcome）somedifficultiesandwasputinchargeofnotonly4.（develop）China’srocketsciencebutalsoitsspaceandmissileprogramme.UnderQian’sleadership，Chinamademany5.（breakthrough）inaerospace.Thereforeheearnedthenameof“6.fatherofChina’saerospace”.Qianwas7.（extreme）knowledgeable，especiallyintheareaoffrontierscienceresearch.8.mighthavemadehimsooutstandingandcreativewasprobablyhisextensiveinterests.Hisdeep9.（appreciate）forartoftengavehiminspirationinhisscientificresearch.Thewholecountry10.（sad）byQian’sdeathin2009andpeoplehonouredandrememberedhimindifferentways.教考銜接演練教考銜接演練閱讀微技能1.Skim略讀Youcanfindmainideasbyfirsttakingaquicklookatthetitle,picture(s),keywordsandphrases,andtopicsentences.2.Findthetopicsentence找主題句Thetopicsentenceisnormally,butnotalways,thefirstsentenceofaparagraph.Itgivesthemainideaoftheparagraph.Passage1主題語(yǔ)境主題群話題推薦指數(shù)人與社會(huì)科學(xué)技術(shù)中國(guó)的“小麥之母”張道榮和她的團(tuán)隊(duì)努力拼搏培育新小麥品種的事跡?！铩铩铩铩顰stheChinesesayinggoes,aseedcanchangetheworld;avarietycanbenefitanation.ZhangDaorong,whohasspentthelast26years113newvarietiesofwheatandcontributingtonationalfoodsecurity,hasdoneboth.The50-year-old,whoiscalledthe“motherofwheat”,isa2attheXiangyangAcademyofAgriculturalSciencesinXiangyangcity.Theresearchintonewvarietiesrequiresstrictstandardsand3experiments.“Thefirst4istofindsuitableparentaltypesforaspecificcultivationpurpose.Thenwetryahybridcombination,”Zhangexplained.“Afterseveralgenerationsof5andselection,andwhencharacteristicsremainstable,we6atwo-yearprocessofyieldtestinganddiseaseidentification.”Andafterseveralmoreroundsoftests,a(n)7forevaluationandapprovalcanbemadeformarketproduction.“Generallyspeaking,agoodnew8shouldproducehighyields,havestableproduction,and9goodresistancetobadconditions,”sheadded.“10,italsoshouldbeacceptedbythemarket.”Zhangaddedthattheteam1170,000to80,000seedlings(幼苗)eachyear.Allyearroundtheywerebusywith12experimentsonthegrowthofthenewseedlingsandmakingrecordsandanalyses.“Agriculturalresearchworkis13andcomplicated.Sometimesyoureffortsdonot14.Allwecandothenisthinkmore,discussmoreandfind15ontheland,”shesaid.1．A．a(chǎn)dvertising B．cultivating C．discussing D．observing2．A．journalist B．teacher C．researcher D．manager3．A．precise B．efficient C．simple D．expensive4．A．way B．a(chǎn)ttempt C．step D．question5．A．encouragement B．support C．management D．trial6．A．begin B．continue C．follow D．repeat7．A．practice B．a(chǎn)pplication C．declaration D．invitation8．A．environment B．machine C．farmland D．variety9．A．produce B．enhance C．show D．develop10．A．Besides B．However C．Therefore D．Otherwise11．A．watered B．bought C．protected D．planted12．A．reporting B．designing C．conducting D．studying13．A．normal B．tough C．varied D．specific14．A．endup B．runout C．breakup D．payoff15．A．a(chǎn)nswers B．comfort C．dreams D．couragePassage2主題語(yǔ)境主題群話題推薦指數(shù)人與社會(huì)科學(xué)技術(shù)顯微鏡是一種科學(xué)儀器，同時(shí)介紹了顯微鏡鏡片的發(fā)展史，其在生物學(xué)研究中一直很重要。★★★★★Amicroscopeisascientificinstrumentthatrevealsobjectswhicharenormallytoosmallforthehumaneyestosee.Microscopesuseseverallenses(鏡片)toprovidealargeimageofatinyobjectandtheyhavebeenimportantinthestudyofbiology.16.Peoplenoticedthatsinglelensescouldmakeobjectslargerandalsothattheycouldfocusthesun’sraystostartafire.Theseearlylenseswerecalledburningglasses.Thisledtothedevelopmentofeye-glassesorspectaclesintheearly1300s.Inthelate1500s,twoDutchspectaclemakers,HansandZacchariasJanssen,inventedthefirsttruemicroscope.17,andtheyweresurprisedtodiscoverthattheycouldmakeobjectslookmanytimesbigger.Galileo,anItalianscientist,improvedthequalityofthelensestoproducebetterqualitymicroscopesa