動(dòng)詞的時(shí)和體(一)

TenseandAspect(I)KeyPoints:Usesofsimplepresent;2.Usesofsimplepast;3.Usesofpresentprogressive;4.Usesofpastprogressive.2021/6/161BriefIntroduction英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種時(shí)（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)），六種體（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體，過(guò)去進(jìn)行體，現(xiàn)在完成體，過(guò)去完成體，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行體，過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行體），兩種態(tài)（主動(dòng)態(tài)，被動(dòng)態(tài)），三種式（陳述式，祈使式，虛擬式）2021/6/162I.UsesofSimplePresent1.表不受時(shí)限的客觀存在，包括客觀真理、格言事實(shí)等2.表現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣性經(jīng)常性發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與頻度副詞連用(always,hardlyever=almostnever)

我們常10點(diǎn)鐘上床睡覺(jué).Weareusuallyinbedby10.2021/6/1633.表現(xiàn)時(shí)狀態(tài)和現(xiàn)在瞬間動(dòng)作，只適用于

靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞或表示短暫動(dòng)作的動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞:表運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞jump,hit,open,close（表短暫動(dòng)作）靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞：表相對(duì)靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)的動(dòng)詞如be動(dòng)詞，表感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞feel,表心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞think(表示的意義具有持續(xù)性)2021/6/1644.表將來(lái)時(shí)間（三種句型）1）Ihope/Ibet+that分句中,可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)

Ihopehelikesmygift.(willlike)Ibetitrainstomorrow.(willrain)2）see(toit)/makesure/makecertain+that分句中

I’llseethatnobodydisturbsyou(willdisturb).3）if/when引導(dǎo)的條件分句或時(shí)間分句中

注：1）和2）中的分句可換成將來(lái)時(shí)，3）不能2021/6/1655.表過(guò)去時(shí)間

Ihearyouhavegotapart-timejob.=Iheardyougot/hadgotapart-timejob.

能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的動(dòng)詞:tell,say,hear,learn,gather（了解，推測(cè)，得知）等或稱(chēng)作：歷史性現(xiàn)在時(shí)

(HistoricPresent)2021/6/166IIUsesofSimplePast1.表過(guò)去時(shí)間

Wehadameetingyesterdayafternoon.

一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的時(shí)間與現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系，已成為過(guò)去/不復(fù)存在，比較：

IstudiedinCanadafor7years.(現(xiàn)已不在加拿大)IhavestudiedinCanadafor7years.

（可能在加拿大也可能在別地）2021/6/1672.表現(xiàn)在時(shí)間和將來(lái)時(shí)間1）Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.(want,wonder,think,hope)

表現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于Iwonder…,

區(qū)別在前者表婉轉(zhuǎn)語(yǔ)氣。2021/6/1682）表與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的主觀設(shè)想或?qū)?lái)的主觀設(shè)想，不能換為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)Wearereallytired.It’stimewehadarest.IfIhadmoney,I’dbuyabighouse.I’dratheryouwentnow.(wish)2021/6/169Exercise11BPuttheverbsinbracketsintothesimplepresentorthesimplepast:I’llmakesurethateverything_____(be)inorder.2.Ihope(that)I______________(see)youthere.3.Seethatyou______(be)readyat8o’clock.4.I’mgettingtired---it’stimewe_______(go)home.5.I’dratheryou_______(buy)acar.issee/willseearewentbought2021/6/16106.Ifeelasifmyhead______(be)onfire.7.Isn’titabouttimeyou_________(setto)and_____(do)somework？8.It’shightimewe_____(have)arest.9.Heactsasifhe_______(know)Englishperfectly.10.IwishI______(know)hisname.11.I’dratheryou______(live)closertous.12.I__________(wonder)ifyouwerefreethisevening.wassettodidhadknewknewlivedwonderedExercise11B2021/6/161113.Ihopeyou_______________(sleep)well.14.I_____(say)youarewrong.15.John______(tell)methattherewasacaraccidentlastnight.16.I_____(hear)oldMrsSmithhaslosthercat.17.I________(want)toaskifIcouldborrowyourladder.18.Theteno’clocknews______(say)it’sgoingtobecoldtomorrow.Exercise11Bsleep/willsleepsaytellshearwantedsays2021/6/1612Exercise11B19.I_________(suggest)youphonemetomorrow.20.Twoandthree____________(make)five.Ihopeshe______________(notdislike)theflowers.22.IfonlyI_____(have)moremoney,Icouldbuysomenewclothes.23.IbetI_____(get)therebeforeyou.24.Don’tcometomorrow.I’dratheryou_______(come)nextweekend.suggestmake/makesdoesn’tdislikehadgetcame2021/6/1613Exercise11B25.A:Ihaven’tgotatablecloth.B:Supposewe_______(use)asheet?26.A:Daddy,canIwatchTV?B:Supposeyou__________(do)yourhomeworkfirst?27.Ifit_________(rain),thematchwouldbecancelled.28.I_______(gather)Peter’slookingforajob.29.MrSmith_______(step)intohisoffice,_____(sit)downand________(begin)tofillintheforms.use(d)do/didrainedgathersteppedsatbegan2021/6/1614Exercise11B30.Atrise,thestage____(be)dark.It____(be)two-thirtyinthemorningandahot,midsummer’sdayhasjustbegun.It_____(be)silent…MELEDISON,inpajamas,robeandslippers_____(sit)aloneonthetinysofa,smokingacigarette.He______(rub)hisfaceanxiously,then________(cough)…isisissitsrubscoughs2021/6/1615IIIUsesofPresentProgressive1.表正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

WearelearningEnglishgrammar.2.表現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

(一種暫時(shí)性，不是長(zhǎng)期性)

與頻度副詞always等連用時(shí)表示感情色彩,比較:Youarealwayscomplainingaboutyourwork.(感情色彩)Youalwayscomplainaboutyourwork.(說(shuō)明事實(shí))2021/6/16163.表按計(jì)劃近期內(nèi)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

IamleavingChinainafewweeks.注：用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體表將來(lái)，句中要有表將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（上下文），否則歧義，例如：

Areyoudoinganythingspecialtonight?(表示將來(lái))Areyoudoinganythingspecialnow?(表示說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作)2021/6/16174.其他用法1)表剛剛過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，只適用于口語(yǔ)

YouknowIamtellingthetruth.…whatIamtalkingabout.2）表婉轉(zhuǎn)口氣

Iamhoping/wonderingyouwillhelpme.2021/6/1618Exercise11DPuttheverbsinbracketsintothesimplepresentOrthepresentprogressive:Mysister____________(live)athomeforthemoment.2.You_______(live)inNorthLondon,don’tyou?3.Why___thatgirl________(stand)onthetable?4.ChetfordCastle________(stand)onahilljustoutsidethetown.islivingliveisstandingstands2021/6/1619Exercise11D5.She______(see)herdoctortwiceaweek.6.Theweather__________(get)betterandbetter.7.We____probably__________(spend)nextweekendathome.8.Water______(boil)at212°Fahrenheit.9.Thebottle___________(boil).ShallImaketea?10.George____________(get)upatfiveo’clockeverydaythisweektoprepareforhisexamination.seesisgettingarespendingboilsisboilingisgetting2021/6/1620Exercise11D11.He____always_________(write)withaspecialpen----justbecausehelikestobedifferent.12.What______you_____________(talkabout)?Ican’tmakeheadortailofit.iswritingaretalkingabout2021/6/1621IV.UsesofPastProgressive1.表過(guò)去某時(shí)（點(diǎn)/段）正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

Whatwereyoudoingyesterdayafternoon?Iwasstudyinginthelibrary.2.表過(guò)去某種習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作3.表過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)間里的動(dòng)作

Theywereleavingafewdayslater2021/6/16224.表現(xiàn)在時(shí)間和將來(lái)時(shí)間里的動(dòng)作1）婉轉(zhuǎn)語(yǔ)氣只限于hope,want,wonder等詞

比較委婉程度：

Iwonderifyoucanhelpme.Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.Iamwonderingifyoucanhelpme.Iwaswonderingifyoucouldhelpme.2021/6/16232）主觀臆想用在it’stime,Iwish,I’drather,if條件句中，和一般過(guò)去時(shí)用法無(wú)區(qū)別,如：

Itistimewewerehavingarest.Itistimewehadarest.2021/6/16245.過(guò)去進(jìn)行體與一般過(guò)去時(shí)比較

過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行體已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作未完成的動(dòng)作陳述事實(shí)側(cè)重動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性較短的動(dòng)作較長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作隨意、無(wú)目的動(dòng)作動(dòng)作的時(shí)間順序

2021/6/1625TenseandAspectIIKeyPoints:Usesofpresentperfective(progressive)2.Usesofpastperfective(progressive)2021/6/1626I.Usesofpresentperfective1.have/has+ed分詞構(gòu)成2.兩個(gè)主要用法：已完成用法；未完成用法

Ihaveeatenmydinner.(發(fā)生在過(guò)去某時(shí)的動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成。)Hehaslivedherefor10years/since1999.(發(fā)生在過(guò)去某時(shí)的動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在有可能繼續(xù)。)2021/6/16273.區(qū)別：已完成用法通常不與段時(shí)間連用，未完成用法常與段時(shí)間連用。

Ihavefinishedmyhomework.已完成用法

Ihaveknownhimfor8years.未完成用法II.Usesofpresentperfectiveprogressive1.have/hasbeen+ing分詞構(gòu)成2.用法與現(xiàn)在完成體未完成用法相仿，可以互換

Hehaslivedherefor10years.Hehasbeenlivingherefor10years.(強(qiáng)調(diào)一種持續(xù)性)2021/6/16283.不能互換，比較：

Whohaseatenmydinner?（全吃光）

Whohasbeeneatingmydinner?

（有剩余）

Example:

我工作了整整一天。

Ihavebeenworkingallday.

我學(xué)英語(yǔ)學(xué)了好些年了。

IhavebeenlearningEnglishforquiteafewyears.2021/6/1629我真累了。我一直在打羽毛球，我已經(jīng)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)打。Iamreallytired.Ihavebeenplayingbadminton.Ihaven’tplayedforalongtime.我認(rèn)識(shí)這位作家有些年了，我一直都在讀他寫(xiě)的小說(shuō)。Ihaveknownthiswriterforseveralyears.Ihavebeenreadinghisnovels.2021/6/1630III.Usesofpastperfective1.had+ed分詞構(gòu)成2.兩個(gè)主要用法：已完成用法；未完成用法相對(duì)的時(shí)間是過(guò)去：過(guò)去的過(guò)去，在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

Ihadeatenmydinnerbeforetheycame.已完成

Hetoldmethathehadlivedherefor10years.未完成

Example:2021/6/1631當(dāng)我們到達(dá)操場(chǎng)的時(shí)候，比賽已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。Whenwegotto/reachedtheplayground,thematch/gamehadbegun.我還沒(méi)來(lái)得及向他解釋?zhuān)妥吡?。BeforeIexplainedtohim,hehadleft.IV.Usesofpastperfectiveprogressive1.hadbeen+ing分詞構(gòu)成2.

與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行體用法相仿，只是時(shí)間推移到了過(guò)去。

Example:2021/6/1632在他大學(xué)畢業(yè)之前，他一直在努力地學(xué)習(xí)電腦。Beforehegraduatedfromthecollege,hehadbeenmakingeffortstolearncomputer.在老師到來(lái)之前，我已經(jīng)在教室呆了五分鐘了。Bythetimetheteachercame,Ihadbeenstayingintheclassroomfor5minutes.2021/6/16333.when/before/after/until引導(dǎo)的分句中過(guò)去完成體的用法。

表示動(dòng)作先后，可以互換：

Whentheycame,Ihadeatenmydinner.Ihadeatenmydinnerbeforetheycame.AfterIhadeatenmydinner,theycame.Theydidn’tcomeuntilIhadeatenmydinner.BythetimetheycameIhadeatenmydinner.2021/6/1634

注：1)通常一個(gè)動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，一個(gè)用過(guò)去完成體。2)After/before本身已經(jīng)體現(xiàn)出動(dòng)作的先后，所以也可都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)Iatemydinnerbeforetheycame.AfterIatemydinner,theycame.兩個(gè)動(dòng)作可都用過(guò)去完成體，少，如bythetimeBythetimetheyhadcome,Ihadeatenmydinner.2021/6/1635V.Imaginaryuseofpastperfective1.用于由if,ifonly,asif引導(dǎo)的分句中：

Ifonlyyouhadtoldmebefore.2.用于Iwish,I’drather等結(jié)構(gòu)后面的that-

分句中：

Iwouldratheryouhadtoldherthetruth.3.用于expect,think,intend,mean(=intend)want,suppose等動(dòng)詞，表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖：

Ihadintendedtomakeacake,butIranoutoftime.2021/6/1636VI.Moreontheuseofperfectiveaspect1.完成體與havegot/havegotto

我得到了一本新字典。

Ihavegotanewdictionary.

我有一本新字典。（口語(yǔ)）

Ihaveanewdictionary.Ihavegotanewdictionary./Ihavegotnotime.Ihavegottodoit.=Ihavetodoit.2.Itis/willbethefirsttimethatIhavebeenhere.ItwasthefirsttimethatIhadbeenhere.2021/6/1637MultipleChoice____,theplayersbeganthegame.A)HavingtakenourseatsB)BeingtakentheseatsC)AfterwehadtakenourseatsD)Takingtheseats2.TheCuriesdiscoveredradiumafterthey____.A)weremarriedB)hadbeenmarriedC)marriedD)havemarriedCC2021/6/16383.“Let’shurry.ThePresidentiscoming.”“Oh,hasn’thecomeyet?Iwasafraidwe___.”A)alreadymisshimB)hasalreadymissedhimC)hadalreadymissedhimD)havealreadymissedhim4.Youwillhardlybelieveit,butthisisthethirdtimetonightsomeone____me.A)telephonedB)hastelephonedC)telephonesD)shouldtelephoneCB2021/6/16395.Youloveyouronlysonandindulgehimsomuchthatyou____himharm.A)aredoingB)havedoneC)willhavedoneD)aredoingtodo6.Thecompany____ariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappenedyet.A)ispromisedB)ispromisingC)hasbeenpromisingD)promisedAC2021/6/16407.Ithasbeenabout7yearssincethey____.A)gotmarriedB)gotmarryC)getmarriedD)havemarried8.Asayoungmanhedidnotknowthathe____becomefamouslateron.A)wastoB)shouldC)wasgoingtoD)wouldAA2021/6/16419.We____thecoldwinterforthepast2years.A)wouldhaveB)hadC)havehadD)havebeenhaving10.She_____whenthatyoungmandivedinandsavedher.A)drownedB)wasdrowningC)wasgoingtodrownD)haddrownedDB2021/6/164211.He____manyoftheexperiencesheever___inhischildhood.A)graduallyforget……h(huán)adB)isgraduallyforgetting……h(huán)adC)wasgraduallyforgetting……h(huán)adD)havegraduallyforgotten……h(huán)ad12.Youhavebeenwithinaninchoflifeand___it.A)haven’tknownB)didn’tknowC)donotknowD)hadn’tknownBB2021/6/164313.Ouruniversityisnolongerwhatshe____.A)hadbeenB)hadC)wasD)willbe14.Shegavemethatnotebookonmybirthday,andI____itinmydrawer.A)havesincekeptB)sincekeptC)amsincekeepingD)hadsincekeptCA2021/6/164415.You____yourbooksabout.A)constantlyleaveB)areconstantlyleavingC)constantlyleftD)haveconstantlyleft16.Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenallpossible,butI____fullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.A)wereB)hadbeenC)havebeenD)wasBD2021/6/164517.She____cleanoutthespaceroomlastweek,butwastoomuchoccupiedatthattime.A)intendedtoB)wasintendedtoC)hadintendedtoD)hasintendedto18.WhenIsawhersmilingface,Iknewshe___goodnewsofherhusband.A)hasB)hashadC)hadhadD)washavingCC2021/6/164619.Hedidnotarriveuntilthemeetingwasnearlyover,forthesimplereasonthathe____asleepwhilewatchingtelevision.A)hadfallenB)hasfallenC)fellD)wasfalling20.Henrywouldratherthathisgirlfriend____inthesamedepartmentashedoes.A)worksB)hadworkedC)workedD)hasbeenwokedCC2021/6/1647ErrorCorretingWhenthepoliceman