Happy暑假我的作業(yè)君（版）高二英語(yǔ)人教版閱讀理解技能訓(xùn)練破解推測(cè)詞匯含義題

學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精專題15閱讀理解技能訓(xùn)練-—-破解推測(cè)詞匯含義題【理論回顧】解題思路與應(yīng)試技巧：做這種類型的題，要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的語(yǔ)境上下文來(lái)判斷其意義.因此熟練掌握一些猜詞技巧是做好這類題的關(guān)鍵。命題者在出這類題時(shí)慣用常規(guī)詞義來(lái)麻痹考生，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語(yǔ)境主觀臆斷.下面結(jié)合近幾年高考試題，對(duì)詞義猜測(cè)的技巧加以解讀。1、根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測(cè)有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需要猜測(cè)其意義的詞或短語(yǔ)，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語(yǔ)意義的主要依據(jù).例如(1）Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle-thatis，itwillbreakeasily.從后面thatis（也就是說(shuō))的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。(2）Theherdsman，wholooksaftersheep，earnsabout650yuanayear.定語(yǔ)從句中l(wèi)ooksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的詞義為“牧人"。2、根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時(shí)后面緊跟一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)，對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋,這時(shí)可利用同位關(guān)系對(duì)前面或后面的詞義或句意進(jìn)行猜測(cè).例如1。Weareonthenightshift-frommidnightto8a。m.—thisweek。兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的短語(yǔ)很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。2.Theword“favouritism”inparagraph3isusedtodescribethephenomenonthat________.A。brightchildrenalsoneedcertificatesgogetsatisfyingjobs。B。childrenfromwell—respectedschoolstendtohavegoodjobsC。poorchildrenwithcertificatesarefavouredinjobmarketsD。childrenattendingordinaryschoolsachievegreatsuccess【點(diǎn)撥】B。請(qǐng)看原文：Withoutexaminations，employerswilllookforemployeesfromthehighlyrespectedschoolsandfromfamiliesknowntothem—aformoffavourtismwillreplaceequality.破折號(hào)后的句子是對(duì)前面進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明的，二者是同位關(guān)系，因此要猜測(cè)favourtism的意思可從前面句子的意思入手.答案為B.3、根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等）進(jìn)行猜測(cè)在英語(yǔ)中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴，在后面加后綴,從而構(gòu)成一個(gè)詞，乍看起來(lái)，這個(gè)詞可能是新詞，但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識(shí)，就不難猜出它的詞義。例如1.“Ourpartiesareaimedforchildren2to10，"Anacleriosaid，“andthey’reveryinteractiveandcreativeinthattheybuiltasenseofdramabasedonasubject.”文中interactive是由前綴inter-(相互的）和active(活動(dòng)的，活躍的)而構(gòu)成的，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文的意思可以判斷，該詞的含義應(yīng)是“互動(dòng)的"。2。Theunderlinedword“fixture”inParagraph3probablyreferstosomething______。A。thatpeopleenjoyeatingB。thatisalwayspresentC.thatisdifficulttogetD。thatpeopleuseasagift【解析】B。請(qǐng)看文章原句:Thenewtypeofpineapplewassellingfast，andtheDelMonteGoldpineapplerapidlybecameafixtureintheshoppingbasketofthehealthyeater。從文章意思可知，這種新型菠蘿很暢銷，當(dāng)然成為了健康飲食人士購(gòu)物筐中的?？?。另外根據(jù)構(gòu)詞知識(shí)可知，該詞的詞根是fix，含有“固定”之意.4、根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)在一篇閱讀文章中,根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。1.Thelowtestscore,theythink，willmakeitimpossibleforthemtogetintoagoodcollege.Andwithoutadegreefromaprestigiousuniversity，theyfearthatmanyoflife’sdoorswillremainforeverclosed。"學(xué)生認(rèn)為考試分?jǐn)?shù)低就不可能進(jìn)入一所好大學(xué)，而沒(méi)有“名?！钡漠厴I(yè)文憑，將來(lái)生活中的很多大門可能就會(huì)對(duì)他們永遠(yuǎn)關(guān)閉.由此推知Aprestigiousuniversity應(yīng)是afamousuniversity(名校)。2。Whatdotheunderlinedwords“packoutwhatyoupackin”inParagraph4probablymean?A.keepeverythingoutofcampgroundsB.takeawayeverythingyoubringinC.carryallthenecessaryfoodD.lookafteryourpersonalbelongings【解析】B。細(xì)讀該段文字:Pleasestayonpermittedpaths。Otherwiseyoumaydestroydesertplants.Packoutwhatyoupackin，soyouleavenosignsofyourvisit。Itisimportanttokeepinmindthatyouareinanationalparkwherewildlifeexists.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系可知,不要留下任何參觀訪問(wèn)的跡象，因此要把帶進(jìn)來(lái)的所有東西都帶出大峽谷.5、根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)文章中的代詞it,that,he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物,其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時(shí)代詞指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；也有時(shí)需要對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。例如1。LikeSchmid,theeditorsofseveralself-publishedartmagazinesalsochampion(捍衛(wèi))foundphotographs。Oneofthem,calledsimplyFound,wasbornonesnowynightinChicago，whenDavyRothbardreturnedtohiscartofindunderhiswiper(雨刷)anangrynoteintendedforsomeoneelse:“Why’syourcarHEREatHERplace？”them指的是前面出現(xiàn)的self-publishedartmagazines。However，thequestionthat“moonpeople"askedisstillaninterestingone。Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit。it指的是月球人（moonpeople）所問(wèn)的問(wèn)題（thequestion）。2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it"inParagraph5referto?A.Atypeofice—saltmixture.B。Anewlyfoundprotein.C。Fishblood。D。Sugarmolecule?！窘馕觥緽。請(qǐng)看原文第5段：Thescientists’nextresearchjobwasclear：Findoutwhatinthefish’sbloodkeptitfromfreezing.Theirsearchledtosomereallystrangethingmadeupofaprotein(蛋白質(zhì))neverbeforeseeninthebloodofafish。Whenitwasremoved，thebloodfrozeatseawatertemperature.Whenitwasputback，thebloodagainhaditsantifreezequalityandaloweredfreezingpoint。代詞it通常代替前文出現(xiàn)的名詞或代詞，根據(jù)上文出現(xiàn)的名詞protein，再結(jié)合語(yǔ)境，it應(yīng)該就是指這種特殊蛋白質(zhì)。6、根據(jù)同義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)當(dāng)詞或短語(yǔ)之間有并列連詞and或or時(shí),其連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的,由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個(gè)生詞所屬的義域，由此可推知其大致意思?！究祭?Theunderlinedword“compassion”inParagraph6istheclosestinmeaningto________.A.pityB。praiseC.supportD。popularity【點(diǎn)撥】A?？焖匍喿x第六段的相關(guān)信息：“Romehastriedtoprotectfishmorethananywhereelseintheworld。Itstandsoutforrecognizingthatfishareinterestinganimalswhodeserve（值得)overrespectandcompassioneverybitasmuchasdogsandcatsandotheranimals，”saidKarinRobertson,adirectorofthePeoplefortheEthicalTreatmentofAnimals.由并列連詞and可知compassion與respect是同義（近義)詞，從文章傳達(dá)的信息可知，羅馬比世界上其它地方更注重保護(hù)魚類，認(rèn)為魚類像貓、狗以及其它動(dòng)物一樣應(yīng)該得到尊重和“憐惜”。與respect意義相近的詞是pity.7、根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but,however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來(lái)確定另一句的含義。另外，分號(hào)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義。例如1.Achild’sbirthdaypartydoesn’thavetobeahassle；itcanbeabasketoffun.從前后兩句的意思可以看出，hassle和abasketoffun肯定是近乎相反的意義。所以不難判斷hassle的意思是“困難,麻煩”。2。Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass，buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass。but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折,因此but前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一節(jié)上了一半才來(lái)”，因此反向推理,可得出她平時(shí)一向“準(zhǔn)時(shí)"的結(jié)論.【想一想】掌握詞義猜測(cè)的技巧對(duì)閱讀有什么好處？【練一練】鞏固練習(xí)1Youmaythinkthatsailingisadifficultsport,butitisreallynothardtolearnit。Youdonotneedtobestrong。Butyouneedtobequick。Andyouneedtounderstandafewbasicrulesaboutthewind.First,youmustaskyourself，“Whereisthewindcomingfrom？Isitcomingfromaheadorbehindorfromtheside？"Youmustthinkaboutthisallthetimeontheboat。Thewinddirectiontellsyouwhattodowiththesail.Let’sstartwiththewindblowingfrombehind。Thismeansthewindandtheboataregoinginthesamedirection.Thenyoumustalwayskeepthesailoutsidetheboat。Itshouldbeata90°angle（角度）totheboat.Thenitwillcatchthewindbest。Ifthewindisblowingfromtheside,itisblowingacrosstheboat。Inthiscase，youmustkeepthesailhalfwayoutsidetheboat.Itshouldbeata45°angletotheboat。Itneedstobeoutfarenoughtocatchthewind,butitshouldn’tflap（擺動(dòng))．Itshouldn’tlooklikeaflagonaflagpole.Ifitisflapping，itisprobablyouttoofar,andtheboatwillslowdown.Sailingintothewindisnotpossible。Ifyoutry,thesailwillflapandtheboatwillstop。Youmaywanttogointhatdirection。Itispossible,butyoucan'tgoinastraightline。Youmustgofirstinonedirectionandtheninanother.Thisiscalledtacking。Whenyouaretacking，youmustalwayskeepthesailinsidetheboat.45。Whatshouldyouconsiderfirstwhilesailing?A．Sailors'strength.B．Wavelevels。C．Winddirections。D．Sizeofsails.46．Whatdoestheword“It”underlinedinParagraph4referto？A．Theboat.B．Thewind。C．Thesail.D．Theangle。47．Whatdoyouhavetodowhensailingagainstthewind?A．Moveinastraightline.B．Allowthesailtoflap。C．Lowerthesail。D．Tacktheboat.48．Wherecanyouprobablyfindthetext?A．Inapopularmagazine.B．Inatouristguidebook。C．Inaphysicstextbook.D．Inanofficialreport。提升練習(xí)EPPortableHeaterWeallknowthatthecostofheatingourhomeswillcontinuetobeasignificantburdenonthefamilybudget.NowmillionsofpeoplearesavingontheirheatingbillswiththeEPportableheater.Withoveronemillionsatisfiedcustomersaroundtheworld,thenewEPheatsbetterandfaster,savesmoreonheatingbills，andrunsalmostsilent。TheEPhasnoexposedheatingpartsthatcancauseafire.TheoutsideoftheEPonlygetswarmtothetouchsothatitwillnotburnchildrenorpets.TheEPwillnotreduceoxygenintheroom。Withotherheaters，you'llnoticethatyougetsleepywhentheheatcomesonbecausetheyareburningupoxygen。TheadvancedEPalsoheatstheroomevenly，_walltowallandfloortoceiling。Itcomfortablycoversanareaupto350squarefeet.Otherheatersheatroomsunevenlywithmostoftheheatconcentratedtothecenteroftheroom.Andtheyonlyheatanareaafewfeetaroundtheheater.WiththeEP，thetemperaturewillnotvaryinanypartoftheroom。TheEPcomeswitha3－yearwarranty(保修）anda60－day，noquestionsasked，satisfactionguarantee。Ifyouarenottotallysatisfied，returnitatourexpenseandyourmoneywillbegivenbacktoyou.Nowwehaveaspecialofferfor10days,duringwhichyoucanenjoyahalfpricediscountandafreedelivery.Ifyouorderafterthat，wereservetherighttoeitheracceptorrejectorderrequestsatthediscountedprice.Takeactionrightnow！56．WhatismainlydiscussedinParagraph2?A。TheheatoftheEP.B。ThesafetyoftheEP.C.TheappearanceoftheEP.D。ThematerialoftheEP。57．Fromthepassage，wecanlearnthattheEP________．A.doesn'tburnupoxygenB。runswithoutanynoiseC.makespeoplegetsleepyD。isunsuitableforchildrenandpets58．Theunderlinedword“evenly"inParagraph4probablymeans________。A。continuouslyB.separatelyC.quicklyD。equally59．Themainpurposeofthepassageisto________.A.persuadepeopletobuytheproductB.advisepeopletosaveonheatingbillsC。reportthenewdevelopmentofportableheatersD。comparethefunctionsofdifferentheaterbrands2Formorethantwentyyearsscientistshavebeensearchingforsignsoflifeonotherplanets。Mostofthesesearcheshavebeendoneovertheradio.Thehopeisthatsomeoneinouterspacemaybetryingtogetintouchwithus。Scientistsalsohavesentradioandtelevisionmessagesonspaceshipstravelingthroughspace,onthechancethatsomeonemaybereceptive（善于接受的）tosuchmessages。Scientistsareusingpowerfulradiotelescopetolistentosignalsfromabout1，000stars，allwithin100lightyearsofearth.Inaddition,theywillscan(掃視)theentireskyto“l(fā)isten"forradiomessagesfrommoredistantstars。Usingacomputer，theywillbeabletomonitormorethaneightchannelsatonetime。Scientistsarelookingforanysignalthatstandsoutfromthebackgroundnoise。Ofthe200billionstarsintheMilkyWaygalaxy（銀河星系)，scientistsfindthatfivepercentarelikeoursun。Perhapshalfofthemhaveaplanetlikeearth。Suchaplanetwouldbeareasonabledistancefromthestarfortemperaturestoberightfortheevolutionoflife。Basedontheinhabitable（thatcanbelivedin）planetsinourgalaxy,mostscientistsagreethatchancesarelikelythatoneormoreoftheseplanetssupportsomelife.However，manyscientistswonderwhetherintelligent（有智力的）lifeexistsonotherplanets。Somebelievethattwentyyearsofsearchingwithoutanyintelligible（可理解的)messagesshowsthatnooneisoutthere.Theysaythattheevolutionofintelligencecomparabletooursisunlikely.Otherscientistsbelievethatoursearchhasn’tbeenlongenoughtoruleoutthepossibilitythatintelligentlifeexistsinourgalaxy.Althoughoursunfamilyinonlyaboutfivebillionyearsold,ourgalaxyisabout20billionsyearsold.Inthattime，somescientiststhinkitislikelythatcivilizationsaremuchmo