英語專題-名詞

中考英語專題名詞在中考中,對(duì)于名詞的考查多集中在具體語言環(huán)境下名詞詞義的辨析上。綜合分析這幾年的中考真

題,總結(jié)出一些?？嫉拿~。具體如下:Aactivity活動(dòng)address地址advantage優(yōu)勢ad-vice建議attention注意athlete運(yùn)動(dòng)員action行動(dòng)ability能力Bbalance平衡business商業(yè),生意background背景break間歇;休息Cchallenge挑戰(zhàn)chance機(jī)會(huì)change變化;零錢

collection收集物contribution貢獻(xiàn)choice選擇cause原因custom風(fēng)俗courage勇氣com-munication交流condition條件,狀況culture文化名詞詞義辨析Ddecision決定design設(shè)計(jì)difference不同,差異discussion討論duty責(zé)任;義務(wù)distance距離description描述director導(dǎo)演;負(fù)責(zé)人danger危險(xiǎn)direction說明;方向difficulty困難discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)

diet日常飲食Eeducation教育effort努力energy能量;精力

experiment實(shí)驗(yàn)expression表達(dá)environment環(huán)境excuse借口exhibition展覽experience經(jīng)驗(yàn);經(jīng)歷explanation解釋;說明example實(shí)例,樣品exer-cise練習(xí)Ffact事實(shí)fear害怕,恐懼field田野;場地;領(lǐng)域

feeling感覺fun樂趣fight奮斗;戰(zhàn)斗force力,力量friendship友誼future未來Hhabit習(xí)慣hobby業(yè)余愛好honour榮譽(yù)health健康hope希望honesty誠實(shí)Iinformation信息idea想法,主意interest興趣

importance重要性invention發(fā)明interview面試;訪談influence影響(力)instruction指示,命令invita-tion邀請instrument器械,儀器introduction介紹Jjob工作,職業(yè)joke笑話,玩笑journey(尤指長途)旅行,行程journalist新聞?dòng)浾逰knowledge知識(shí)Llanguage語言lesson課程;教訓(xùn)level水平life(pl.lives)生活;生命list名單,清單luck幸運(yùn),運(yùn)氣Mmaterial材料meaning意義,意思member成員mess雜亂mood心情message消息method方法mind頭腦,心智Nnature自然news新聞note筆記notice通知

number號(hào)碼;數(shù)字noise噪音Ooffer提議;出價(jià)opinion意見,看法opportunity機(jī)會(huì)organization機(jī)構(gòu);組織object物體,物品order命令Ppain痛苦,疼痛patience耐心peace和平pro-tection保護(hù)praise表揚(yáng)patient病人progress進(jìn)步problem問題promise承諾pride驕傲

pity遺憾pleasure高興,愉快present現(xiàn)在;禮物price價(jià)格program節(jié)目purpose目的Qquality品質(zhì),質(zhì)量quantity數(shù)量quarrel爭吵,吵架question疑問,問題Rreason理由;原因result結(jié)果report報(bào)告re-search研究;調(diào)查regret遺憾,懊悔relationship

關(guān)系reply回復(fù)rule規(guī)則Sservice服務(wù)shape形狀;外形stranger陌生人

safety安全saying格言secret秘密sight視力;景象style樣式;款式support支持sign標(biāo)志

silence沉默skill技藝,技巧success成功sug-gestion建議sense感覺;意識(shí)situation情況system系統(tǒng)surface表面space太空;空間Ttechnology技術(shù)tourist游客tradition傳統(tǒng)traf-fic車輛;交通trouble困難taste味覺;品味

temperature溫度trade貿(mào)易treat款待,招待

truth實(shí)情thought思想,思考treasure珠寶;寶藏transport交通運(yùn)輸Vvoice嗓音volunteer志愿者value價(jià)值victory勝利Wwaste浪費(fèi);廢品way方式;道路wealth財(cái)富

weight重量wish愿望,祝愿即時(shí)訓(xùn)練單項(xiàng)選擇①—InChina,weuseredpaperforhongbaobecauseredmeansgoodluck.—That

sinteresting!IwanttoknowalltheChinese

A

.A.traditionsB.sentencesC.noticesD.problems②Mr.HuangisanexcellentEnglishteacherwhohasover20years

teaching

A

.A.experienceB.informationC.knowledge③Hegetsupearlyandexerciseseveryday.It

sagood

B

.A.hobbyB.habitC.dietD.advantage④A12-year-oldboyfromHunaninventedanewkindofwindowbecauseofhis

D

.Thewindowcan

preventchildrenfromfallingout.A.communicationB.celebrationC.honestyD.creativity⑤WhileshewasinMilan,shedevelopeda

C

forfineart.A.wayB.relationC.tasteD.habit點(diǎn)睛名詞詞義辨析,一般在單項(xiàng)選擇中考查。解答此類試題,抓住題眼是關(guān)鍵,掌握所給的各選項(xiàng)的詞義是

基礎(chǔ)。突破方法有兩點(diǎn):(1)夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),對(duì)課標(biāo)名詞進(jìn)行專項(xiàng)記憶,記清易混詞匯的細(xì)微差別。(2)

注重審題,結(jié)合前后具體語言環(huán)境和邏輯關(guān)系加以辨析,找出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞,也可以結(jié)合常識(shí)或英語

的習(xí)慣用法(固定搭配)等來確定答案。一、可數(shù)名詞

名詞的數(shù)和所有格易混易錯(cuò)(1)有些以f結(jié)尾的單詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),只能加-s,例如:roof→roofs,belief→beliefs,proof→proofs。但是,

handkerchief在變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí),可有兩種變換形式,即handkerchiefs/handkerchieves。(2)fish:①指“魚肉”時(shí),是不可數(shù)名詞。②指魚的“條數(shù)”時(shí),是可數(shù)名詞,但單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)同形。

Therearetwofishintheriver.③強(qiáng)調(diào)魚的“種類”時(shí),復(fù)數(shù)是fishes。(3)有些名詞常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),如trousers,socks,gloves,glasses,shoes,pants等。表達(dá)其數(shù)量時(shí),常借

助pair一詞。例:apairoftrousers一條褲子,twopairsofgloves兩副手套。食物類rice,porridge,bread,meat,mutton,fish,beef,pork,chicken,sugar,salt,vinegar(醋)飲品類orange,juice,milk,tea,coffee,water語言類Chinese,Japanese,English,French,German,Russian學(xué)科類Chinese,English,maths,music,physics氣象類weather,rain,snow,wind,air,ice其他advice,exercise(鍛煉),experience(經(jīng)驗(yàn)),news,in-formation,ink,fun,medicine,money,pollution,work(工作),teamwork,housework,homework,schoolwork二、不可數(shù)名詞一般指物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞和專有名詞等,通常沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,其前不用冠詞a/an或數(shù)詞。1.英語中常見的不可數(shù)名詞2.不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量表示法(1)表示大概多少,可以用some,much,alittle,little,abitof,alotof,alargeamountof等來修飾不可數(shù)名

詞。例:There

slittlemilkinthefridge.Let

sgoandbuysomemore.冰箱里的牛奶快沒了。我們再去買一些吧。Doyouhaveanyadvice,Tom?湯姆,你有什么建議嗎?(2)表述具體數(shù)量,用“冠詞或數(shù)詞+量詞+of...”結(jié)構(gòu)。例:apieceofpaper一張紙twocupsofcoffee兩杯咖啡twospoonsofsugar兩勺糖三、既可作可數(shù)名詞又可作不可數(shù)名詞(1)常見的修飾詞有:all,most,some,any,alotof,lotsof,plentyof。(2)有些名詞既是可數(shù)名詞,又是不可數(shù)名詞,但是意義不同。例:chicken雞肉→achicken一只小雞experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)→experiences經(jīng)歷time時(shí)間→threetimes三次,三倍orange橙汁→anorange橙子work工作→awork一部著作glass玻璃→aglass一個(gè)玻璃杯paper紙張→apaper一份報(bào)紙/試卷room空間→aroom一個(gè)房間四、名詞所有格1.概念表示名詞之間的所屬關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。在英語里,有兩種表示方法:①-

s所有格;②

of所有格。

注意:有些人名以-s結(jié)尾,也可以加-

s構(gòu)成所有格。例:Dickens

novels(狄更斯的小說)也可以寫成

Dickens

snovels。2.用法即時(shí)訓(xùn)練用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空⑥Tokeephealthy,wenotonlyneedtogetsome

exercise

(exercise),butwealsoneedabalanceddiet.⑦Whenspringcomes,the

leaves

(leaf)onthetreeturngreen.⑧—HowfarisitfromHaikoutoSanya?—It

saboutthree

hours’

(hour)drive.⑨Oh,myGod!Whatamess!Thereisnomore

room

(room)foryournewcomputer.⑩Look!Therearetwo

women

(woman)talkingoverthere.Theyaremymotherandmyaunt.單項(xiàng)選擇

—Iheartherearethreeforeignersinmyclass.—Yes.Oneisa

C

;theothertwoare

C

.A.Japan;GermanyB.Japanese;GermanC.Japanese;GermansD.Japanese;Germen

Thethree

C

upstairsaretoosmalltohaveenough

C

foradoublebed.A.room;roomB.room;roomsC.rooms;roomD.rooms;rooms

Thesubwaystationisabout

D

walkfrommyhome.A.10minuteB.10-minutesC.10minutesD.10minutes

Therearemanyobjectsandpaintingsfromdifferent

B

intheLouvreMuseum.A.centuryB.centuriesC.centurys

On

B

Day,wecanmakeanicecardasagiftforourteacher.A.Teacher

sB.Teachers

C.Teachers點(diǎn)睛名詞的數(shù)突破方法如下:(1)根據(jù)句意,在具體語言環(huán)境中對(duì)單復(fù)數(shù)形式加以判斷。(2)認(rèn)真審題,抓住

題眼,分清修飾名詞的限定詞是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù);若是在be動(dòng)詞前后,則可以根據(jù)主謂一致原則來確定單

復(fù)數(shù)。解答這類試題,首先判斷是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞,如果是可數(shù)名詞還要判定用單數(shù)還是復(fù)

數(shù)。解答考查名詞所有格的試題時(shí),要先判定所給詞與被修飾詞是否是所屬關(guān)系,名詞的所有格常翻譯為

“(屬于)……的”。然后再根據(jù)所有格的變化規(guī)則確定正確答案。形容詞→名詞-nesskind→kindnesssad→sadnesshappy→happiness-ityable→abilitycreative→creativ-itypossible→possibility-t→-ceimportant→importancediffer-ent→differencesilent→silence-ydifficult→difficultyhonest→honesty-tysafe→safety-thtrue→truthwarm→warmth名詞的構(gòu)詞法名詞→名詞-istpiano→pianistviolin→violinistscience→scientist-anAmerica→AmericanEurope→European-ianmusic→musicianmagic→ma-gician動(dòng)詞→名詞-erwin→winnerteach→teacher

drive→driver-oreducate→educatoract→actorvisit→visitor-ioninvite→invitationdiscuss→dis-cussiondecide→decision-mentagree→agre