高考英語(yǔ) 【備課精講精研】 狀語(yǔ)從句的運(yùn)用與翻譯研究課件

ImplicitandExplicitofLogicalRelationshipamongSentencesContentsTypesofSentencesintermsof

Structure1ImplicitandExplicitofLogicalRelationshipamongSentences2Adverbialclause3Conclusion4DefinitionsofsentenceEnglishDefinitionsAgrammaticalunitthatcanstandaloneandexpressacompleteidea.Thebasiclinguisticunitofconnecteddiscoursethatcanstandbyitselfandperformacommunicativefunction漢語(yǔ)中分句的定義語(yǔ)法上指復(fù)合句里劃分出來的相當(dāng)于單句的部分，是語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用的基本單位，能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思。英文定義選自秦裕祥教授語(yǔ)法課對(duì)分句的定義漢語(yǔ)定義選自百度百科EnglishTypesofSentenceintermsofStructure

TypesCompound

SentenceComplexSentenceSerialcoordination（順序并列）ParallelCoordination（平行并列）SimpleSentenceCompound-ComplexSentenceRelativeClauseAdverbialClauseNominal

ClausefocusFigureoutthetypeofeachsentence.1.Thestudentshavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks.2.Whathesaidisnottrue.3.

Icouldhearyouwhispering;but

Iknowyouweretalkingaboutme.4.Theywatchedtelevisionandenjoyedthemselvesimmensely,butwecouldn’tseetheprogrambecauseourtelevisionwasbroke.SimpleSentenceComplexSentenceCompoundSentenceCompound-ComplexSentenceAlltheaboveexamplesarefromANewEnglishGrammarCoursebookeditedbyZhangZhenbang)Compound

Sentence

1.Histelescopeandhisexperimentswerealwaysbringinghimnewsurprises,andhemadenotesofhisworkeveryday.2.Mostof

us

were

in

the

hall,thedoorhasbeenclosed,andthelatecomershadtowaitoutside.3.Hehasmanygoodfriends,forheisanhonestman.4.Nowyoucanhavearestoryoucangotothecinema.英文中的并列句我們常采用四種方式來連接：1.并列連詞and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,aswellas等；2.選擇連詞or,otherwise,either…or…；3.轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but,yet,however,while；4.表原因的連詞for，so等Alicelikestea,

andher

brotherlikescoffee.(from)我喜歡咖啡，愛麗絲喜歡茶。Someofyouranswerswerecorrect,butIdon’trememberwhich.(from)

你的答案有些是對(duì)的，但我記不得是哪些了。Thathatdoesnotfit;youmaytryanother.(fromANewEnglishGrammarCoursebookeditedbyZhangZhenbang)

那頂帽子不合適，你可以換另一頂。平行并列句（ParallelCoordination）：通常表示同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或同時(shí)存在的情況,前后分句在結(jié)構(gòu)和含義上都很對(duì)稱,可以彼此互換位置而不影響整句的意義或結(jié)構(gòu)平衡。用于這類并列句中的連接詞主要是and,有時(shí)用逗號(hào)或分號(hào),表示反向意義則用but或neither,nor等，翻譯時(shí)，一般無需譯出邏輯詞，可用語(yǔ)序表明兩句間的邏輯關(guān)系，但如果有but表轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)，需根據(jù)具體情況加減連詞。ParallelCoordination1.Serialactionsandconditions.Thepupilsfinishedtheirlessonsandtheywentouttoplay.學(xué)生們上完課出去玩去了。Bynow,arocketwillhavesetoffonits35millionmiletriptoMarsandscientistsmustbewaitinganxiouslyfortheresult.

到現(xiàn)在，火箭將完成圍繞火星運(yùn)行3500萬英里的旅程，科學(xué)家們都焦急

的等待著。SerialCoordination以上各例皆選自黃任于1980年發(fā)表于《外國(guó)語(yǔ)》（第5期）的《英語(yǔ)并列句的兩種基本類型》P32-P342.FurtherexplanationTheseal

provided

meats

formanymeals,anditwillprovideskinandoilaswell.

這頭海豹的肉夠我們吃很多頓了，還能從中獲取海豹皮和海豹油。Onthewaytothepasturetherewasabridge,itcrossedasmallstream.

去往牧場(chǎng)的路上有座橋，橋跨過了一條小溪。SerialCoordination3.Commentsor

RemarksHewasmyfirstteacher—andIamproudofit.他是我的啟蒙老師，讓我引以為傲。Heisworkinghard,oratleastheappearstobeworkinghard.

他工作努力，至少看起來很努力。4.Cause-ResultrelationshipWemuststartearly,forwehavealongwaytogo.我們有很長(zhǎng)一段路要趕，必須得早點(diǎn)開始。

Theoldgardenerwateredtheseedregularly,andtheygrewfasterthanexpected.

老園丁按時(shí)給種子澆水，種子比預(yù)想的長(zhǎng)得快些。SerialCoordination以上各例皆選自黃任于1980年發(fā)表于《外國(guó)語(yǔ)》（第5期）的《英語(yǔ)并列句的兩種基本類型》P32-P34順序并列句邏輯詞翻譯總結(jié)順序并列句（ParallelCoordination）：這類并列句中分句的前后次序比較固定,一般不能象平行并列中的分句那樣可以互換位置。當(dāng)翻譯順序并列句的邏輯詞時(shí)，一般無需譯出邏輯詞，可適當(dāng)調(diào)整語(yǔ)序，用語(yǔ)序表明兩句間的邏輯關(guān)系。若不能調(diào)整語(yǔ)序，則可恰當(dāng)添加邏輯詞。ComplexSentence:Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause.Nominalclause:nominalclauseisa

linguistic

termthatreferstoanonverbalsentence.(需要修改)Relativeclause:A

relativeclause

isadependentclausethatmodifiesa

noun

ornounphraseintheindependentclause.Inotherwords,therelativeclausefunctionssimilartoanadjective.Adverbialclause:An

adverbialclause

is

adependentclausethatfunctionsasan

adverb;thatis,theentireclausemodifiesaverb,anadjective,oranotheradverb.

ImplicitandExplicitofLogicalRelationshipamongSentencesConjunctionsImplicitAdverbialclauseExplicitTheDefinitionofAdverbialClauseAdverbialclausesaredividedintoseveralgroupsaccordingtotheactionsorsensesoftheirconjunctions.狀語(yǔ)從句是指句子用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，起副詞作用的句子。它可以修飾謂語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或整個(gè)句子。英文中的狀語(yǔ)從句與漢語(yǔ)的主從復(fù)句功能相似，但翻譯時(shí)要注意語(yǔ)序問題和連詞的省譯問題。狀語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序問題英語(yǔ)重形合，連接手段和形態(tài)手段豐富，所以狀語(yǔ)從句的位置靈活。漢語(yǔ)重意合，連接手段缺乏或使用不多，一般嚴(yán)格按時(shí)間或邏輯順序組句。英文中狀語(yǔ)從句的翻譯，一般采用前置手段，按漢語(yǔ)行文習(xí)慣恰當(dāng)調(diào)整語(yǔ)序。表原因和條件的連詞常常省譯。Becauseher

job

had

been

the

pivot,retirementwasverydifficult.

工作向來是她生命的支柱，所以退休后她感覺生活很不自在。Weareallverybusybecauseit’stheharvesttime.現(xiàn)在是收獲的時(shí)節(jié)，我們都很忙。狀語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序問題英文歐化的影響，部分漢語(yǔ)復(fù)句有時(shí)也可后置，對(duì)前文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋、補(bǔ)充、說明。英譯漢時(shí)，若從句語(yǔ)氣較弱，或者根據(jù)上下文表意需要，可以按英文原文語(yǔ)序構(gòu)句。Themeetingmaybeprolongedintotheeveningbecausesomanyproblemshavetobesolved.

會(huì)議可能要延長(zhǎng)到晚上，要解決的問題還有一大堆。Wemadeastrategicwithdraw,sothatwecouldbuildupourforcesforrenewedattack.

我們實(shí)施了戰(zhàn)略撤退，以便重整旗鼓，發(fā)起新的攻擊。Itwasn’ttheloansthatsavedus,althoughweneededthembadly.

救活我們的并不是貸款，雖然我們急需貸款。時(shí)間順序0102AdverbialClauseofTimeAdverbialclause03060504AdverbialClauseofCause

AdverbialClauseofConcessionAdverbialClauseofPlaceAdverbialClauseofPurposeAdverbialClauseofCondition07Adverbial

ClauseofResult1.AdverbialClauseofTimeiscommonlyfrontedbyas,when,while,before,after,since,et.Manycenturieshadpassedbeforemanlearnedtomakefun.(fromtextbook)

幾個(gè)世紀(jì)過去了，人們才學(xué)會(huì)取火。Whentheboardwasspinningslowly,youcanseeallthedifferentcolor.(fromtextbook)紙板慢慢旋轉(zhuǎn)，你就能看到各種不同的色彩。Theykept

on

working

until

it

became

completely

dark.

他們不停地工作，直到天完全黑了下來。AdverbialClauseofTimeThe

AdverbialClauseofTimearefrontedby“before”I’ddiebeforeI’dgiveup.(fromtextbook)

我死也不會(huì)放棄他的。Manypeoplewillcomedownwiththedisease,andtheywilldiebeforevaccinecanbedistributed.(fromtextbook)

很多人都染上了這種病，還沒等疫苗發(fā)下來，他們可能就先病死了。Manycenturieshadpassedbeforemanlearnedtomakefire.(fromtextbook)

幾個(gè)世紀(jì)過去了，人們才學(xué)會(huì)取火。before一般被譯成“在···之前”但大多數(shù)情況下，這樣表達(dá)會(huì)顯得單調(diào)、別扭，我們可以換成“···后···、···才···、剛···就···、還沒···就/先···、以免、先···再/后···、寧愿···絕不···?！钡龋袝r(shí)還可根據(jù)情況省譯。The

AdverbialClauseofTimearefrontedby“when”Whenyoustarttheengine,besurethecarisinneutral.(fromtextbook)

發(fā)動(dòng)引擎時(shí)，務(wù)必讓汽車處于空檔。Severalofourplansgottheaxewhenthenewgovernmentcamein.(fromtextbook)

新政府一上臺(tái)，我們就有好幾個(gè)計(jì)劃被砍掉了。IthrewthelifebuoytohimwhenIsawhimstruggling.(fromtextbook)

看到他在掙扎，我就把一個(gè)救生圈扔給了他。

“when”一般譯成“當(dāng)···時(shí)候”，但兩者間不完全對(duì)等。When既可以表示時(shí)間段，也可表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)，即可表示時(shí)間關(guān)系還可表示因果關(guān)系或其他邏輯關(guān)系。因而when可以譯為“···時(shí)···、···這時(shí)···、一···就···、···后···、···因?yàn)椤ぁぁぁ保蛘呖梢愿鶕?jù)具體情況隱去。The

AdverbialClauseofTimearefrontedby“until”Theykept

on

working

until

it

became

completely

dark.(fromtextbook)

他們不停地工作，直到天完全黑了下來。Don’tfireuntilyouhavetakenagoodaim.(fromtextbook)

瞄準(zhǔn)了再開槍。ItwasnotuntilyesterdaythatIgotthenews.(fromtextbook)

我昨天才聽到這個(gè)消息?！皍ntil”引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，如果主句謂語(yǔ)為持續(xù)動(dòng)詞，譯成“直到···為止、直到···”；如果主句謂語(yǔ)是瞬間動(dòng)詞，且主句為否定句時(shí)，一般譯為“···之前、還沒/不···、直到···才···、···再···”。2.AdverbialclauseofPlaceiscommonlyfrontedbywhereand

wherever.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者，事竟成。Whereverhehappenstobe,Johncanmakehimselfathome.

約翰無論在哪，都能讓自己賓至如歸。Wheretheancientknewnothing,weknowalittle.

古人一無所知之處，我們也知之甚少。AdverbialclauseofPlaceAlltheaboveexamplesarefromANewEnglishGrammarCoursebookeditedbyZhangZhenbang)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)邏輯詞實(shí)指時(shí)，我們一般要譯，有時(shí)也可省譯；地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的邏輯詞虛指時(shí)，我們可以根據(jù)具體情況補(bǔ)充或者省略邏輯詞。3.AdverbialClauseofCauseiscommonlyfrontedsince,because,as,et.HedeclinedtoamplifyonthePresident’sstatement,sincehehasnotreadthetext.(fromtextbook)

他沒有讀到文字稿，不愿對(duì)總統(tǒng)的言論做出解釋。Thisboatisapttooverturnbecauseitisunreasonableshaped.(fromtextbook)

這只船容易顛覆，因?yàn)樗煨筒缓侠?。?/p>

這只船造型不合理，很容易顛覆。）AdverbialClauseofCause4.AdverbialclauseofResultiscommonlyfrontedbysothat,that,withtheresultthat,et.Hehadoverslept,sothathewaslateforthework.

他睡過頭了，上班遲到了。WhathaveIdonethatyoushouldbesoangrywithme?

我做了什么惹你這樣生氣？AdverbialClauseofResultAlltheaboveexamplesarefromANewEnglishGrammarCoursebookeditedbyZhangZhenbang)原因狀語(yǔ)和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句漢譯時(shí)，我們一般會(huì)省略期間的邏輯詞，恰當(dāng)調(diào)整語(yǔ)序，使句間邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密即可，但有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)其中的邏輯關(guān)系，也可添加相應(yīng)的邏輯詞。5.AdverbialClauseofConditioniscommonlyfrontedbyasif,unless,et.Manypeoplepredicatedthatshewouldnotbeeasytodealwithifsheevergotmarriedandthatherhusbandwasnotamantobeenvied.(fromtextbook)

好多人都說她這人不好對(duì)付。如后若是結(jié)了婚，她丈夫的日子不會(huì)好過的。Abodydoesjustthesameinadreamashe’ddoifheisawake.(fromtextbook)

夢(mèng)里有所思，醒來見行動(dòng)。AdverbialClauseofCondition6.AdverbialClauseofConcessioniscommonlyfrontedbythough,although,evenif/though,

et.Iusedtoreadalot

althoughIdon'tgetmuchtimeforbooksnow.(fromwikipedia)

過去我讀了很多書，現(xiàn)在卻沒太多讀書時(shí)間了。Hepassedbytheexaminationalthoughhehadpreventedbyillnessfromstudying.

雖然疾病擾得他不能學(xué)習(xí)，他還是通過了考試。Richasheis,MrJohnsonisbynomeansahappyman.約翰遜很富有，卻并不快樂。AdverbialClauseofConcessionThelasttwoexamplesarefromANewEnglishGrammarCoursebookeditedbyZhangZhenbang)7.AdverbialClauseofPurposeiscommonlyfrontedbysothat,inorderthat,et.Theteachermustspeakclearlysothathisstudentsca