油氣層損害診斷專題講義

胡大平：聽課人層次第一層次:“水杯法”，帶了水杯，聽課時(shí)喝得舒適，不記筆記，沒有思索，回去后就沒有水喝。一時(shí)痛快，沒有沉淀第二層次:“水桶法”，提一個(gè)水桶來(lái)，當(dāng)場(chǎng)喝得過癮，又記筆記，反思過去，設(shè)置目標(biāo)，準(zhǔn)備行動(dòng)第三層次:“鉆機(jī)法”，有自己實(shí)踐和理論模式，帶著鉆機(jī)來(lái)聽課，不但當(dāng)場(chǎng)喝飽，還學(xué)習(xí)到了他人鉆井技術(shù)，豐富自己理論。外行看熱鬧，內(nèi)行看門道，俗稱“偷藝”油氣層損害診斷專題講義第1頁(yè)第五章油氣層損害診療康毅力

油氣藏地質(zhì)及開發(fā)工程國(guó)家重點(diǎn)試驗(yàn)室中國(guó)石油天然氣集團(tuán)企業(yè)油井完井技術(shù)中心西南石油大學(xué)石油工程學(xué)院2009年10月21日油氣層損害診斷專題講義第2頁(yè)提綱0、損害機(jī)理及診療概述1、DST測(cè)試2、測(cè)井分析3、井史分析4、相鄰井生產(chǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比5、壓力不穩(wěn)定試井分析6、節(jié)點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)分析7、生產(chǎn)效率剖面8、生產(chǎn)測(cè)井9、巖心分析油氣層損害診斷專題講義第3頁(yè)油氣層損害機(jī)理潤(rùn)濕性改變水鎖凝析液鎖液相圈閉（水，油）氣錐或水錐毛管壓力改變?nèi)闋钜憾氯惩僚蛎浳⒘＿\(yùn)移云母解體無(wú)機(jī)垢注ＣＯ２造成無(wú)機(jī)垢酸化引發(fā)二次沉淀碳酸鹽溶解—沉淀酸渣有機(jī)垢—石蠟，瀝青沉積外來(lái)固相堵塞油氣層固相物堵塞，出砂細(xì)菌損害應(yīng)力損害油氣層損害診斷專題講義第4頁(yè)四大類型物理?yè)p害化學(xué)損害生物損害熱力損害油氣層損害診斷專題講義第5頁(yè)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第6頁(yè)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第7頁(yè)損害描述油氣層損害診斷專題講義第8頁(yè)儲(chǔ)層損害診療方法

MethodsforRecognitionofFormationDamage油氣層損害診斷專題講義第9頁(yè)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第10頁(yè)儲(chǔ)層物性條件差—飽和度、孔隙度、滲透率、裂縫存在儲(chǔ)層損害作業(yè)原因,如完井作業(yè)中：—射孔參數(shù)不合理（孔眼密度低、孔眼太小，深度不夠，打開不完善）—水泥環(huán)質(zhì)量差、強(qiáng)度不高等低產(chǎn)原因油氣層損害診斷專題講義第11頁(yè)損害可能存在標(biāo)志壓力與產(chǎn)量關(guān)系改變波動(dòng)很大產(chǎn)量低于經(jīng)濟(jì)下限產(chǎn)量要比中途測(cè)試、巖心分析、測(cè)井計(jì)算所預(yù)測(cè)值低得多同一油氣藏，儲(chǔ)層物性完全相同，但產(chǎn)量差異很大生產(chǎn)井出砂測(cè)試時(shí)出現(xiàn)表皮效應(yīng)有機(jī)結(jié)垢和無(wú)機(jī)垢沉積注入能力急劇下降，辦法或處理周期短油氣層損害診斷專題講義第12頁(yè)診療技術(shù)DST測(cè)試分析測(cè)井分析生產(chǎn)史分析相鄰井產(chǎn)量對(duì)比壓力不穩(wěn)定試井分析生產(chǎn)效率剖面生產(chǎn)測(cè)井巖心試驗(yàn)分析井下攝影井下取樣分析節(jié)點(diǎn)分析油氣層損害診斷專題講義第13頁(yè)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第14頁(yè)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第15頁(yè)提綱0、損害機(jī)理及診療概述1、DST測(cè)試2、測(cè)井分析3、井史分析4、相鄰井生產(chǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比5、壓力不穩(wěn)定試井分析6、節(jié)點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)分析7、生產(chǎn)效率剖面8、生產(chǎn)測(cè)井9、巖心分析油氣層損害診斷專題講義第16頁(yè)1、鉆柱測(cè)試（DrillStemTests）Intheearlystagesofexploratorydrillingintoanewformation,DrillStemTestingisnormallyusedtoconfirmtheproductionpotentialofahydrocarbonshowHowever,ifgeochemicalanalysisofdrillchipsandcuttingsestablishesthepresenceofhydrocarbons,butDSTshowsthetestedintervaltobenon-productive,thenformationdamagepossiblyexistsAnalysisofthepressureversustimedatageneratedduringDSTcanbeusedsemi-quantitativelytodeterminetheseverityofdamagebycalculatingtheskin.Itis,however,desirabletoexercisecautionduringinitialDST,sincepressuresurgesandhighdrawdowncaninitiatefinesmovement.Reviewofprioroperationalhistoryisthennecessarytoestablishwhichaspectofthedrillingprocessmayhavegivenrisetodamage.油氣層損害診斷專題講義第17頁(yè)ThefollowingfigureshowsatypicalDSToutputillustratingahighpermeabilitydamagedzone.Noticethefollowingfeaturesthatarecharacteristicofdamage:ShortradiuscurvealongCDE*AnalmostflatslopealongDEAsharpriseafterclosed-inperiodasalongEFAhighdifferentialpressurebetweenaclosed-inandfinalflowpressure(EG)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第18頁(yè)DSTTraceShowingExtreme

DamageinaHighProductivityZonept坐封開井關(guān)井開井關(guān)井開封油氣層損害診斷專題講義第19頁(yè)ExerciseinClass1。指出以下測(cè)試卡片曲線中，A、B兩口井是否存在損害，并說(shuō)明理由。2。油田開發(fā)中哪些作業(yè)能夠增加滲透率pt曲線A曲線B油氣層損害診斷專題講義第20頁(yè)測(cè)井曲線上泥漿侵入響應(yīng)

MudInvasionEffectsonWellLogs

2、測(cè)井分析中子孔隙度降低感應(yīng)電阻率降低油氣層損害診斷專題講義第21頁(yè)Thedegreeanddepthoffiltrateinvasionduringdrillingcanbeestimatedfromdeep,mediumandshallowresistivitydevices(e.gLaterolog)orconductivitydevicessuchasdualinductionlogsorcombinationsthereof(e.gInduction-Laterolog).Thesedeviceswillgivesemi-quantitativeindicationsofpossibledamageduringproduction.AnalyticalmodelspresentedbyHassenfordescribingfiltrateinvasioncanalsobeusedtoestimatethedepthofinvasionparticularlyincaseswherethedepthofinvestigationoftheloggingtoolislimited.濾液侵入程度和深度能夠從深、中、淺電阻率測(cè)井或雙感應(yīng)測(cè)井曲線進(jìn)行半定量評(píng)價(jià)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第22頁(yè)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第23頁(yè)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第24頁(yè)IfproblemsareidentifiedbyDSTandlogs,furtherinvestigationisstillnecessarytopinpointwhataspectofthedrilling/completionprogramisresponsiblefortheapparentpoorformationresponse作業(yè)史分析

Dailydrilling/cementing/completionreports,mudandcompletion,workoverandwellstimulationfluidprogramsshouldbereviewed(Allen).

濾失量、pH值、鉆速隨深度改變Fluidloss,pHandROPdatashouldbeplottedasfunctionofdepthtohelpidentifyanyzoneswherehighpH-filtratelosshadoccurred.Suchzonesaregoodcandidatesfordamage.Anindividualwellanalysisthenquantifieswhetherornotthewellisproducingtopotential.Ifnot,why?Andtheproductionpotentialbehindpipe.3、井史分析（WellHistoryReview）油氣層損害診斷專題講義第25頁(yè)Theproductionpotentialofanidealwellinafield,poolorleaseisevaluated,whilerecognizingthatthewellpotentialwilldependonthefollowingfactors:TypeofdrivemechanismStatusofdepletionRockandfluidproperties(Kh,qh,1L,Krel,PVT,etc.)Theproductivityindex(PI)istypicallycomputedforunboundedandboundedreservoirsfromDarcy'sLawforSteadyStateIncompressibleFlowasfollows:油氣層損害診斷專題講義第26頁(yè)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第27頁(yè)Comparisonoftheoreticaltoactualproductionratescanbeusedtoestablishwhetherornotthewellisproducingatexptectedcapacity,forthegivenoperatingdrivemechanismasshownonFigure5-4AandB.油氣層損害診斷專題講義第28頁(yè)ActualvsTheoreticalSpecifiedProductivityIndices油氣層損害診斷專題講義第29頁(yè)P(yáng)roductionHistoryShowing

WellDamageProblem油氣層損害診斷專題講義第30頁(yè)提綱0、損害機(jī)理及診療概述1、DST測(cè)試2、測(cè)井分析3、井史分析4、相鄰井生產(chǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比5、壓力不穩(wěn)定試井分析6、節(jié)點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)分析7、生產(chǎn)效率剖面8、生產(chǎn)測(cè)井9、巖心分析油氣層損害診斷專題講義第31頁(yè)Whenawellexperiencesanabnormalgradualdeclineinproductivityascomparedtootherwellspenetratingthesameformationwithsimilarinitialtransmissibility(Kh)values,formationdamagecanbesuspected.Analysisofsemilogplotsofproductionrateversustimedataforthecandidatewellandanoffsetwellcanbeusedtocomparetheirrelativeproductiondeclinerates.Ifthecandidatewellshowsahigherdeclinerate,thentheexistenceofformationdamageismostlikely.Figure5-8showsacandidateWellBpenetratingasimilarzoneasanoffsetWellA,butexhibitingahigherdeclineratethanWellAasshownonFigure5-9.4、相鄰井生產(chǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比ComparisonofProductionPerformanceofOffsetWells油氣層損害診斷專題講義第32頁(yè)ComparisonoftheproductionperformanceofWellsAandBcanalsobeaccomplishedbycomputingtheirrespectivetheoreticalandactualspecificproductivityindices(SPI)asfollows:Problem5-2illustratestheuseofSPIforcomparativeevaluationoftheproductionperformanceoftwooffsetwellsinagivenlease.油氣層損害診斷專題講義第33頁(yè)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第34頁(yè)提綱0、損害機(jī)理及診療概述1、DST測(cè)試2、測(cè)井分析3、井史分析4、相鄰井生產(chǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比5、壓力不穩(wěn)定試井分析6、節(jié)點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)分析7、生產(chǎn)效率剖面8、生產(chǎn)測(cè)井9、巖心分析油氣層損害診斷專題講義第35頁(yè)Extensivebodyofliteratureexistsontheuseofwelltestanalysisfordiagnosisofdamagedformations(Milleretal.;Horner;Hurst;VanEverdingen;Thomas;,Nowaketal.;Matthewset.al.;Mcleodetal.;Earlougher).Pressuretransientwelltestanalysisisperhapsthemosteffectivefieldtechniquefordetectionofformationdamage.Buildupanddrawdowntestscanbeusedtoestablishtheexistenceofformationdamageparticularlyinwellswithahighproductivityindex.Analysisofthetestdatabyanyappropriatetechnique(Horner,Gringartenetal.;Bourdetetal.)canyieldadamageskinfactor,SdefinedbyHawkins.Theskinfactorisacompositeoftwoskins-oneduetodamage,S1andanother,S2duetorestrictedentryintothewellborecausedbymechanicalfactors.5、壓力不穩(wěn)定試井分析PressureTransientWellTestAnalysis油氣層損害診斷專題講義第36頁(yè)TheskinduetomechanicalfactorscanbecomputedbythemethodsofBronsetal.AndOdeh.Theskinduetodamage,S1isacumulativeeffectofdamagefromthevariousoperations.Thus,pressuretransientanalysisisstillhandicappedbynotbeingabletoidentifyatwhatstageofwelldevelopmentthedamageoccurred.Buildupand/orfall-offtestsareusefulforevaluationofthedamageandstimulationpotentialofanywell.油氣層損害診斷專題講義第37頁(yè)理想油藏模型油氣層損害診斷專題講義第38頁(yè)P(yáng)w~(th+t)/t曲線

壓恢與壓降測(cè)試分析油氣層損害診斷專題講義第39頁(yè)關(guān)井后理論與實(shí)際井底壓力動(dòng)態(tài)壓力恢復(fù)壓力降落油氣層損害診斷專題講義第40頁(yè)Theskinfactor,Scanbecomputedfromabuild-uporfall-offcurveasfollows:where:Pw1hr = Pressureonthestraightlineportionofthebuild-uporfall-offcurveatashut-intimeof1hourk = bulkformationpermeability,md = porosity,fraction = viscosity,cpc = compressibility,psi-1油氣層損害診斷專題講義第41頁(yè)表皮系數(shù)與附加壓降油氣層損害診斷專題講義第42頁(yè)表皮系數(shù)S與損害帶滲透率和深度相關(guān)式中：Kd

——損害帶滲透率K ——地層原始滲透率rd ——損害帶半徑當(dāng)

SD >0，儲(chǔ)層可能被損害，因Kd<KSD<0，儲(chǔ)層可能被改造，因Kd>K油氣層損害診斷專題講義第43頁(yè)Rd

需要經(jīng)過其它伎倆確定，如測(cè)井和模擬試驗(yàn)Kd

可由K,rd

和S經(jīng)過下式計(jì)算：損害帶半徑和損害帶滲透率測(cè)定油氣層損害診斷專題講義第44頁(yè)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第45頁(yè)Theadditionalpressuredropincurredinthenearwellboreregionduetothepresenceofadamagedarea,rd,isgivenby: (P)s = 141.2

qB/kh SD = 141.2(m/162.6)SD (P)s = 0.87ms(P)sisthechangeinthefollowingbottomholepressureifthalteredzonepermeability,kd,wasequaltothebulkformationpermeability,k油氣層損害診斷專題講義第46頁(yè)

Foranewreservoirwherepressuretransienthasnotreachedthetrueboundary: re= = 0.00633(K/c) th = HornerTime=油氣層損害診斷專題講義第47頁(yè)提綱0、損害機(jī)理及診療概述1、DST測(cè)試2、測(cè)井分析3、井史分析4、相鄰井生產(chǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比5、壓力不穩(wěn)定試井分析6、節(jié)點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)分析7、生產(chǎn)效率剖面8、生產(chǎn)測(cè)井9、巖心分析油氣層損害診斷專題講義第48頁(yè)并不是全部表皮系數(shù)都是由儲(chǔ)層損害引發(fā)S損害=S總-S擬完井設(shè)計(jì)或井下管柱結(jié)構(gòu)不合理造成擬表皮系數(shù)——限制流入：紊流，裂縫與井筒斜交——偏心井——射孔孔密、孔深、相位不合理——機(jī)械節(jié)流——舉升系統(tǒng)不匹配：油管徑小，氣舉閥不合理，地面回壓高——薄互層油藏——井斜6、節(jié)點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)分析NodalSystemsAnalysis油氣層損害診斷專題講義第49頁(yè)Nodalanalysishasevolvedasapowerfultoolfordetectionofformationdamageandevaluationofeffectivestimulationprocedures.AsdefinedbyBrownetal.,nodalanalysisisasystemsapproachtooptimizationofoilandgaswellsbythoroughevaluationofthecompleteproducingsystem.Mcleodreferredtothismethodas"WellFlowAnalysis"inthateachcomponentofthewellsystemischeckedtodetermineitscontributionstoanyflowrestrictions.油氣層損害診斷專題講義第50頁(yè)自噴井系統(tǒng)中各種壓力損失油氣層損害診斷專題講義第51頁(yè)泄流邊界井筒（射孔孔眼）井口與油嘴分離器儲(chǔ)罐氣藏油管管線輸送管線壓力PePwfPwhPspPsTrh氣井壓力剖面油氣層損害診斷專題講義第52頁(yè)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第53頁(yè)TheprocedurefordevelopingtheInflowPerformanceRelationship,IPR,(sandfacepressureversusrate),TubingIntakeCurve(bottomholetubingpressureversusrate),Differentialpressureavailableforanyrateacrossthecompletedinterval,andthepressuredropacrossthecompletionforvariousrateshavebeendocumentedbyMcleod.Thepressuredropacrossthecompletionvarieswiththefollowingcompletionparameters:lengthofperforatedinterval,perforationdiameter,lengthofperforationtunnel,andpermeabilityofthetunnel.Figure5-14showsatypicalnodalanalysiscurvewhichpermitsdeterminationofoptimumproductionratesforvariouswellboremechanicalconsiderations.Whenthepredictedandactualperformanceoftheoilorgaswellarecompared,itiseasytoestablishthatthewellisnotproducingatcapacityandthatformationdamagemaybepresent.

油氣層損害診斷專題講義第54頁(yè)NodalAnalysisCurveRelatesProductionRatetoBottomholePressure(BHP)orChangeinPressure(P).OptimumProductionRatesareshownforvariousperforationdensities(SPF)壓力~產(chǎn)量曲線油氣層損害診斷專題講義第55頁(yè)lbesndevelopedaproductionefficiencyprofiletechniqueforevaluationofwellperformance.ThistechniqueisanalogoustoNodalAnalysis.However,thetechniquerelatestheradiusofpossibledamagetowhattheauthorcalls'incrementalporevolume,IPV"and'incrementalfluidvelocity,IFV'.TheradiusfromthewellboretoanyzoneofthereservoirisplottedasfunctionofbothIPVandIFV.ThepointofintersectionoftheIPVandIFVprofilesdefinesaparticular'criticalradius,Rci'forinitialreservoirproductionandinitialpressure,Pi.IfthecurrentproductionisusedtocomputeanewIFVprofile,thenewintersectionofIFVwithIPVwilldefineRc2forcurrentpressure,P2.IftheratioofRc2/Rci>P2/Pi,thewellisoperatingaboveoptimum,ifRc1/Rc2=P2/Pi,thewellisoperatingatoptimumratesandifRc2/Rcl<P2/P1,thenthewellisproducingbelowoptimumandispossiblydamaged.Figure5-15showsaschematicofacylindericalshellaroundthewellborewhichillustratestheconceptofproductionefficiencyprofile(PEP).7、生產(chǎn)效率剖面ProductionEfficiencyProfile油氣層損害診斷專題講義第56頁(yè)Theporevolume,Vpi,ataradius,RI(inches),fromthewellboreisgivenby:Ataradius,R2,whereR2=R1+1inch油氣層損害診斷專題講義第57頁(yè)Incrementalporevolume(IPV,Vpwithintheoneinchbyonefootshellisgivenby:油氣層損害診斷專題講義第58頁(yè)提綱0、損害機(jī)理及診療概述1、DST測(cè)試2、測(cè)井分析3、井史分析4、相鄰井生產(chǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比5、壓力不穩(wěn)定試井分析6、節(jié)點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)分析7、生產(chǎn)效率剖面8、生產(chǎn)測(cè)井9、巖心分析油氣層損害診斷專題講義第59頁(yè)生產(chǎn)測(cè)井能夠作為診療損害補(bǔ)充伎倆生產(chǎn)測(cè)井基本功效是追蹤套管內(nèi)及套管外流體運(yùn)動(dòng)，監(jiān)測(cè)流體接觸界面運(yùn)動(dòng)情況生產(chǎn)或注入流動(dòng)剖面用于確定各個(gè)射孔層段流量分布，以判別某個(gè)層是否存在損害技術(shù)應(yīng)用——轉(zhuǎn)子流量計(jì)（SpinnerFlowmeter）——流體密度計(jì)（Gradiomanometer）8、生產(chǎn)測(cè)井（ProductionLogging）油氣層損害診斷專題講義第60頁(yè)Thespinnerflowmeterisusedtomeasurefluidvelocitiesinthetubingorcasing(Figure5-16).Thetooliscentrallylocatedwithinthefluidcolumnandmovedataconstantspeedagainstthedirectionofflow.Thespinnerspeedislinearlyrelatedtothefluidvelocityrelativetothetoolandrecordedcontinuouslyasfunctionydepth.Atypicalspinnertoolisthecontinuousflowmeterwhichisusefulfordeterminationofproductionandinjectionprofiles,analysisoffractureoracidizingjobsforevaluationofproductivityindex.8.1轉(zhuǎn)子流量計(jì)（SpinnerSurveys）油氣層損害診斷專題講義第61頁(yè)AfterMcKinleyAfterMcKinley油氣層損害診斷專題講義第62頁(yè)Thegradiomanometertoolisdesignedtodeterminethechangesinpressuregradient.Thistoolisusefulinhighflowratewellsandiswell-suitedforprofileanalysisintwophaseflow.Thistoolmeasuresthepressuredifferenceinthewellbetweenanytwopointsandiffrictionallossesarenegligible,thenthepressuredifferenceisequaltothehydrostaticpressuregradient,duetotheaveragefluiddensityinthepipeovertheinvestigatedinterval.8.2

流體密度計(jì)GradiomanometerSurvey油氣層損害診斷專題講義第63頁(yè)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第64頁(yè)Hold-upDeterminationfromGrandiomanometerData油氣層損害診斷專題講義第65頁(yè)8.3其它方法溫度測(cè)井井下電視井壁取樣分析油氣層損害診斷專題講義第66頁(yè)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第67頁(yè)提綱0、損害機(jī)理及診療概述1、DST測(cè)試2、測(cè)井分析3、井史分析4、相鄰井生產(chǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比5、壓力不穩(wěn)定試井分析6、節(jié)點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)分析7、生產(chǎn)效率剖面8、生產(chǎn)測(cè)井9、巖心分析油氣層損害診斷專題講義第68頁(yè)Allthefieldtechniquesdiscussedsofarcanidentifytheprobableexistenceofdamagebutnonecaneitherpinpointatwhatoperationalstagethedamagemayhaveoccurredand/orquantifytherelativecontributiontodamagefromvariouswelloperations.However,laboratorytestingofthefluidsandtechniquesusedinvariouswelloperationswillhelpdeciphernotonlythepotentialfordamagebutalsotheexistence,mechanismandpossiblesolutionstotheproblem.9、巖心分析技術(shù)油氣層損害診斷專題講義第69頁(yè)Laboratorycoreanalysismethods