閱讀理解人與自然-2023年高考英語閱讀完形名校好題100篇(解析版)

閱讀理解人與自然

1.2022?重慶?重慶一中?？寄M預測

2.2022?安徽?蕪湖一中校聯(lián)考一模

3.2022?河南鄭州?鄭州外國語學校?？寄M預測

4.2023?河北衡水?河北衡水中學?？寄M預測

5.2022?湖北黃岡?黃岡中學校考二模

6.2022?湖南長沙?長沙一中?？寄M預測

7.2022?江蘇南京?校聯(lián)考模擬預測

8.2022?山西太原?太原十二中統(tǒng)考模擬預測

9.2022?廣東?廣東實驗中學?？寄M預測

10.2022?全國?高考真題

A

（2022?重慶,重慶一中?？寄M預測）EnvironmentalrestorationprojectsinShaanxiprovince!Qinling

Mountainswerenotconductedinatimelymanner,acentralgovernmentinspectionteamhasrevealed,urging

provincialgovernmentdepartmentstobettershouldertheirenvironmentalprotectionresponsibilities.

TheQinlingMountainsareageographicallyimportantnorth-southboundaryinChinaandhometomorethan

2,600plantspeciesand300animalspeciesincludinggiantpandas.Inthelastcoupleofdecades,theQinling

Mountainshaveattractedmanyinvestmentprojectsduetotheirrichnaturalandhistoricalresources,dottingthe

areawithhundredsofsmallcoalandmineralmines,whichledtoseriousdamagetothelocalenvironment.

InDecember2019,theprovincialgovernmentbannedallexploringandminingactivitiesinkeyprotected

areasofthemountainsandtoldenterprisesalreadyestablishedtheretograduallyleave.44After169mining

companiesdeparted,environmentalrestorationwasconductedslowly,4ttheinspectionteamtoldtheprovincial

government.uThetargetofrestoring1,000hectaresofabandonedminesby2020hasyettobeachieved.”

Itsaid64tailingspondsintheareahavenotbeenclosedasrequired,whilethesoilandrocksremovedfrom

someabandonedminesareillegallyoccupyingnearbyforestsorgrassland.Theinspectionteamalsonotedother

environmentalproblemsinShaanxi,suchastheillegalusofundergroundwaterandpollutionalongtheYellow

Riverduetotheimpropertreatmentofpollutantdischargesfromnearbyminesandfactories.

“TheprovincialgovernmentshouldmaintainafirmattitudetosafeguardQinling,thebio-safetybarrierin

northernChina,andputenvironmentalprotectionworkintopractice,"theteamsaid.Italsostressedtheimportant

roleenvironmentalprotectionalongtheYellowRiverplaysinthecountry'shigh-qualitydevelopmentandurgedthe

provincialgovernmenttobetterperformitsdutiesinprotectingwaterresources.

1.WhatisamajorcauseoftheenvironmentalprobleminQinlingMountain?

A.Massiveminingactivities.B.Poorgeographicalconditions.

C.Illegaldischargeofpollutants.D.Improperuseofundergroundwater.

2.Whathasbeendonetohelpsolvetheproblem?

A.Removingsoilandrocks.B.Banninginvestmentprojects.

C.Departingminingcompanies.D.Limitingpollutantdischarges.

3.Howcantheprocessofrestorationbedescribed?

A?Effectivebutslow.B.Timelyandefficient.

C.Illegalandunreliable.D.Costlybutsuccessful.

4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Theimportanceofwildlifeconservation.B.Anintroductiontoaneco-friendlypolicy.

C.Anexpectationforlocaleconomicdevelopment.D.Themeasuresonprovincialmountainrestoration.

【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了政府對于秦嶺地區(qū)山地保護所采取的措施以及仍然存在的

問題。

1.A［解析］細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Inthelastcoupleofdecades,theQinlingMountainshaveattractedmany

investmentprojectsduetotheirrichnaturalandhistoricalresources,dottingtheareawithhundredsofsmall

coalandmineralmines,whichledtoseriousdamagetothelocalenvironment.(在過去的幾卜年里，秦嶺由于

其豐富的自然和歷史資源吸引了許多投資項目，該地區(qū)分布著數(shù)百個小煤礦和礦產(chǎn)，對當?shù)丨h(huán)境造成

了嚴重破壞廣可知，造成秦嶺環(huán)境問題的主要原因是大規(guī)模采礦活動。故選A。

2.C【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“InDecember2019,theprovincialgovernmentbannedallexploringand

miningactivitiesinkeyprotectedareasofthemountainsandtoldenterprisesalreadyestablishedthereto

graduallyleave.(2019年12月，省政府禁止了重點保護區(qū)的所有勘探和采礦活動，并要求已經(jīng)在那里建

立的企業(yè)逐步離開戶可知，礦業(yè)公司離開來幫助解決這個問題。故選C。

3.A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“"After169miningcompaniesdeparted,environmentalrestorationwas

conductedslowly,U4theinspectionteamtoldtheprovincialgovernment監(jiān)察組告訴省政府：“169家礦業(yè)公

司離開后，環(huán)境恢復工作進展緩慢。以及"Thetargetofrestoring1,000hectaresofabandonedminesby

2020hasyettobeachieved.倒2020年恢復1000公頃廢棄礦井的目標尚未實現(xiàn)）”可知，修復的過程有效

但緩慢。故選A0

4.D【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中“QinlingMountainswerenotconductedinatimelymanner,acentral

governmentinspectionteamhasrevealed,urgingprovincialgovernmentdepartmentstobettershouldertheir

environmentalprotectionresponsibilities.（中央政府監(jiān)察組透露，秦嶺地區(qū)的環(huán)保工作沒有及時開展，并

敦促省級政府部門更好地承擔環(huán)境保護責任廣結(jié)合文章主要介紹了政府對于秦嶺地區(qū)山地保護所采取

的措施以及仍然存在的問題?？芍@篇文章主要講的是省級山地恢復措施。故選D。

B

（2022?安徽?蕪湖一中校聯(lián)考一模）Blueandgreenhoneymaylookcool,butbeekeepersinnortheastern

Francearenothappyabouttheirstrange-lookingnewproduct.

Overthepastfewmonths,beekeepersinRibeauville,atownlocatedintheAlsaceregion,havenoticedthat

beestherehavebeenmakinghoneyinmanystrangecolors.Beeshavebeenreturningtoapiaries（蜂房）with

differentcolorscoatingtheirbodies.Thecolorsthenenduppollutingthehoney.

ArecentresearchshowedthatanearbyM&M'sfactoryisbehindthechangeincolor.Wastefromthefactory

hasbeenexposingthebeestoanumberofchemicals.Someofthechemicalsareusedintheoutershellsofthe

candies,whichcomeinmanybrightcolors.

Thelocalbeekeepersdonotknowifthepollutedhoneyisdangeroustoeat,buttheyarenottakingany

chances.Theyarethrowingawaythecandy-coloredhoney,whichmeansabiglosstolocalbusinesses."Forme,

it'snothoney,“AlainFrieh,leaderofthetown'sbeekeepersunion,tellstheReutersnewsagency."It'snot

sellable.^^

ThehoneyindustryinthispartofFrancehasbeensufferingthisyear.AccordingtoFrieh,manybeesdiedlast

winterorwereunabletomakehoneybecauseofthebadweather.Thisnewproblemofcoloredhoneyishurtingthe

beekeepers9wayoflifeevenmore.

Theregionishometoabout2,400beekeepersand35,000coloniesofbees,accordingtoAlsace'schamberof

agriculture.Thebeekeepersharvestapproximately1,000tonsofhoneyeachyear,makingtheproductabigpartof

theregion'seconomy.

AgrivaloristhecompanythatprocessestheM&M'sfactory^waste.Accordingtoco-managerPhilippe

Meinrad,thecompanyhasbeenattemptingtostopthepollution.ctWediscoveredtheproblematthesametimethey

did,“Meinradsaid."Wequicklyputinplaceaproceduretostopit.”

5.Howdolocalbeekeepersrespondtothecandy-coloredhoney?

A.Theylikeitsstrangebutcoollook.

B.Theythinkthepollutedhoneyisdangerous.

C.Theyrequirethefactorytostoppollution.

D.Theydon'twanttotakeriskstosellthehoney.

6.Whatcausedstrange-lookinghoney?

A.Specialcolonies.B.Terribleweather.

C.M&M'sfactory.D.Agrivatorcompany.

7.WhatistheattitudeofAgrivalorcompanytotheproblem?

A.Theytakeitseriouslyandtheyarctakingmeasures.

B.Theyarepessimisticaboutdealingwiththepollution.

C.Theyrejecttodotheirparttocompensatethebeekeepers.

D.Theyadmittheproblemandhavemanagedtostopthepollution.

8.Whereisthetextprobablyfrom?

A.Aguidebook.B.Anewsreport.C.Anadvertisement.D.Agovernmentdocument.

【語篇解讀】本文是一篇新聞報道。報道了法國維列小鎮(zhèn)上的蜜蜂釀出了許多奇怪顏色的蜂蜜以及導致該

現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因。

5.D【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Thelocalbeekeepersdonotknowifthepollutedhoneyisdangerous

toeat,buttheyarenottakinganychances.Theyarethrowingawaythecandy-coloredhoney（當?shù)仞B(yǎng)蜂人不知

道被污染的蜂蜜食用是否危險，但他們不會冒險。他們正在扔掉糖果色的蜂蜜）''以及"It'snotsellable.（它不

（適合）賣。）”可知當?shù)仞B(yǎng)蜂人不知道那些被染色的蜂蜜是否可食用，但他們沒有冒險出售，而是把那些

糖果色的蜂蜜扔掉了。故選D。

6.C【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“ArecentresearchshowedthatanearbyM&M'sfactoryisbehindthe

changeincolor.Wastefromthefactoryhasbeenexposingthebeestoanumberofchemicals.Someofthe

chemicalsareusedintheoutershellsofthecandies,whichcomeinmanybrightcolors.（最近的一項研究表

明，附近的M&M工廠是顏色變化的幕后推手。工廠的廢物使蜜蜂暴露于多種化學物質(zhì)中。一些化學

物質(zhì)被用于糖果的外殼，糖果有很多鮮艷的顏色。）”可知，M&M，s工廠是造成蜂蜜改變顏色的根源。

故選C。

7.A［解析］細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Accordingtoco-managerPhilippeMeinrad,thecompanyhasbeen

attemptingtostopthepollution.ktWediscoveredtheproblematthesametimetheydid,^^Meinradsaid."We

quicklyputinplaceaproceduretostopit.”（據(jù)聯(lián)合經(jīng)理PhilippeMeinrad稱，該公司一直在試圖阻止污染。

“我們在他們發(fā)現(xiàn)問題的同時發(fā)現(xiàn)了問題，"Meinrad說?！拔覀兒芸熘贫艘粋€程序來阻止它?！睉艨芍?，

他們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)污染問題并且開始采取措施來治理污染。故選Ao

8.B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Overthepastfewmonths,beekeepersinRibeauville,atownlocated

intheAlsaceregion,havenoticedthatbeestherehavebeenmakinghoneyinmanystrangecolors.Becshave

beenreturningtoapiaries（蜂房）withdifferentcolorscoatingtheirbodies.Thecolorsthenenduppollutingthe

honey.（在過去的幾個月里，位于阿爾薩斯地區(qū)的里貝維爾鎮(zhèn)的養(yǎng)蜂人注意到，那里的蜜蜂一直在制造

許多奇怪顏色的蜂蜜。蜜蜂已經(jīng)回到了蜂房，身上涂著不同的顏色。這些顏色最終會污染蜂蜜。）”以及

后文推知，這是一篇關(guān)于法國維劍小鎮(zhèn)上的蜜蜂釀出了許多奇怪顏色的蜂蜜以及導致該現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)牛的原

因的新聞報道。故選B。

C

（2022?河南鄭州?鄭州夕卜國語學校校考模擬預測）Whatiscitizenscience?Citizensciencegenerally

involvesgroupsofpeopleoramateurscientistshelpinggatherdataforuseinnatureorwildlifestudiestosupport

conservation.Sowhetheryougiveyourtimeonline,orsignupfbrapracticalprojectwithawildlifeornature

organizationclosetohome,yourgenerosityandkindnesswillnotonlyhelpnature,butdoyoutheworldofgoodas

well.

Whenwegivewefeelgood.Weexperiencewhatscientistsdescribeasthe'warmgloweffectJor'helper's

high',nowknowntobecausedbyareleaseofendorphins（內(nèi)啡肽）inthebrain.Researchintothiseffect

discoveredthatgivingtocharitiesactivatestheareasofthebrainassociatedwithpleasure,socialconnectionand

trust.Putsimply,altruism（利他行為）isaprovenpathtogoodmentalhealth.

Whenouraltruismisrelatedtonature,andinparticularwhenwegiveourtimeandeffort,therewardsfbrour

wellbeing,orourhealthandhappiness,arefar-reaching.Whetherwe'reworkingtomaintainfreshwaterpondsat

theweekend,orcontributingtoacitizensciencesurveybymonitoringwildlifeinourbackgarden,ourcareand

kindnesshasthepowertoliftourmoodandstrengthenoursell-respect,especiallywhenwelearnnewskillsand

earntheaddedsatisfactionofaccomplishingnewtasks.

Thehands-onaspectoftakingpartinnatureandwildlifeconservationprojectshasalsobeenshowntoreduce

stress,anxietyandlowmood.In2020athree-yearstudybytheukWildlifeTrustsfoundthat95percentof

participantswhoreportedlowmentalwell-beingatthestartofvolunteering,recordedanimprovementintheir

mentalhealthaftersixweeks,whichincreasedfurtherafter12weeks.

AlanMurray,headofvolunteeringattheRSPB,alsoagrees:"Webelieveourvolunteerskeepcomingback

becauseofnature'spowertorestore,upliftandinspireandwe'reconfidentthatthemoretimepeoplespend

connectingwithwildlifethemoretheyfeelmovedtoprotectit.”

9.Wefeelgoodwhengivingmostprobablydueto.

A.warmglow.B.altruism

C.endorphins.D.anxiety

10.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingstatementistrue?

A.Ifyouareanamateurscientistspendingtimeonline,youareconductingcitizenscience

B.Participantsofnatureconservationprojectsarclikelytoexperiencebettermentalhealth

C.Amateurscientistsworkedwithsomeorganizationsclosetotheirhomes

D.Whenouraltruismisrelatedtonature,ourhealthandhappinessarehardtoreach

11.Whatistheauthor'spurposeofwritingthispassage?

A.Toacknowledgethegreatpowerofnature.

B.Toemphasisthesignificanceofwildlifepreservation

C.Toencouragepeopletosignupforbigprojects.

D.Toinformreadersofanewconceptanditsadvantage

12.WhatcanweinferaboutAlanMurray'sattitudetowardsnatureandwildlifeconservationprojects?

A.Favorable.B.Disapproving

C.Skeptical.D.Concerned.

【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了什么是公民科學？公民科學通常包括一群人或業(yè)余科學家?guī)椭?/p>

收集數(shù)據(jù)，用于自然或野生動物研究，以支持保護。因此，無論你是在網(wǎng)上花時間，還是在離家近的野生

動物或自然組織報名參加一個實際項目，你的慷慨和善良不僅會幫助大自然，也會對你的世界有益。

9.C［解析］細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Whenwegivewefeelgood.Weexperiencewhatscientistsdescribeas

the'warmgloweffect,orihelper'shigh',nowknowntobecausedbyareleaseofendoiphinsinthebrain.”

（當我們給予時，我們感覺很好。我們經(jīng)歷了科學家所說的“溫暖輝光效應(yīng)''或"幫助者的興奮”，現(xiàn)在已

知是由大腦釋放內(nèi)啡肽引起的。）可知，我們在給予的時候感覺很好，很可能是因為內(nèi)啡肽。故選C

項。

10.B【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Whenouraltruismisrelatedtonature,andinparticularwhenwegive

ourtimeandeffort,therewardsforourwellbeing,orourhealthandhappiness,arefar-reaching.,,（當我們的

利他主義與自然相關(guān)時，特別是當我們付出時間和努力時，我們的幸福、健康和幸福的回報是深遠的。）

以及第四段中“Thehands-onaspectoftakingpartinnatureandwildlifeconservationprojectshasalsobeen

showntoreducestress,anxietyandlowmood.”（參與自然和野牛.動物保護項目的親身實踐也被證明可以

減少壓力、焦慮和低落的情緒。）可知，參與自然保護項目的人有可能體驗到更好的心理健康。故選B。

11.D［解析］推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Whenwegivewefeelgood.Weexperiencewhatscientistsdescribeas

the'warmgloweffect'or'helper'shigh',nowknowntobecausedbyareleaseofendorphinsinthebrain.

Researchintothiseffectdiscoveredthatgivingtocharitiesactivatestheareasofthebrainassociatedwith

pleasure,socialconnectionandtrust.Putsimply,altruismisaprovenpathtogoodmentalhealth."（當我們給

予時，我們感覺很好。我們經(jīng)歷了科學家所說的“溫暖輝光效應(yīng)'’或"幫助者的興奮“，現(xiàn)在已知是由大腦

釋放內(nèi)啡肽引起的。對這一效應(yīng)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，向慈善機構(gòu)捐款會激活大腦中與快樂、社會聯(lián)系和信任

相關(guān)的區(qū)域。簡而言之，利他主義是一條已被證實的通向良好心理健康的道路。）可推知，作者寫作

這篇文章的目的是向讀者介紹一個新概念及其優(yōu)點。故選D。

12.A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一Uc"AlanMurray,headofvolunteeringattheRSPB,alsoagrees:*4We

believeourvolunteerskeepcomingbackbecauseofnature'spowertorestore,upliftandinspireandwe're

confidentthatthemoretimepeoplespendconnectingwithwildlifethemoretheyfeelmovedtoprotect

（英國皇家鳥類保護協(xié)會（RSPB）的志愿者負責人艾倫?默里（AlanMurray）也同意這一觀點:“我們相信，

我們的志愿者之所以不斷回來，是因為大自然有恢復、鼓舞和鼓舞的力量。我們相信，人們與野生動

物接觸的時間越長，他們就越想保護它?！保┛赏浦?，我們可以從AlanMurray對自然和野生動物保護

項目的態(tài)度是贊成支持的。故選A。

D

（2023?河北衡水?河北衡水中學校考模擬預測）Forthousandsofyears,Chinesewritershavetravelledall

overthecountrytotakedownnotesaboutthegeographicalconditionsofeachcity.Amongthem,well-known

ChinesegeographerandwriterLiDaoyuan,intheNorthernWeiDynasty（386-534）,composedhisbook,

CommentaryontheWaterClassics,afterstudyingtheoriginalliteraryversion,WaterClassics.Helaterexpanded

theriverrecordsto1,252fromtheoriginal137.

ThebookisnowbeingstudiedagainbyProfessorLiXiaojieandhisteamfromFudanUniversity.Theyhave

beenusingdrawingsoftwareand3Dmodellingtorecreatethewaterwaysituationsonamapbasedonthebook

description.Sofar,theyhavecompletedresearchonfourrivers.

“Ancientpeopleknewreallywellhowtoapplythepowerofnaturetotechnicalconsiderations,MLisaid,giving

theexampleofQianjin'e,oneofthemostfamousancientwaterconservationprojectsinLuoyang,Henan.Inorder

toleadtheriverintothecityforirrigation（灌溉）inancientLuoyang,theofficialsbuiltacanalbranchby

separatinganorthwest-southeastriver.However,thecanalwaterwasn'tenoughtosupportthecitizensindry

seasons.Tosolvethat,onthenorthernsideofthecanalbranch,theofficialsbuiltareservoir（水庫）andachannel

toleadthewatertothecanalbranch,wherethewaterwayswouldconvergeandflowtogethertothecity.

InCommentaryontheWaterClassics,atotalof2,800citiesarerecordedwithdetails.Still,theprocessof

recreationtakesmucheffort.AfterdoingalotoftextanalysisandfieIdwork,theteamhasgraduallycreatedthe

modelwith3Dmodellingsoftwarebasedonrepeateddeductions（推論）.

ForProfessorLi,thebookisnotonlyarecordofthenaturallandscapeover1,000yearsago,butalsoa

detaileddescriptionofhumanityandcultureandatreasurefortoday'sreference.

13.WhatcanwelearnaboutthebookCommentaryontheWaterClassics?

A.Ithasbeenoutofdate.B.Itexplains3Dmodelling.

C.Itkeepsrecordsof137rivers.D.Itisbasedonpreviousstudies.

14.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“converge“inparagraph3mean?

A.Join.B.Pass.C.Cross.D.Begin.

15.Whatdoesparagraph4mainlytellusaboutmodelrecreation?

A.Itsmajorproblems.B.Itsdetailedanalysis.

C.Itscomplexprocess.D.Itssuccessfulapplication.

16.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.3DTechnologyFuelsModernResearch

B.AncientClassicsInspireModernResearch

C.AnEffectiveApproachtoModelRecreation

D.AFamousWriterofChineseAncientClassics

【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文，文章主要講述了復旦大學李曉杰教授及其團隊根據(jù)古代著作《水經(jīng)注》的

描述，使用繪圖軟件和3D建模重現(xiàn)了水道情況。

13.D【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Amongthem,well-knownChinesegeographerandwriterLiDaoyuan,

intheNorthernWeiDynasty（386-534）,composedhisbook,CommentaryontheWaterClassics,after

studyingtheoriginalliteraryversion,WaterClassics.（其中,中國著名地理學家、作家酈道元在北魏（386?534）

對《水經(jīng)》原著進行研究后，撰寫了《水經(jīng)注》一書）”可知，《水經(jīng)注》是基于對之前《水經(jīng)》一書的

研究。故選D。

14.A【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞前“Tosolvethat,onthenorthernsideofthecanalbranch,theofficialsbuilt

areservoir（水庫）andachanneltoleadthewatertothecanalbranch（為了解決這個問題，官員們在運河支

流的北側(cè)建了一個水庫和一個渠道，把水引到運河支流）”及劃線詞后“flowtogethertothecity（一起流向

城市戶可知，此處指水在支流匯合然后?起流入城市，converge意為“匯合”。故選A。

15.C【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段“Still,theprocessofrecreationtakesmucheffort.Afterdoingalotoftext

analysisandfieldwork,theteamhasgraduallycreatedthemodelwith3Dmodellingsoftwarebasedon

repeateddeductions（推論）.（然而，娛樂的過程需要很多努力。經(jīng)過大量的文本分析和實地調(diào)查，團隊在

反復推演的基礎(chǔ)上，用3D建模軟件逐步建立模型）”可知，本段主要講述重建模型的復雜過程。故選C。

16.B【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，結(jié)合第二段中“Theyhavebeenusingdrawingsoftwareand3Dmodelling

torecreatethewaterwaysituationsonamapbasedonthebookdescription.（他們一直在使用繪圖軟件和3D

建模，在地圖上根據(jù)書中的描述重現(xiàn)水道情況）''可知，文章主要講述復旦大學李曉杰教授及其團隊根據(jù)

《水經(jīng)注》的描述，使用繪圖軟件和3D建模重現(xiàn)了水道情況。故B項“古代經(jīng)典啟發(fā)現(xiàn)代研究”適合作

為文章標題。故選B。

E

（2022?湖北黃岡,黃岡中學?？级＃㏒upposetherearesomecoinsonthetableinfrontofyou.Ifthe

numberissmall,youcantellrightawayexactlyhowmanythereare.Youdon'tevenhavetocountthem—asingle

glanceisenough.Cichlidsandstingrays,twokindsoffish,areastonishinglysimilartousinthisrespect:theycan

detectsmallquantitiesprecisely-andpresumablywithoutcounting.Forexample,theycanbetrainedtoreliably

distinguishquantitiesofthreefromquantitiesoffour.

Buthowdoyouaskacichlidfortheresultof"2+1"or"5-1”?Theresearchersshowedthefishacollectionof

geometricshapes-forexample,foursquares.Iftheseobjectswerecoloredblue,thismeant“addone"forthe

followingdiscrimination.Yellow,ontheotherhand,meant“subtractone.”

Aftershowingtheoriginalstimulus（刺激物）（e.g.foursquares）,theanimalswereshowntwonewpictures—

onewithfiveandonewiththreesquares.Iftheyswamtothecorrectpicture（i.e.tothefivesquaresinthe"blue”

arithmetictask）,theywererewardedwithfood.Iftheygavethewronganswer,theywentawayempty-handed.

Overtime,theylearnedtoassociatethebluecolorwithanincreaseofoneintheamountshownatthebeginning,

andtheyellownumberwithadecrease.

“Wedeliberatelyleftoutsomecalculationsduringtraining,''Schluesselexplains.<€Namely,3+1and

Afterthelearningphase,theanimalsgottoseethesetwotasksforthefirsttime.Buteveninthosetests,they

significantlyoftenchosethecorrectanswer.^^Thiswastrueevenwhentheyhadtodecidebetweenchoosingfouror

fiveobjectsafterbeingshownablue3—thatis,twooutcomesthatwerebothgreaterthantheinitialvalue.Inthis

case,thefishchosefouroverfive,indicatingtheyhadnotlearnedtherule“chosethelargest(orsmallest)amount

presentcd^^buttherule“alwaysaddorsubtractone".

17.Howdidtheresearcherstellthefishwhattodo?

A.Theyuseddifferentcolorstorepresentdifferentcalculations.

B.Theyshoweddifferentnumbersbyvariousshapes.

C.Theyaskedthefishfortheresultaftershowinggeometricshapes.

D.Theyassociatedgeometricshapeswithcolors.

18.Whatdidtheresearchersintendtoteachthefishinthetraining?

A.Theycangetfoodwhenswimmingtothecorrectpicture.

B.Bluemeans“addone,“andyellowmeans"subtractone”.

C.Mathplaysanimportantroleinone'slife.

D.Fivesquaresinthebluemeansfood.

19.Whydidtheresearchersleftoutsomecalculationsduringthetraining?

A.Toprovethatthefishfinishthetaskbymemorizingnumbers.

B.Toindicatethefishcandocomplicatedtasks.

C.Toshowanimportantrulethefishhadnotlearned.

D.Tocheckwhetherthefishcanapplythisknowledgetonewtasks.

20.Whatisthemajorfindingoftheresearch?

A.Somefishcanperformmathtasksbymemory.

B.Cichlidsandstingrayshavesimplemathabilities.

C.AHfisharesmarterthanweusedtothink.

D.Scientifictrainingisthekeytomath.

【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文，研究表明，慈蜩和黃貂魚兩種魚有簡單的數(shù)學能力。

17.A【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“TheresearchersshowedthefishacoHectionofgeometricshapes—

forexample,foursquares.Iftheseobjectswerecoloredblue,thismeant4addone'fbrthefollowing

discrimination.Yellow,ontheotherhand,meant€subtractone.'（研究人員向這些魚展示了一系列幾何形狀，

例如，四個正方形。如果這些物體是藍色的，這意味著）加一九來進行下面的區(qū)分。另一方面，黃色的意

思是'減一可知，研究人員用不同的顏色來代表不同的計算來告訴魚怎么做。故選A。

18.B【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段講述的訓練過程及最后一句"Overtime,theylearnedtoassociatetheblue

colorwithanincreaseofoneintheamountshownatthebeginning,andtheyellownumberwitha

decrease.（隨著時間的推移，它們學會了將藍色與開始顯示的數(shù)量加一聯(lián)系起來，而將黃色與數(shù)量減少

聯(lián)系起來戶可知，研究者想要教會魚藍色代表“加一”，黃色代表“減一”。故選B項。

19.D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Wedeliberatelyleftoutsomecalculationsduringtraining（我們在

訓練期間故意省略了一些算式）''和"Afterthelearningphase,theanimalsgottoseethesetwotasksforthe

firsttime.Buteveninthosetests,theysignificantlyoftenchosethecorrectanswer.（學習階段結(jié)束后，動物們

第一次看到了這兩個任務(wù)。但即使在這些測試中，它們也往往選擇了正確答案）“可知，研究者故意遺漏

一些算式，是為了看看魚是否能將學到的知識（藍色代表“加一”，黃色代表“減一”）應(yīng)用到新的任務(wù)中，

結(jié)果證明魚能把所學東西運用于實踐。故選D。

20.B【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Supposetherearesomecoinsonthetableinfrontofyou.Ifthenumber

issmall,youcantellrightawayexactlyhowmanythereare.Youdon'tevenhavetocountthem-asingle

glanceisenough.Cichlidsandstingrays,twokindsoffish,arcastonishinglysimilartousinthisrespect:they

candetectsmallquantitiesprecisely-andpresumablywithoutcounting.Forexample,theycanbetrainedto

reliablydistinguishquantitiesofthreefromquantitiesoffbur.（假設(shè)你面前的桌子上有一些硬幣。如果這個

數(shù)字很小，你可以馬上知道到底有多少。你甚至不必數(shù)一數(shù)，一眼就夠了。慈酗和黃貂魚這兩種魚類

在這方面與我們驚人地相似：它們可以精確地檢測到少量的魚，而且可能不需要計數(shù)。例如，可以訓

練他們可靠地區(qū)分三的數(shù)量和四的數(shù)量）”和及最后一段中“Inthiscase,thefishchosefouroverfive,

indicatingtheyhadnotlearnedtherule“chosethelargest（orsmallest）amountprcscnted^^buttherule“always

addorsubtractone”.（在這種情況下，魚選擇了4而不是5,表明它們沒有學習，選擇最大（或最?。┑臄?shù)

量，的規(guī)則，但學習了，總是加或減1，的規(guī)則）”可知，這項研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)是慈媚和黃貂魚有簡單的數(shù)學

能力。故選B。

F

（2022?湖南長沙,長沙一中校考模擬預測）AstudyhasshownhowecotourisminthePhilippineshas

transformedpeople'sattitudestowardsmarine（海:羊的）conservation.

ResearchersfromtheUniversityofVictoriainCanadaandotherinstitutesinPhilippines,visitedthreesites

wheretouristspaytoswimwithwhalesharksinthewild.TheyinterviewedarangeoflocalsinOslob,Donsoland

Pintuyan,includingfishersandex-whalesharkhunters.AtOslob,thelargestofthethreesites,peopleweremore

likelytospeakabouttheresultingimprovementstotheirqualityoflifeandanincreaseinjobopportunities.Atthe

smaller,lessprofitablesites,responsesweremorelikelytobeaboutthechangesin.howpeoplebehavedtowards

thesharks.

Dr.JackieZiegler,wholedtheteamfromtheuniversity'sMarineProtectedAreasResearchGroup,said,

“Manyofthepeoplewespoketoreportedtheynowcareaboutandvaluewhalesharksbecauseoftourismactivities.

Theyalsoexpressedthecommunity'semotionalconnectiontothespeciesandthestrongneedtoprotectthem.

Beforetheintroductionoftouristactivities,mostofthelocalsadmittedtoharmingthesharksbyhittingthemwith

stones,harpoons,paddles,dynamiteorridingthem.,,Intermsofattitudestowardsthewidermarineenvironment,

themajorityofrespondentsnowactivelyencourageotherstocarefortheoceanandtheyalsousemore

sustainable（可持續(xù)的）fishingpractices.

Thestudyalsoacknowledgedthepotentialnegativeeffectsoftourismonthemarineenvironment,suchas

impactsonthehealthoflocalcoralreefsandofthesharks.Itconcludedthatfurtherstudieswereneededtoassess

theseimpactsbeforefirmconclusionscouldbedrawnregardingthepositiveimpactofwhalesharktourismon

oceanconservation.

Nevertheless,theresearcherssaytheirworksuggestsecotourismcanbeaneffectivemeansofstrengthening

protection.uItwasfascinatingtoheartheimportancesomanylocalFilipinocommunitiesplaceonwhaleshark

tourism.Bringingintheviewsofthelocaltouroperatorstothestudywasimperative（必要的）inuncoveringthe

trueimpactofwhalesharktourismandthewiderbenefitstooc