2023職稱英語理工A完形填空(小抄)

第一篇CaptainCookArrowLegendItwasagreatlegendwhileitlasted,butDNAtestinghas(1)finallyendedatwo-cen(ury-oldstoryof(heHawaiianarrowcarvedfromtheboneofBritishexplorerCaptainJamesCook(2)whodiedintheSandwichIslands'in1779."Thereis(3)noCookin(heAustralianMuseum,“museumcollectionmanagerJudePhilipsaidnotlongagoinannouncingtheDNAevidencethatthearrowwasnotmadeofCook'Sbone.Butthatwillnotstopthemuseumfromcontinuingtodisplaythearrowinits(4)exhibition,“Uncovered：TreasuresoftheAustralianMuseum,“which⑸doesincludeafeathercapepresentedtoCookbyHawaiianKingKalani'opu'uin1778.CookwasoneofBritain'sgreatexplorersandiscreditedwith(6)discoveriimtheltGreatSouthLand,"(7)nowAustralia,in177O.HewasclubbedtodeathintheSandwichIslands,nowHawaiioThe1egendofCook'sarrowbeganin1824(8)whenHawaiianKingKamehamchaonhisdeathbedgavethearrowtoWilliamAdams,aLondonsurgeonandrelativeofCook'swife,sayingitwasmadeofCook'sboneafterthefiital(9)fightwithislanders.Inthe1890sthearrowwasgiventotheAustralianMuseumandthelegendcontinued(10)untilitcameface=to-facewithscience.DNAtestingbylaboratoriesinAustraliaandNewZealandrevealedthearrowwasnotmadeofCook'sbonebutwasmore(11)likelymadeofanimalbone。saidPhilp.However,Cook'sfans(12)refusetogiveuphopethatoneCooklegendwillprovetrueandthatpartofhisremainswillstillbeuncovered.astheysaythereisevidencenota11ofCook'sbodywas(13)buriedatseain1779.“Onthisoccasiontechnologyhaswon",'saidCliffThornton,presidentoftheCaptainCookSociety,ina(14)statementfromBritain."But【am(15)surethatoneofthesedays...oneoftheCooklegendswillprovetobetrueanditwillhappenoneday.”其次篇AvalancheandItsSafetyAnavalancheisasuddenandrapidflowofsnow,oftenmixedwithairandwater,downamountainside.Avalanchesare(1)amonuthebiggestdangersinthemountainsforbothlifeandproperty.Allavalanchesarecausedbyanover-burdenofmaterial,typicallysnowpack,thatistoomassiveandunstablefor(heslope(2)thatsupportsit.Determiningthecriticalload,theamountofover-burdenwhichis(3)likelvtocauseanavalanche,(4)isacomplextaskinvolvingtheevaluationofanumberoffactors.Terrainslopesilatlerthan25degreesorsteeperthan60degreestypicallyhavealow(5)riskofavalanche.Snowdoesnot(6)gathersignificantlyonsteepslopes;also,snowdoesnot(7)floweasilyonflatslopes.Human-triggeredavalancheshavethegreatestincidencewhenthesnow'sangleofrestis⑻between35and45degrees;thecriticalangle,theangleatwhichthehumanincidenceofavalanchesisgreatest,is38degrees.Theruleofthumbis:Aslope(hatis(9)flatenoughtoholdsnowbutsteepenoughtoskihasthepotentialtogenerateanavalanche,regardlessoftheangle.Additionally,avalancheriskincreaseswith(10)use;thatis,themoreaslopeisdisturbedbyskiers,themorelikelyitisthatanavalanchewilloccur.Duetothecomplexityofthesubject,wintertravellinginihebackcountryisnever100%safe.Goodavalanchesafetyisacontinuous(11)precess,includingrouteselectionandexaminationofthesnowpack,weather(12)conditions,andhumanfactors.Severalwell-knowngoodhabitscanalso(13)reducetherisk.Iflocalauthoritiesissueavalancheriskreports,theyshouldbeconsideredandallwarningsshouldbepaid(14)attentionto.Neverfollowinthetracksofotherswithoutyourownevaluations;snowconditionsarealmostcertaintohavechangedsincetheyweremade.Observethetenainandnoteobviousavalanchepathswhereplantsare(15)missingordamaged.Avoidtravelingbelowotherswhomighttriggeranavalanche.第三篇GiantStructuresItisanimpossibletasktoselectthemostamazingwondersofthemodemworldsinceeveryyearmore_1wonderful_constructionsappear.Herearethreegiantstructureswhichareworthyofour—2adniiration—althoughtheymayhavebeensurpassedbysomemorerecentwonders.ThePetronasTwinTowersThePetronasTowerswerethetallestbuildingsintheworldwhentheywerecompletedin1999.Witha_3height_of452metres,thetall(wintowers,liketwothinpencils,dominatethecityofKualaLumpur.Atthe41stfloor,(hetowersarclinkedbyabridge,symbolizingagatewaytothecity.TheAmerican_4architct_CesarPellidesignedtheskyscrapers.Constructedofhigh-strengthconcrete,thebuildingprovidesaround1,800squaremetresofofficespace_5on_eveiyfloor.Andithasashoppingcentreandaconcerthallat(hebase.Other_6_features_of(hisimpressivebuildingincludedoublc-dcckcrlifts,andglassandsteelsunshades.TheMillauBridgewasopenedin2004intheTamValley,insouthernFrance.—7at—thetimeitwasbuilt,itwastheworld'shighestbridge,—8rcsching—over340matthehighestpoint.Thebridgeisdescribedasoneofthemostamazinglybeautifulbridgesintheworld.Itwasbuiltto_9relieve_Millau'scongestionproblems.ThecongestionwasthencausedbytrafficpassingfromParis(oBarcelonainSpain.Thebridgewasbuilttowithstandthe_10most_extremeseismicandclimaticconditions.Besides,itisguaranteedfor120years!TheIlaipuDamTheItaipuhydroelectricpowerplantisoneofthelargestconstructionsofitskindintheworld.ItconsistsofaseriesofdamsacrosstheRiverParana,_11which_formsanaturalborderbetweenBrazilandParaguay.Startedin1975andtaking16yearstocomplete,theconstructionwascarriedoutasajointprojectbetweenthetwo_12countries_.Thedamiswell-knownforbothitselectricityoutputanditssize.In1995itproduced78%ofParaguay'sand25%ofBrazil's_13energy_needs.Initsconstruction,the_14amount_ofironandsteelusedwasequivalenttoover300EiffelTowers.Itisa_15truly一amazingwonderofengineering.第四篇Animal's"SixthSense”AtsunamiwastriggeredbyanearthquakeintheIndianOceaninDecember,2023.ItkilledtensofthousandsofpeopleinAsiaandEastAfrica.Wildanimals,(1)however,seemtohaveescapedthatterribletsunami.ThisphenomenonaddsweighttonotionsthatItheypossessa“sixlhsense“fbr(2)disasters,expertssaid.SriLankanwildlifeofficialshavesaidthegiantwavesihatkilledover24,000peoplealongtheIndianOceanisland'scoastclearly(3)missedwildbeasts,withnodeadanimalsfound.“Noelephantsaredead,not(4)evendeadrabbit.Ithinkanimalscan(5)sensedisaster.Theyhaveasixthsense.Theyknowwhenthingsarchappcning.^^H.D.Ratnayakc,deputydirectorofSriLanka'sWildlifeDepartment,saidaboutonemonthafterthetsunamiattack.The(6)waveswashedfkxxlwalersupto2milesinlandatYalaNationalParkintheravagedsoutheast,SriLanka'sbiggestwildlife(7)reserveandhometohundredsofwildelephantsandseveralleopards.“Therehasbeenalotof(8)ap—arentevidenceaboutdogsbarkingorbirdsmigratingbeforevolcaniceruptionsorearthquakes.Butithasnotbeenproven/'saidMatthewvanLieropananimalbehavior(9)specialistatJohannesburgZoo.“Therehavebeenno(10)specificstudiesbecauseyoucan'lreallytestitinalaborfieldsetting2,hetoldReuters.Otherauthoritiesconcurredwiththis(11)assessment.“Wildlifeseemtobeabletopickupcertain(12)phenomenon,especiallybirds...therearemanyreportsofbirdsdetectingimpendingdisasters,saidCliveWalker,whohaswrittenseveralbooksonAfricanwildlife.Animals(13)certain^relyontheknownsensessuchassmellorhearingtoavoiddangersuchaspredators.Thenotionofananimal“sixthsense^-or(14)someothermythicalpower-isanenduringone3whichtheevidenceonSriLanka'sravagedcoastislikelytoaddto.TheRomanssawowls(15)asomensofimpendingdisasterandmanyancientculturesviewedelephantsassacredanimalsendowedwithspecialpowersorattributes.第五篇SingingAlarmsCouldSavetheBlindIfyoucannotsee,youmaynotbeabletofindyourwayoutofaburningbuilding--andthatcouldbefatal.AcompanyinLeedscouldchangeallthat(1)withdirectionalsoundalarmscapableifguidingyoutotheexit.SoundAlert,acompany(2)runbvtheUniversityofLeeds,isinstallingthealarmsinaresidentialhomefor(3)blindpeopleinSommersetandaresourcecentrefortheblindinCumbria.(4)Thealannsproduceawiderangeoffrequenciesthatenablethebraintodeterminewhere(he(5)soundiscomingfrom.DeborahWithingtonofSoundAlertsaysthat(healarmsusemostofthefrequenciesthatcanbe(6)heardbyhumans,"h'saburstofwhitenoise(7)thatpeoplesaysoundslikestaticontheradio,Mshesays."Itslife-savingpotentialisgreat.”Sheconductedanexperimentinwhichpeoplewerefilmedbythermal—imagingcamerastryingtofindtheirwayoutofalarge(8)snioke-filledroom.It(9)tookthemnearlyfourminutestofindthedoor(10)wilhoutasoundalarm,butonly15secondswithone.Withingtonstudieshowthebrain(11)Drocessessoundsattheuniversity.Shesaysthatthe(12)sourceofawidebandoffrequenciescanbepinpointedmoreeasilythanthesourceofanarrowhand.Alarms(13)basedonthesameconcepthavealreadybeeninstalledonemergencyvehicles.Thealarmswillalsoincluderisingorfallingfrequencies(oindicatewhetherpeopleshouldgoup(14)ordownstairs.Theywere(15)devdopedwiththeaidofalargegrantfromBritishNuclearFuels.第六篇CarThievescouldBeStoppedRemotelySpeedingoffinastolencar,thethiefthinkshehasgotagreatcatch.Butheisinanastysurprise.Thecarisfittedwitharemoteimmobilizerandaradiosignalfromacontrolcentermilesawaywillensurethatoncethethiefswitchestheengine1off.hewillnotbeabletostartitagain.Fornow,suchdevices2areonlyavailableforfleetsoftrucksandspecialistvehiclesusedonconstnjctionsites.Butremoteimmobilizationtechnologycouldsoonstarttotrickledowntoordinarycars,and3shouldbeavailabletoordinarycarsintheUK4intwomonths.Theideagoeslike(his.Acontrolboxfittedtothecarincorporatcs5aminiaturecellphone,amicroprocessorandmemory,andaGPSsatellitepositioningreceiver.6Ifthecarisstolen,acodedcellphonesignalwilltelltheunittoblockthevehicle'senginemanagementsystemandpreventtheengine7beingrestarted.Tliereareevenplansforimmobilizers8thatshutdownvehicleson(hemove,though(herearefearsoverthesafetyimplicationsofsuchasystem.IntheUK.anarrayoftechnicalfixesisalreadymaking9lifeharderfbrcarthieves."Thepatternofvehiclescrimehaschanged,**saysMartynRandallofThatcham,asecurityresearchorganizationbasedinBerkshirethatisfundedinpart10bythemotorinsuranceindustry.Hesaysitwouldonlytakehimafewminutesto11teachanovicehowtostealacar,usingabareminimumoftools.Butonlyifthecarismorethan10yearsold.Modemcarsarcafartougherproposition,astheirenginemanagementcomputerwillnot12allowthemtostartunlesstheyreceiveauniqueIDcodebeamedoutbytheignitionkey.IntheUK,technologieslikethis13havehelpedachievea31percentdropinvehicle-relatedcrimesince1997.Butdeterminedcriminalsarestillmanagingtofindotherwaystostealcars.Oftenbygettingholdoftheowner'skeysinaburglary.In2(X)0,12percentofvehiclesstolenintheUKweretakenusingtheowner'skeysdoublethepreviousyear'sfigure.Remote-controlledimmobilizationsystemwould14])utamajornewobstacleinthecriminal'swaybymakingsuchtheftspointless.AgroupthatincludesThatcham,thepolice,insurancecompaniesandsecuritytechnologyfirmshavedevelopedstandardsforasystemthatcouldgoonthemarketsoonerthanthe15customerexpects.第七篇AnintelligentcarDrivingneedssharpeyes,keenears,quickbrain,andcoordinationbetweenhandsandthebrain.Manyhumandrivershaveall(1)theseandcancontrolafast-movingcar.Buthowdoesanintelligentcarcontrolitself?Thereisavirtualdriverinthesmartcar.Thisvirtualdriverhas“eyes,""brains","hands”and“fbet”，loo.Themini-cameras(2)oneachsideofthecararehis"eyes,“whichobsenetheroadandconditionsaheadofit.Theywatchthe(3)traffictothecar'sleftandright.Thereisalsoahighly(4)automaticdrivingsysteminthecar.Itisthebuilt-incomputer,whichisthevirtualdriver's"brain."His“brain“calculates(hespeedsof(5)othermovingcarsnearitandanalyzestheirpositions.Basingonthisinformation,itchoosestheright(6)pathfor(heintelligentcars,andgives(7)instructionstothe"handstand"feets^toactaccordingly.Inthisway,thevirtualdrivercontrolshiscar.Whatisthevirtualdriver'sbestadvantage?Hereacts(8)quickly.Themini-camerasare(9)sendingimagescontinuouslytothe“brain”.It(10)completestheprocessingof(heimageswithin100milliseconds.However,theworld'sbestdrier(11)atleastneedsonesecondtoreact.(12)Besides,whenhetakesaction,heneedsonemoresecond.Thevirtualdriverisreallywonderful.Hecanreducetheaccident(13)rateconsiderablyonexpressway.Inthiscase.Canwelethimhavethewheelatanytimeandinanyplace?Experts(14)warnthatwecannotdothatjustyet.Hisabilitytorecognizethingsisstill(15)limited.Hecannowonlydriveanintelligentcaronexpressways.第八篇WhyIndiaNeedsItsDyingVulturesThevulturesinquestionmaylookuglyandthreatening,butthesuddensharp_1declineinthreespeciesofIndia'svulturesisproducingalarmratherthancelebration,andilpresentstheworldwithanewkindofenvironmental_2_problemb_Thedramaticdeclineinvulturenumbersiscausingwidespreaddisruptiontopeoplelivinginthesameareasasthe_3birds_.Itisalsocausingseriouspublichealthproblems_4_across_theIndiansub-continent.WhiletheirreputationandappearancemaybeunpleasanttomanyIndians,vultureshave_5long_playedaveryimportantroleinkeepingtownsandvillagesalloverIndiaclean.Itis―6_because_thcyfeedondeadcows.InIndia,cowsarcsacredanimalsandare_7_traditionallt_leftintheopenwhentheydieintheirthousandsuponthousandseveryyear.Thedisappearanceofthevultureshas_8_ledto_anexplosioninthenumbersofwilddogsfeedingontheremainsofthesedeadanimals.Therearefearsthatrabiesmay_9_increase_asaresult.Andthisterrifyingdiseasemayultimatelyaffecthumansintheregion,sincewilddogsarcitsmaincarriers.Rabiescouldalsospreadtootheranimalspecies,causinganevengreaterprobleminthe_10_future_.Theneedforactionis_11_urgent_,soanemergencyprojecthasbeenlaunchedto_i2_find_asolutiontothisseriousvultureproblem.Scientistsaretryingtoidentifythediseasecausingthebirds,deathsand,ifpossible,developacure.Large-scalevulture_13_deaths_werefirstnoticedattheendofthe1980sinIndia.Apopulationsurveyatthattimeshowed(hat(hethreespeciesofvultureshaddeclined_14_by_over90percent.Allthreespeciesarenowlistedasucriticallyendangered”.Asmostvultureslayonlysingleeggsand_15_take_aboutfiveyearstoreachmaturity,reversingtheirpopulationdeclinewillbealonganddifficultexercise.第九篇WonderWebsSpiderwebsaremorethanhomes,and(heyareingenious(raps.Andtheworld'sbestwebspinnermaybe(heGoldenOrbWeaverspider.ThefemaleOrbWeaverspinsaweboffibersthinenoughtobeinvisibletoinsectprey,yet(1)toughenoughtosnareaHyingbirdwithoutbreaking.Thesecretoftheweb'sstrength?Atypeofsuper-resilient(2)silkcalleddragline.Whenthefemalespiderisreadyto(3)weavetheweb'sspokesandframe,sheusesherlegstodrawtheairythreadoutthroughahollownozzleinherbelly.Draglineisnotsticky,sothespidercanracebackandforthalong(4)it_iospintheweb'strademarkspiral.Unlikesomespidersthatweaveanewwebeveryday,aGoldenOrbWeaver(5)reuscsherhandiworkuntilitfallsapart,sometimesnotfortwoyears.Thesilkythreadisfivetimesstrongerthansteelbyweightandabsorbstheforceofanimpactthreetimesbetter(hanKevlar,ahigh-strengthhuman-made(6)inaterialusedinbullet-proofvests.Andthankstoitshightensilestrength,ortheabilitytoresistbreakingunderthepullingforcecalledtension,asinglestrandcanstretchupto40percentlongerthanitsoriginal⑺lengthandsnapbackaswellasnew.Nohuman-madefiberevencomes(8)close.Itisno(9)wondermanufacturersareclamoringforspidersilk.Intheconsumerpipeline:High-performancefabricsforathletesandstockingsthatneverrun.Thinkparachutecordsandsuspensionbridgecables.Asteady(IQ)supplyofspidersilkwouldbeworthbillionsofdollars-buthowtoproduceit?Harvestingsilkonspiderfarmsdocsnot(ll)workbecausetheterritorialarthropodshaveatendencytodevourtheirneighbors.Now,scientistsatthebiotechnologycompanyNexiaarespinningartificialsilkmodeledafterGoldenOrbdragline.The(12)firststep:extractsilk-makinggenesfromthespiders.Next,implantthegenesintogoateggcells.Thenannygoatsthatgrowfromtheeggssecretedraglinesilkproteinsintheir(13)milk."Theyounggoatspassonthesilk-makinggenewithout(14)anvhelpfromus,“saysNexiapresidentJeffreyTurner.Nexiaisstillperfectingthespinningprocess,buttheyhopeartificialspidersilkwillsoonbesnaggingcustomers(15)asfastastherealthingsnagsbugs.第十篇ChickenSoupfortheSou)：ComfortFoodFightsLonelinessMashedpotatoes,macaroniandcheese,maybebadforyourarteries.1but accordingtoastudyinPsychologicalScience,they'regoodfbryourheartand2en】otions.Thestudyfocuseson“comibrtfood''andhowitmakespeoplefeel."Forme3personally.foodhasalwaysplayedabigroleinmyfamily,“saysJordanTroisi,agraduatestudentattheUniversityofBuffalo,andleadauthoronthestudy.Thestudycameouloftheresearchprogramofhisco-authorShiraGabriel.Ilhas41ookedatnon-humanthingsthatmayaffecthumanemotions.Somepeoplereducelonelinessbybondingwiththeir5favoriteTVshow,buildingvirtualrelationshipswithapopsongsingerorlookingatpicturesoflovedones.TroisiandGabrielwonderedifcomfortfoodcouldhave(hesameeffect6bymakingpeoplethinkoftheirnearestanddearest.Inoneexperiment,inordertomake7participantsfbcllonely,theresearchershadthemwriteforsixminutesaboutafightwithsomeoneclosetothem.Othersweregivenanemotionallyneutralwritingassignment.Then,somepeopleineachXgroupwroteabouttheexperienceofeatingacomfortfoodandotherswroteabouteatinganewfood.9FinallyJhcresearchershadpariicipan(s10completequestionsabouttheirlevelsofloneliness.Writingaboutafightwithaclosepersonmadepeoplefeellonely.Butpeoplewhoweregenerallyllsecurcintheirrelationshipswouldfeellesslonelybywritingaboutacomfortfood."Wehavefoundthatcomfortfoodsareconsistentlyassociatedwiththoseclosetous."saysTroisi."Thinkingaboutorconsumingthesefoodslaterthenservesasareminderofthosecloseothers."In12theiressaysoncomfortfood,manypeoplewroteaboutthe13ewerienceofeatingfoodwithfamilyandfriends.Inanotherexperiment.14eatinuchickensoupinthelabmadepeoplethinkmoreaboutrelationships,butonlyiftheyconsideredchickensouptobeacomfortfood.Thiswasaquestiontheyhadbeenaskedlongbeforetheexperiment,alongwithmanyotherquestions,sotheywouldn'trememberit.Throughouteveryone\dailylivestheyexperiencestress,oftenassociatedwithour15connectionswithothcrs,^^Troisisays."ComfortfoodCanbeaneasyremedyforloneliness.第H—篇ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCitiesAnewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeenIcarriedoutrecentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand2urbandevelopment.Shewamsthatmanyoftheworld'sfast-growingurbanareas,especiallyindevelopingcountries,willlikelysufferfromtheimpactsofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto3reduccemissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhouse4eases.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere.^Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofoundthreatstothegrowingcitiesoftheworld,^^saysRomeroLankao.''Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeftectivestrategiesto5protecttheirresidents."Citiesare6majorsourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao'sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerable,andsuggestpolicyinterventionsthatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term1benefits.Thelocalionsanddenseconslructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreaterriskfornaturaldisasters.Potential8thrcatsassociatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat9heanilypavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemoreseriousinanurbanenvironment.Forexample,aprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollution,causingwidespreadhealthproblems.PoorerneighborhoodsthatmaylOlackbasicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroads,areespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsubstandardhousing11withoutaccesstoreliabledrinkingwater,roadsandbasicservices.Localgovernments,12therefore.shouldtakemeasurestoprotecttheirrcsidcnts/'Unfbrtunatcly.(hey(endtomovetowardsrhetoric13rathcrthanmeaningfulresponses,RomeroLankaowrites,“Theydon'timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioningneeds.Theydon'temphasizemasstransitandreduce14auton】obileuse.Infact,manylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach.^^Thus,sheurgesthemtochange(heir15idlepoliciesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities.第十二篇FreeStatinsWithFastFoodCouldNeutralizeHeartRiskFastfoodoutletscouldprovidestatindrugsfreeof1chargesothatcustomerscanreducetheheartdiseasedangersoffattyfood,researchersatImperialCollegeLondon2suggestinanewstudy.Statinsreducethe3amountofunhealthy“LDL”cholesterolintheblood.Awealthoftrialdatahasproventhemtobehighlyeffectiveatloweringaperson'sheartattack4risk.InapaperpublishedintheAmericanJournalofCardiology?DrDarrelFrancisandcolleaguescalculatethatthereductioninheartattackriskofferedbyastatinisSenouqh(ooffsettheincreaseinheartattackriskfrom6eatin。acheeseburgeranddrinkingamilkshake.DrFrancis,fromtheNationalHeartandLungInstituteatImperialCollegeLondon.whoistheseniorauthorofthestudy,said:"Slalinsdon'tcutoutal1ofthe/unhealthyeffectsofcheeseburgersandFrenchfries.It'sbettertoavoidfattyfoodaltogether.Butwe,veworkedoutthatintermsofyour8possobilitvofhavingaheartattack.Takingastatincanreduceyourrisk(omoreorlessthesame9deqreeasafastfoodmealincreases"It'sironicthatpeoplearefreetotakeasmanyunhealthycondimentsinfastfoodoutletsastheyl()likn,butstatins,whicharebeneficialtohearthealth,havetobeprescribed.Itmakessensetomakerisk-reducingstatinsavailablejustaseasilyastheunhealthycondimentsthatare11providedfreeofcharge.Itwouldcostless(han5penceper12customer-notmuchdifferenttoasachetofsugar."DrFrancissaid.Whenpeopleengageinriskybehaviourslikedrivingorsmoking,they'reencouragedtotake13measuresthatlowerIheirrisk,1ike14wearingaseatbeltorchoosingcigaretteswithfilters.Takingastatinisarationalwayof15loweringsomeoftherisksofeatingafattymeal.第十三篇BetterSolarEnergySystems:MoreHeat,MoreLight(更有效的太陽能體系：更多熱布，,更強(qiáng)燈光)Solarphotovoltaicthermalenergysystems,orPVTs,generatebothheatandelectricity,but—l_untilnowtheyhaven'tbeenverygoodat(heheat-generatingpartcomparedtoastand-alonesolarthermalcollector.That,sbecausetheyoperateatlowtemperaturestocoolcrystallinesiliconsolarcells,whichletsthesilicongeneratemore—2_electricitybutisn'taveryefficientwaytogatherheat.That'saproblemof_3ceonomics_.Goodsolarhot-watcrsystemscanharvestmuchmoreenergythanasolar-electricsystematasubstantiallylower_4_cost_.Andit,salsoaspaceproblem：photovoltaiccellscantakeupallthespaceontheroof,leavinglittleroomforthermalapplications.Inapairofstudies,JoshuaPearce,anassociateprofessorofmaterialsscienceandengineering,hasdeviseda_5_sohition_intheformofabelterPVTmadewithadiflerentkindofsilicon.HisresearchcollaboratorsarcKunalGirotrafromThinSiliconinCaliforniaandMichaelPathakandStephenHarrisonfromQueen'sUniversity,Canada.',Mostsolarpanelsaremadewithcrystallinesilicon,butyoucanalsomakesolarcellsoutofamorphoussilicon._6_commonly_knownasthin-filmsilicon.Theydon'tcreateasmuchelectricity,buttheyarelighter,flexible,andcheaper.And,becausethey_7require_muchlesssilicon,theyhaveagreenerfootprint.Unfortunately,thin-filmsiliconsolarcellsare_8vuhierable_tosomebad-newsphysicsintheformoftheStaebler-Wronskieflect.“ThatmeansthattheirefTiciency_9drops_whenyouexposethemtolight—prettymuchtheworstpossibleeffectfbrasolarcell,“Pearceexplains,whichisoneofthe_lOreasons_thin-filmsolarpanelsmakeuponlyasmallfractionofthemarket.However.PearceandhisteamfoundawaytoengineeraroundtheStaebler-Wronskieffectbyincorporatingthin-filmsiliconinanew_1l_typeofPVT.Youdon'thavetocooldownthin-filmsilicontomakeitwork.Infact,Pearce'sgroupdiscoveredthatbyheatingittosolar-thermaloperatingtemperatures,neartheboiling_i2point_ofwater,theycouldmakethickercellsthatlargely13overcanie_theStacblcr-Wronskieffect.When(heyappliedthethin-fihnsilicondirectlytoasolarthennalenergy_14coilector—,theyalsofoundthatbybakingthecellonceaday.they_15boosted_thesolarcell'selectricalefficiencybyover10percent.第十四篇SharksPerformaServiceforEarth'sWaters(鯊魚有益于地球水系)Ilishardtogetpeopletothinkofsharksasanythingbutadeadlyenemy1.Theyaretho