外文翻譯關(guān)于Linux的介紹(Introduction-to-Linux)

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書英文文獻(xiàn)及中文翻譯1021040330學(xué)生姓名：學(xué)號(hào)：1021040330軟件工程學(xué)院：軟件工程專業(yè)：指導(dǎo)教師：2014年6月

IntroductiontoLinux1.1History

1.1.1UNIX

In

order

to

understand

the

popularity

of

Linux,

we

need

to

travel

back

in

time,

about

30

years

ago...

Imagine

computers

as

big

as

houses,

even

stadiums.

While

the

sizes

of

those

computers

posed

substantial

problems,

there

was

one

thing

that

made

this

even

worse:

every

computer

had

a

different

operating

system.

Software

was

always

customized

to

serve

a

specific

purpose,

and

software

for

one

given

system

didn't

run

on

another

system.

Being

able

to

work

with

one

system

didn't

automatically

mean

that

you

could

work

with

another.

It

was

difficult,

both

for

the

users

and

the

system

administrators.

Computers

were

extremely

expensive

then,

and

sacrifices

had

to

be

made

even

after

the

original

purchase

just

to

get

the

users

to

understand

how

they

worked.

The

total

cost

of

IT

was

enormous.

Technologically

the

world

was

not

quite

that

advanced,

so

they

had

to

live

with

the

size

for

another

decade.

In

1969,

a

team

of

developers

in

the

Bell

Labs

laboratories

started

working

on

a

solution

for

the

software

problem,

to

address

these

compatibility

issues.

They

developed

a

new

operating

system,

which

was

simple

and

elegant

written

in

the

C

programming

language

instead

of

in

assembly

code

able

to

recycle

code.

The

Bell

Labs

developers

named

their

project

"UNIX."

The

code

recycling

features

were

very

important.

Until

then,

all

commercially

available

computer

systems

were

written

in

a

code

specifically

developed

for

one

system.

UNIX

on

the

other

hand

needed

only

a

small

piece

of

that

special

code,

which

is

now

commonly

named

the

kernel.

This

kernel

is

the

only

piece

of

code

that

needs

to

be

adapted

for

every

specific

system

and

forms

the

base

of

the

UNIX

system.

The

operating

system

and

all

other

functions

were

built

around

this

kernel

and

written

in

a

higher

programming

language,

C.

This

language

was

especially

developed

for

creating

the

UNI1.2.2Linux

for

non-experienced

users

Companies

such

as

RedHat,

SuSE

and

Mandrake

have

sprung

up,

providing

packaged

Linux

distributions

suitable

for

mass

consumption.

They

integrated

a

great

deal

of

graphical

user

interfaces

(GUIs),

developed

by

the

community,

in

order

to

ease

management

of

programs

and

services.

As

a

Linux

user

today

you

have

all

the

means

of

getting

to

know

your

system

inside

out,

but

it

is

no

longer

necessary

to

have

that

knowledge

in

order

to

make

the

system

comply

to

your

requests.

Nowadays

you

can

log

in

graphically

and

start

all

required

applications

without

even

having

to

type

a

single

character,

while

you

still

have

the

ability

to

access

the

core

of

the

system

if

needed.

Because

of

its

structure,

Linux

allows

a

user

to

grow

into

the

system:

it

equally

fits

new

and

experienced

users.

New

users

are

not

forced

to

do

difficult

things,

while

experienced

users

are

not

forced

to

work

in

the

same

way

they

did

when

they

first

started

learning

Linux.

While

development

in

the

service

area

continues,

great

things

are

being

done

for

desktop

users,

generally

considered

as

the

group

least

likely

to

know

how

a

system

works.

Developers

of

desktop

applications

are

making

incredible

efforts

to

make

the

most

beautiful

desktops

you've

ever

seen,

or

to

make

your

Linux

machine

look

just

like

your

former

MS

Windows

or

MacIntosh

workstation.

The

latest

developments

also

include

3D

acceleration

support

and

support

for

USB

devices,

single-click

updates

of

system

and

packages,

and

so

on.

Linux

has

these,

and

tries

to

present

all

available

services

in

a

logical

form

that

ordinary

people

can

understand.

1.3Does

Linux

have

a

future?

1.3.1Open

Source

The

idea

behind

Open

Source

software

is

rather

simple:

when

programmers

can

read,

distribute

and

change

code,

the

code

will

mature.

People

can

adapt

it,

fix

it,

debug

it,

and

they

can

do

it

at

a

speed

that

dwarfs

the

performance

of

software

developers

at

conventional

companies.

This

software

will

be

more

flexible

and

of

a

better

quality

than

software

that

has

been

developed

using

the

conventional

channels,

because

more

people

have

tested

it

in

more

different

conditions

than

the

closed

software

developer

ever

can.

The

Open

Source

initiative

started

to

make

this

clear

to

the

commercial

world,

and

very

slowly,

commercial

vendors

are

starting

to

see

the

point.

While

lots

of

academics

and

technical

people

have

already

been

convinced

for

20

years

now

that

this

is

the

way

to

go,

commercial

vendors

needed

applications

like

the

Internet

to

make

them

realize

they

can

profit

from

Open

Source.

Now

Linux

has

grown

past

the

stage

where

it

was

almost

exclusively

an

academic

system,

useful

only

to

a

handful

of

people

with

a

technical

background.

Now

Linux

provides

more

than

the

operating

system:

there

is

an

entire

infrastructure

supporting

the

chain

of

effort

of

creating

an

operating

system,

of

making

and

testing

programs

for

it,

of

bringing

everything

to

the

users,

of

supplying

maintenance,

updates

and

support

and

customizations,

etcetera.

Today,

Linux

is

ready

to

accept

the

challenge

of

a

fast-changing

world.

1.3.2Ten

years

of

experience

at

your

serviceWhile

Linux

is

probably

the

most

well-known

Open

Source

initiative,

there

is

another

project

that

contributed

enormously

to

the

popularity

of

the

Linux

operating

system.

This

project

is

called

SAMBA,

and

its

achievement

is

the

reverse

engineering

of

the

Server

Message

Block

(SMB)/Common

Internet

File

System

(CIFS)

protocol

used

for

file-

and

print-serving

on

PC-related

machines,

natively

supported

by

MS

Windows

NT

and

OS/2,

and

Linux.

Packages

are

now

available

for

almost

every

system

and

provide

interconnection

solutions

in

mixed

environments

using

MS

Windows

protocols:

Windows-compatible

(up

to

and

including

Win2K)

file-

and

print-servers.

Maybe

even

more

successful

than

the

SAMBA

project

is

the

Apache

HTTP

server

project.

The

server

runs

on

UNIX,

Windows

NT

and

many

other

operating

systems.

Originally

known

as

"A

PAtCHy

server"

,

based

on

existing

code

and

a

series

of

"patch

files"

,

the

name

for

the

matured

code

deserves

to

be

connoted

with

the

native

American

tribe

of

the

Apache,

well-known

for

their

superior

skills

in

warfare

strategy

and

inexhaustible

endurance.

Apache

has

been

shown

to

be

substantially

faster,

more

stable

and

more

feature-full

than

many

other

web

servers.

Apache

is

run

on

sites

that

get

millions

of

visitors

per

day,

and

while

no

official

support

is

provided

by

the

developers,

the

Apache

user

community

provides

answers

to

all

your

questions.

Commercial

support

is

now

being

provided

by

a

number

of

third

parties.

In

the

category

of

office

applications,

a

choice

of

MS

Office

suite

clones

is

available,

ranging

from

partial

to

full

implementations

of

the

applications

available

on

MS

Windows

workstations.

These

initiatives

helped

a

great

deal

to

make

Linux

acceptable

for

the

desktop

market,

because

the

users

don't

need

extra

training

to

learn

how

to

work

with

new

systems.

With

the

desktop

comes

the

praise

of

the

common

users,

and

not

only

their

praise,

but

also

their

specific

requirements,

which

are

growing

more

intricate

and

demanding

by

the

day.

The

Open

Source

community,

consisting

largely

of

people

who

have

been

contributing

for

over

half

a

decade,

assures

Linux'

position

as

an

important

player

on

the

desktop

market

as

well

as

in

general

IT

application.

Paid

employees

and

volunteers

alike

are

working

diligently

so

that

Linux

can

maintain

a

position

in

the

market.

The

more

users,

the

more

questions.

The

Open

Source

community

makes

sure

answers

keep

coming,

and

watches

the

quality

of

the

answers

with

a

suspicious

eye,

resulting

in

ever

more

stability

and

accessibility.

1.4Properties

of

Linux

1.4.1Linux

Pros

A

lot

of

the

advantages

of

Linux

are

a

consequence

of

Linux'

origins,

deeply

rooted

in

UNIX,

except

for

the

first

advantage,

of

course:

Linux

is

free:

As

in

free

beer,

they

say.

If

you

want

to

spend

absolutely

nothing,

you

don't

even

have

to

pay

the

price

of

a

CD.

Linuxcanbedownloadedforfreefromtheinternet.No

registration

fees,

no

costs

per

user,

free

updates,

and

freely

available

source

code

in

case

you

want

to

change

the

behavior

of

your

system.

Most

of

all,

Linux

is

free

as

in

free

speech:The

license

commonly

used

is

the

GNU

Public

License

(GPL).

The

license

says

that

anybody

who

may

want

to

do

so,

has

the

right

to

change

Linux

and

eventually

to

redistribute

a

changed

version,

on

the

one

condition

that

the

code

is

still

available

after

redistribution.

In

practice,

you

are

free

to

grab

a

kernel

image,

for

instance

to

add

support

for

teletransportation

machines

or

time

travel

and

sell

your

new

code,

as

long

as

your

customers

can

still

have

a

copy

of

that

code.

Linux

is

portable

to

any

hardware

platform:

A

vendor

who

wants

to

sell

a

new

type

of

computer

and

who

doesn't

know

what

kind

of

OS

his

new

machine

will

run

(say

the

CPU

in

your

car

or

washing

machine),

can

take

a

Linux

kernel

and

make

it

work

on

his

hardware,

because

documentation

related

to

this

activity

is

freely

available.

Linux

was

made

to

keep

on

running:

As

with

UNIX,

a

Linux

system

expects

to

run

without

rebooting

all

the

time.

That

is

why

a

lot

of

tasks

are

being

executed

at

night

or

scheduled

automatically

for

other

calm

moments,

resulting

in

higher

availability

during

busier

periods

and

a

more

balanced

use

of

the

hardware.

This

property

allows

for

Linux

to

be

applicable

also

in

environments

where

people

don't

have

the

time

or

the

possibility

to

control

their

systems

night

and

day.

Linux

is

secure

and

versatile:

The

security

model

used

in

Linux

is

based

on

the

UNIX

idea

of

security,

which

is

known

to

be

robust

and

of

proven

quality.

But

Linux

is

not

only

fit

for

use

as

a

fort

against

enemy

attacks

from

the

Internet:

it

will

adapt

equally

to

other

situations,

utilizing

the

same

high

standards

for

security.

Your

development

machine

or

control

station

will

be

as

secure

as

your

firewall.

Linux

is

scalable:

From

a

Palmtop

with

2

MB

of

memory

to

a

petabyte

storage

cluster

with

hundreds

of

nodes:

add

or

remove

the

appropriate

packages

and

Linux

fits

all.

You

don't

need

a

supercomputer

anymore,

because

you

can

use

Linux

to

do

big

things

using

the

building

blocks

provided

with

the

system.

If

you

want

to

do

little

things,

such

as

making

an

operating

system

for

an

embedded

processor

or

just

recycling

your

old

486,

Linux

will

do

that

as

well.

The

Linux

OS

and

Linux

applications

have

very

short

debug-times:

Because

Linux

has

been

developed

and

tested

by

thousands

of

people,

both

errors

and

people

to

fix

them

are

found

very

quickly.

It

often

happens

that

there

are

only

a

couple

of

hours

between

discovery

and

fixing

of

a

bug.

1.4.2Linux

Cons

There

are

far

too

many

different

distributions:

"Quot

capites,

tot

rationes",

as

the

Romans

already

said:

the

more

people,

the

more

opinions.

At

first

glance,

the

amount

of

Linux

distributions

can

be

frightening,

or

ridiculous,

depending

on

your

point

of

view.

But

it

also

means

that

everyone

will

find

what

he

or

she

needs.

You

don't

need

to

be

an

expert

to

find

a

suitable

release.

When

asked,

generally

every

Linux

user

will

say

that

the

best

distribution

is

the

specific

version

he

is

using.

So

which

one

should

you

choose?

Don't

worry

too

much

about

that:

all

releases

contain

more

or

less

the

same

set

of

basic

packages.

On

top

of

the

basics,

special

third

party

software

is

added

making,or

example,

TurboLinux

more

suitable

for

the

small

and

medium

enterprise,

RedHat

for

servers

and

SuSE

for

workstations.

However,

the

differences

are

likely

to

be

very

superficial.

The

best

strategy

is

to

test

a

couple

of

distributions;

unfortunately

not

everybody

has

the

time

for

this.

Luckily,

there

is

plenty

of

advice

on

the

subject

of

choosing

your

Linux.

One

place

is

LinuxJournal

,

which

discusses

hardware

and

support,

among

many

other

subjects.

The

Installation

HOWTO

also

discusses

choosing

your

distribution.

Linux

is

not

very

user

friendly

and

confusing

for

beginners:

In

light

of

its

popularity,

considerable

effort

has

been

made

to

make

Linux

even

easier

to

use,

especially

for

new

users.

More

information

is

being

released

daily,

such

as

this

guide,

to

help

fill

the

gap

for

documentation

available

to

users

at

all

levels.

Is

an

Open

Source

product

trustworthy?

How

can

something

that

is

free

also

be

reliable?

Linux

users

have

the

choice

whether

to

use

Linux

or

not,

which

gives

them

an

enormous

advantage

compared

to

users

of

proprietary

software,

who

don't

have

that

kind

of

freedom.

After

long

periods

of

testing,

most

Linux

users

come

to

the

conclusion

that

Linux

is

not

only

as

good,

but

in

many

cases

better

and

faster

that

the

traditional

solutions.

If

Linux

were

not

trustworthy,

it

would

have

been

long

gone,

never

knowing

the

popularity

it

has

now,

with

millions

of

users.

Now

users

can

influence

their

systems

and

share

their

remarks

with

the

community,

so

the

system

gets

better

and

better

every

day.

It

is

a

project

that

is

never

finished,

that

is

true,

but

in

an

ever

changing

environment,

Linux

is

also

a

project

that

continues

to

strive

for

perfection.

中X大學(xué)2014屆畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)英文文獻(xiàn)及中文翻譯第頁共6頁關(guān)于Linux的介紹1.1

歷史

1.1.1UNIX

為了了解Linux的歷史，我們需要追溯到30年前。

想象一下像房子甚至體育館一樣大的計(jì)算機(jī)。

除了電腦的體積帶來的問題，有一件事情讓這些變得更糟糕，那就是每個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)都有一個(gè)不同的操作系統(tǒng)。軟件定制服務(wù)一直是一個(gè)給定系統(tǒng)的特定目標(biāo)，軟件無法在另一個(gè)系統(tǒng)上運(yùn)行。能夠在一個(gè)系統(tǒng)下工作并不意味著也可以自動(dòng)同另一個(gè)系統(tǒng)共事。這些無論對(duì)于用戶還是系統(tǒng)管理員都是非常困難的。

由于計(jì)算機(jī)非常昂貴，所以人們不得不為之付出，即使購買計(jì)算機(jī)那也只是為了讓用戶了解他們是如何工作的。但是IT的總成本還是非常巨大的。

世界上的技術(shù)還沒有那么先進(jìn)，因此他們不得不和如此大的計(jì)算機(jī)共同再度過十年。

在1969年，貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的開發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)人員們開始研究，為解決軟件問題，更好的完善兼容性。

他們開發(fā)出一種新的操作系統(tǒng)，就是這個(gè)。

簡單巧妙

用C語言設(shè)計(jì)代替匯編碼

能夠循環(huán)利用的代碼。

貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室開發(fā)的項(xiàng)目把它命名為“UNIX操作系統(tǒng)?！?/p>

該代碼循環(huán)的功能是非常重要的。在此之前，所有商用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)是寫在一個(gè)專門為系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的代碼中。而UNIX只需要有一組特殊的代碼，也就是現(xiàn)在俗稱小片的內(nèi)核。這個(gè)內(nèi)核的代碼是唯一的一塊，需要為每一個(gè)特定的系統(tǒng)和各種形式的UNIX系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)改編。操作系統(tǒng)和所有其他所有功能，都圍繞這個(gè)核心，用更高級(jí)編程語言所編寫的，C.這種語言是專為創(chuàng)造UNIX系統(tǒng)而發(fā)展的。使用這種新技術(shù)，更易于開發(fā)可以運(yùn)行在不同類型硬件上的操作系統(tǒng)。

軟件供應(yīng)商們很快就意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)，因?yàn)樗麄兛梢詭缀鹾敛毁M(fèi)力的售出超過原來軟件十倍的銷量。一個(gè)新奇的情況出現(xiàn)了：不同供應(yīng)商生產(chǎn)的計(jì)算機(jī)可以連接到同一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并且用戶操作不同的操作系統(tǒng)無需再利用額外的時(shí)間去學(xué)習(xí)使用另一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。UNIX幫助用戶大大改善了不同系統(tǒng)兼容問題。

UNIX在未來持續(xù)幾十年的不斷發(fā)展中。更多的東西成為可能，并且硬件和軟件的供應(yīng)商們也增加了他們對(duì)UNIX產(chǎn)品的重視。

最初的UNIX，只為大背景環(huán)境下的大型機(jī)和小型機(jī)所使用（pc只是微型機(jī)）。如果你想使用UNIX,

那么你必須在大學(xué)、政府或者大型金融公司工作。

但是小的電腦也正在發(fā)展，80年代末，很多人家里都有電腦。

在那個(gè)時(shí)候，有好幾個(gè)版本的UNIX架構(gòu)的PC可用，但其中沒有一個(gè)是真正的開源。

1.1.2Linux系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀

今天，Linux已經(jīng)加入了臺(tái)式機(jī)市場(chǎng)。

Linux開發(fā)人員集中在開始網(wǎng)絡(luò)和服務(wù)環(huán)節(jié)，辦公應(yīng)用程序的最后障礙已經(jīng)被拆除。我們不得不承認(rèn)，微軟已經(jīng)占據(jù)了大部分市場(chǎng)，因此大量的人們開始選擇替代品，在過去幾年這種情況使Linux成為了一個(gè)可接受的工作站，它提供了一個(gè)簡單的用戶界面，文字處理軟件兼容微軟Office應(yīng)用程序，試算表，簡報(bào)等等。

在服務(wù)器端，Linux是眾所周知的一個(gè)穩(wěn)定和可靠的平臺(tái)，像著名的網(wǎng)上書店亞馬遜，美國郵政總局，德國軍隊(duì)和這些公司的數(shù)據(jù)庫以及交易服務(wù)。特別是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)提供商和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)供應(yīng)商已經(jīng)開發(fā)出成熟的Linux防火墻，代理服務(wù)器和Web服務(wù)器，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在每一個(gè)UNIX系統(tǒng)管理員都會(huì)贊賞管理站已經(jīng)成為到一個(gè)舒適的工作平臺(tái)。

在電影創(chuàng)作中也使用了Linux集群機(jī)，如“泰坦尼克號(hào)”，“怪物史萊克”等。在郵局，他們是路由郵件和大型的搜索引擎的中樞系統(tǒng)，集群機(jī)還用來執(zhí)行互聯(lián)網(wǎng)搜索.這些只是在日日夜夜成千上萬工作的linux中的一部分。

還值得指出，現(xiàn)代的Linux不僅僅只在工作站上運(yùn)行，還在中、高端服務(wù)器，也在像掌上電腦的，手機(jī)，船貨的嵌入式應(yīng)用，甚至對(duì)手表實(shí)驗(yàn)的“小玩意”上使用。

這使Linux成為世界上唯一一個(gè)廣泛應(yīng)用的操作系統(tǒng)。

1.2用戶界面

1.2.1Linux難嗎？

Linux是否難學(xué)，取決于你問的人。

有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的UNIX用戶會(huì)說不，因?yàn)長inux是電力用戶和程序員理想的操作系統(tǒng)，因?yàn)檫@些人已經(jīng)使用并且正在開發(fā)它。

一個(gè)好的程序員都希望編譯器，庫，開發(fā)和調(diào)試工具是可用的。

這些軟件包來源于所有的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Linux發(fā)行版。其中包括免費(fèi)的C語言編譯器，所有的文件和程序手冊(cè)。并且舉例內(nèi)容也能幫助您在任何時(shí)間開始。感覺就像UNIX,并且可以在UNIX和Linux之間自然的轉(zhuǎn)換。在早期的Linux，成為一個(gè)專家需要從開始就使用它。

這是一個(gè)普通的練習(xí)，用來告訴新的用戶來“RTFM”（閱讀手冊(cè)）。

雖然每個(gè)系統(tǒng)都有手冊(cè)，但是找到文件仍然很難，即使有人做到了，解釋了這樣的技術(shù)術(shù)語，但是對(duì)于新用戶的學(xué)習(xí)變得容易氣餒。

Linux的使用社區(qū)開始意識(shí)到，如果Linux是以往任何時(shí)候成為操作系統(tǒng)市場(chǎng)上重要的成員，必須在該系統(tǒng)的親和力上做大量的修改。

1.2.2Linux的非經(jīng)驗(yàn)的用戶

如RedHat，SuSE和Mandrake的公司如雨后春筍般涌現(xiàn)，提供打包的Linux發(fā)行版更適合大眾消費(fèi)。他們綜合了大量的圖形用戶界面（GUI），由社區(qū)發(fā)展，以緩解方案和服務(wù)的管理。

今天你作為一個(gè)Linux用戶，你知道了你得到了系統(tǒng)的一切手段，但現(xiàn)在它不再有必要讓用戶了解這種知識(shí)，只為了使系統(tǒng)符合您的要求。

現(xiàn)在你可以登錄圖形和啟動(dòng)，甚至無需輸入一個(gè)單一的字符，而你仍然有能力來訪問該系統(tǒng)的核心。

由于其結(jié)構(gòu)，Linux允許用戶發(fā)展系統(tǒng)：不論你是新手還是有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的用戶。當(dāng)他們第一次開始學(xué)習(xí)Linux操作系統(tǒng)時(shí)，

新用戶不會(huì)被強(qiáng)迫做難度很大的事情，有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的用戶不會(huì)被迫以同樣的方式工作。

而在服務(wù)方面的發(fā)展，對(duì)于桌面用戶更好的事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生。

桌面應(yīng)用程序的努力開發(fā)令人難以置信，使你見到你見過的最美麗的臺(tái)式電腦，或使你的Linux機(jī)器，就像你以前的MS

Windows或Macintosh工作站。最新的發(fā)展情況也有3D加速支持和USB設(shè)備支持，通過單擊更新系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)包，等等。

Linux有這些，并試圖開發(fā)所有人們所了解的并且在邏輯上可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的服務(wù)。

1.3Linux是否有前途？

1.3.1開放源碼

開放源碼軟件背后的想法很簡單：當(dāng)程序員可以讀取，分發(fā)和修改代碼，代碼將變得更成熟。

人們能夠適應(yīng)它，解決它，調(diào)試時(shí)間，他們能夠以軟件開發(fā)公司同樣的速度的處理他的性能。

該軟件將比曾經(jīng)任何一個(gè)開發(fā)過的軟件更加靈活，質(zhì)量更好，因?yàn)橄啾扔谝酝魏螘r(shí)候都在封閉的軟件開發(fā)人員來說，能夠有更多的人有在不同測(cè)試條件下完善它。

開放源碼的開始對(duì)于商務(wù)的世界更輕的清晰，而且更慢。商業(yè)供應(yīng)商也開始明白這一點(diǎn)。

雖然許多學(xué)者和技術(shù)人員已經(jīng)被說服了20年來，但現(xiàn)在仍然要走這條路。商業(yè)供應(yīng)商像互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用一樣，使他們意識(shí)到他們可以從開源獲取利潤。

現(xiàn)在Linux已經(jīng)度過了它的成長階段，它幾乎完全是一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)體系，對(duì)于控制唯一有用的一點(diǎn)就是有技術(shù)背景。

現(xiàn)在Linux提供的東西比操作系統(tǒng)更多：有一個(gè)完整的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施支持建立一個(gè)連鎖的經(jīng)營體系，并且制作和測(cè)試它，它能給用戶帶來一切方需要的，提供維修，更新和支持還有自定義，

今天，Linux已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好接受一個(gè)迅速變化的世界的挑戰(zhàn)。

1.3.2

十多年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)為您服務(wù)

盡管Linux可能是最知名的倡議開放源碼，但是還有另外一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，極大地促進(jìn)了Linux操作系統(tǒng)的普及。

這個(gè)項(xiàng)目被稱為Samba，其成就是逆向工程的服務(wù)器消息塊（SMB）/通用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)文件系統(tǒng)（CIFS）協(xié)議用于文件和打印對(duì)本地的MS

Windows

NT支持的個(gè)人電腦相關(guān)設(shè)備，服務(wù)和OS

/

2和Linux。

現(xiàn)在一整套東西為幾乎每個(gè)系統(tǒng)提供在混合環(huán)境中使用MS

Windows協(xié)議互連解決方案：Windows兼容（直至并包括Win2K系統(tǒng)）文件和打印服務(wù)器。

也許比Samba項(xiàng)目更成功的是Apache

HTTP服務(wù)器項(xiàng)目。

該服務(wù)器運(yùn)行在UNIX，Windows

NT和許多其他操作系統(tǒng)。

原本被稱為“一個(gè)修修補(bǔ)補(bǔ)的服務(wù)器”，“根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的代碼和文件的一系列”補(bǔ)丁

，這意味著成熟代碼值得美國本土部落因其卓越的良好的Apache來命名，著名的戰(zhàn)略和不竭耐力。

Apache已被證明是大幅度更快，更穩(wěn)定，比許多其他Web服務(wù)器功能完整。

Apache是每天數(shù)百萬游客的情況下運(yùn)行，雖然沒有官方的支持是由開發(fā)商提供的，但Apache用戶社區(qū)提供您的所有問題的答案。

現(xiàn)正由一些第三方提供商業(yè)支持。

在辦公應(yīng)用類，MS

Office軟件的選擇是可用的，范圍從局部到在MS

Windows工作站應(yīng)用提供充分的實(shí)現(xiàn)。

這些舉措使Linux在桌面市場(chǎng)可以被大量人接受，因?yàn)橛脩舨⒉恍枰~外的培訓(xùn)，學(xué)習(xí)如何使用新系統(tǒng)。

隨著臺(tái)式電腦的共同用戶的好評(píng)，不僅他們的一致好評(píng)，而且他們的具體要求，這是變得越來越復(fù)雜和日益苛刻。

在開源社區(qū)，包括大量為社區(qū)做了5年以上貢獻(xiàn)的人，保證Linux的桌面上作為市場(chǎng)的重要參與者的地位，以及在一般資訊科技應(yīng)用。

帶薪員工和志愿者都正在努力使Linux可以保持在市場(chǎng)上的地位。

越多的用戶，更多的問題。

開源社區(qū)