雅思閱讀高分突破長難句100解析

Astheirnamesuggests,stepwellscompriseaseriesofstonestepsdescendingfromgroundleveltothewatersource(normallyanundergroundaquifer)asitrecedesfollowingthestepwelln.well并不是“棒”的意思，而是名詞的含義“井”，step不是階段，而是階梯descendv1togoorcomedown"descend",v記：de下，scend爬－向下爬－下降；參：ascend（v上升）"descendant",n后代＝offspring；派生物<br>descend（vThepathdescendedsteeplyintothevalley2liryIfdarknessornightdescends,it esdarkanddaychangestonight.（暮色）降（aquifern.蓄水層，含水層 的解釋tomovefurtherawayintothedistance,orto elessclearorlessbright逐漸遠(yuǎn)離；變得Astheboatpickedupspeed,thecoastlinerecededintothedistanceuntilfinallyitbecameinvisible.船越開越快，海岸線漸漸遠(yuǎn)去，直至最后從視線中 Thepainfulmemoriesgraduallyrecededinhermind.痛苦的 Stepwellscompriseaseriesofstonesteps，這是一個(gè)典型的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。1asas意思是正如，suggest2descendingfromgroundleveltothewatersource(normallyanundergroundaquifer)descending引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在分詞，可以還原成（whichare）descending….stone3as引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。最后一句的翻譯難點(diǎn)在于it，注意雅思閱讀一大考點(diǎn)為指代，itititwatersource。Butperhapsthemostimpressivefeaturesaretheintricatedecorativesculpturesthatembellishmanystepwells,showingactivitiesfromfightinganddancingtoeverydayactssuchaswomancombingtheirhairorchurningbutter.翻譯：但最令人印象深刻的,也許是階梯井中那些錯(cuò)綜精美的裝飾性雕塑。這些雕塑展示了人們的各種活動(dòng),有戰(zhàn)斗和舞蹈,也描述了許多日常行為,如婦女梳頭和攪拌黃油。intricatea.Thewatchmechanismisextremelyintricateandverydifficulttorepair.手表的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)非常embellishv.裝飾，修飾；給…添枝加葉，渲染tomakesomethingmorebeautifulorinterestingbyaddingsomethingtoit.這個(gè)單詞和decorate很像，區(qū)別在于embellish裝點(diǎn)的東西，一般比較小。看例句：Theceilingwasembellishedwithflowersandleaves.天花板上裝飾著花和葉。churnvt攪拌制造（奶油等）Butperhapsthemostimpressivefeaturesaretheintricatedecorative主干后面連接了一個(gè)thatthatembellishmanystepwells之后’，’showing引導(dǎo)的修飾部分。showing…這一部分的難點(diǎn)在于其中的fromfightinganddancingtoeverydayactssuchas…,有些迷惑。其實(shí)，這中間是一個(gè)from…to的結(jié)構(gòu)，同時(shí)，from2個(gè)東西，一個(gè)是fighting，一個(gè)是dancing。這樣就很明Itactuallyresemblesa(kundmeansreservoirorpond)ratherthanawell,butdisysthehallmarksofstepwellarchitecture,includingfoursidesofstepsthatdescendtothebottominastunninggeometricalformation.(kund的意思是水池或水塘)而不是水井,但它具備階梯井的特征:,以一種絕妙的幾何排列延伸到底部。resemblevlike（像）簡直是屢考不reservoirn.蓄水池貯液器;hallmarkn.特點(diǎn)，標(biāo)志;geometricala.幾何的，幾何學(xué)的;geometryn.幾何學(xué)geo（earth/土地）+metry（tomeasure/測量）Geometryisoneofhismostfavouritesubjects.其中，geogeogeographyn.Geographyisthestudyoftheworld’scespopulation.地理主要研究世界的地理位置和人geologyn.Hissonspecializesingeologygeopoliticsn.Inacademiccircle,thestudyofgeopoliticsinvolvestheysisofgeography,historyandsocialscience.在學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域，地緣政治學(xué)的研究還涉及對地理、歷史和社會科學(xué)的分析。geomagnetica.ThelastgeomagneticreversalforEarthwasabout780,000yearsago.地球上最后一次地磁倒78萬年前。Itactuallyresemblesa (kundmeansreservoirorpond)ratherthanawell,butdisysthehallmarksofstepwellarchitecture…今天的主干，是由but連接的，同一個(gè)主語it，兩個(gè)謂語resembles,disys.但看起本質(zhì)，其ving現(xiàn)在分詞引導(dǎo)的補(bǔ)充部分。includingfoursidesof在includingfoursidesofstepsthatdescendtothebottominastunninggeometricalformationthatsteps，在后面的從句中做主語。最后，很多同學(xué)的翻譯中錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)在于對in的理解，in這里是以…的方式，所以是“以精妙的Downthecenturies,thousandsofwellswereconstructedthroughoutnorthwestern,butthemajorityhavenowfallenintodisuse;manyarederelictanddry,asgroundwaterhasbeendivertedforindustrialuseandthewellsnolongerreachthewatertable.翻譯：幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來,人們在西北部地區(qū)修建了數(shù)千座階梯井,但現(xiàn)在絕大多數(shù)已經(jīng)廢棄不用;隨著水被轉(zhuǎn)為工業(yè)用途,以及水位的下降,許多階梯井已經(jīng)干涸破敗。derelictadjdescribesbuildingsorcesthatarenotcaredforandareinbadcondition失修aderelictsiteThetheatrehasbeenlefttostand/liederelictdiverttocausesomethingorsomeonetochangedirectionTrafficwillbedivertedthroughthesidestreetswhilethemainroadisresurfaced這條主干道tousesomethingforadifferentpurpose將…用于其他目的；改變…／資源從公路轉(zhuǎn)投到鐵 fallenintodisuse;manyarederelictand今天的主分非常的長，我們分解來看看。首先一個(gè)but夾在中間，這是詞，連詞的‘；’分號,分號是一個(gè)作用類似與句號，但又沒有句號那么停頓的符號。’；’出現(xiàn)，后面就Downthecenturiesdown的這種表達(dá)方式asgroundwaterhasbeendivertedforindustrialuseandthewellsnolongerreachthewatertable.asas的意思是隨著…as了時(shí)間狀語從句，但這個(gè)從and連接了。Thisphenomenonhasbeenemphasisedbytherelocationofsomeindustriesparticularlythosewhicharelabourintensive,toreduceproductioncosts,eventhoughtheproductionsiteishundredsoreventhousandsofkilometresawayfromthefinalassemblyntorawayfromusers.C10-1-2翻譯：這種現(xiàn)象由于一些行業(yè)（尤其是那些勞動(dòng)密集型行業(yè)）的遷址而加劇，為了降低生phenomenonn（emphasise(-ize)v.意emphasise這個(gè)詞除了表示說話上強(qiáng)調(diào)某件事之外，也有一層含義指的是tomakesomethingmorenoticeable使……更為突出，加強(qiáng)，加劇emphasisrelocationnlocationlocate，Xi’anislocatedin個(gè)時(shí)候locate是“坐落于，設(shè)置于“的意思，re-表示again，所以這個(gè)單詞本身是”重新labourintensive該詞不是第一次出現(xiàn)，C8T2P1Sheetglassmanufacture:thefloatprocess段就曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過該詞，并且是題目答案！所以請記！assemblynadv.adj.assemble，集合，weallassembleinthehall.②裝配（把零件集合到一起就是裝配嘛）ntn我們熟悉的nt，作名詞是“植物“的意思，動(dòng)詞是”種植“的意思，但是在雅思閱C8T2P1nte.g.Pilkingtonbuiltapilotntand…此處pilotnt不是植物?。?！而是試點(diǎn)工廠^^其實(shí)通過上下文大家也能猜的出來，這個(gè)人不可能built一株植物啊。Thisphenomenonhasbeenemphasizedbytherelocationofsomeparticularlythosewhicharelabourthose~thosetoreduceproductioneventhough，awayformthefinalassemblynt和awayformusersThisobjective,agreedbytheGothenburgEuropeanCouncil,hastobeachievedbyintegratingenvironmentalconsiderationsintoCommunitypolicies,andshiftingthebalancebetweenmodesoftransportliesattheheartofitsstrategy.C10-1-2略的在于方式的平衡。integratev.e.g.CegrateenvironmentalconsiderationsintoCommunitypolicies，即communityn句子理解僵硬或者，以上意思共大家參考，理解句意的時(shí)候靈活更換Thisobjectivehastobeachievedbyintegrating…into…,andshiftingthebalanceliesattheheart.andthisobjective，agreedbytheGothenburgEuropeanCouncilshiftingthebalancebetweenmodesoftransport，動(dòng)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞lieItcouldhelptoachievegreateruncouplingthanthefirstapproach,butroadtransportwouldkeepthelion’sshareofthemarketandcontinuetoconcentrateonsaturatedarteries,despitebeingthemostpollutingofthemodes.C10-1-2翻譯：它比第法更有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)方式的分?jǐn)?，但是公路已然會保持最大的份uncouplev.lion’se.g.Thelion'sshareofthebudgetisfordefensesaturatev.，浸saturatedadj.arteryn（公路、鐵路、河流句子中有比較：greaterbutroadtransportkeepthelion’sshareofthemarket和continuetosaturatedarteriesdespitebeingthemostpollutingofthemodesdespite，beingthemostpollutingofthemodesroadtransport，理解這一點(diǎn)Itisfarmoreambitiousthanitlooks,bearinginmindthehistoricalimbalanceinfavourofroadsforthelastfiftyyears,butwouldachieveamarkedbreakinthelinkbetweenroadtransportgrowthandeconomicgrowth,withoutcingrestrictionsonthemobilityofpeopleandgoods.C10-1-2翻譯：考慮到在過去50人們偏好公路這種歷史上的不平衡狀態(tài)，這種方法遠(yuǎn)比表ambitiousadj.我們通常理解的ambitious的意思是”有野心的，有雄心的“，往往是用來指人的，在形容事的時(shí)候通常是這樣的意思：Anambitiousideaornisonalargescaleandneedsalotofworktobecarriedoutsuccessfully所以在翻譯的時(shí)候，需要靈活一些。infavouroffavour的使用更加頻繁一些，C6T2P1就曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過‘themoredemocratictheprocess,themorepublictransportisfavoured.’markedadj.breakbreak做名詞時(shí)，通常為“破碎，裂縫；休息；中斷”等，在本句可以理解為是中斷，轉(zhuǎn)譯itbut連接的兩部分構(gòu)成，itisfarmoreambitiousthanitlooks,butwouldachieveamarkedbreak.bearinginmindthehistoricalimbalanceinfavourofroadsforthelastfiftybutThereare,nevertheless,peopleworkinginluxurious,state-of-the-artcentresdesignedto主干：Therearepeopleworkinginluxurious,state-of-the-artcentres,whofindthat…；然后是designedtostimulateinnovationcentres。state-of-the-artadj.e.g.state-of-the-artmilitaryequipmentstimulateve.g.America'spriorityisrightlytostimulateitseconomy.的首要任務(wù)是刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)Billwasstimulatedbythechallenge.受到了的激勵(lì)innovationn.創(chuàng)新，革新e.g.technologicalinnovation.Wemustencourageinnovationiftheistoremaincompetitive.如果公司想要保持競【變形】InnovatevinnovativeadjResearchshowsthatthefitbetweenanemployee'svaluesanda'svaluesmakesadifferencetowhatcontributiontheymakeandwhether,twoyearsaftertheyjoin,they'restillatthe.C10-1-3主干：Researchshowsthatthefitmakeadifferenceto(對…有影響）賓語又用了兩個(gè)句子“whatcontributiontheymake”他們做出了什么貢獻(xiàn)和“whetherthey'restillatthe”他們是否待在公司。這里需要注意“twoyearsaftertheyjoin”是個(gè)插入語，可whetherfitn.e.g.Wemustbesurethatthere'safitbetweentheneedsofthechildrenandtheeducationtheyreceive.須確保孩子的需求和他們受到的教育相契合。makea/thedifferencee.g.Onemorewouldn'tmakeanydifferencetothearrangements.再多一個(gè)人也不會Thisenvironmentencouragedainterchangeofideas,whichledtomorecreativitywithform,function,colourandmaterialsthatrevolutionisedattitudestofurnituredesign.C10-1-3主干：Thisenvironmentencouragedainterchageofwhichmorecreativitywith…thatcreativity，作進(jìn)一步說明。interchangev./eral人際（人與人之間的interface界面（面與面之間）adj.interchangable可交換的revolutionisev.，徹底改變e.g.Newtechnologyisgoingtorevolutionizeeverythingwedo.新技術(shù)將要徹底改變我們所revolutionn.-ise動(dòng)詞后global—globaliseManagersshouldthereforeadoptanapproachthatappearscounterintuitive-theyshouldexinwhatstandstobelostifthefailstoseizeaparticularopportunity.C10-1-3翻譯：因此，管理者們應(yīng)該采取一種看上去非性的方法—他們要解釋如果一個(gè)公司沒ManagersshouldadoptanTheyshouldexinthatappearscounterintuitive來修飾approach；后一句what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句做exin的賓語；這一賓語從句中還套了一個(gè)ifappearsve.g.SheappearedveryconfidentTheoldmanappearstobeingoodhealth.這位老人看上去很健康。counterintuitiveadj.非性的counter-前綴表示“、相反”intuitiveadj.的counct對抗，抵消(counter+act行動(dòng)→反著行動(dòng)→對抗)counterflowstandtodoe.g.Aftertheoilspillthousandsoffishermenstandtolosetheirfailtoe.g.Thepartyfailedtowintheelection.這個(gè)政黨沒能贏得HeaskedadviceofScottishdyeworksownerRobertPullar,whoassuredhimthatmanufacturingthedyewouldbewellworthitifthecolourremainedfast(i.e.wouldnotfade)andthecostwasrelativelylow.C9-1-1 此句話的主句為逗號前的部分，其后跟了一個(gè)由who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句修飾RobertPullarthatif（由and連接了兩個(gè)并列的條件）vt.nvt.vi.n.；染vt.vi.vi.vt.adj.ThereceivedacommercialboostfromtheEmpressEugenicofFrance,whenshedecidedthenewcolourflatteredher.C9-1-1翻譯：當(dāng)法國皇后Eugenic確定這種新色彩令她大悅后，這家公司取得了巨大的商業(yè)飛whenA.bengsth.B.beabouttodosth.C.havedonesth.adj.商業(yè)的；營利的；靠收入nvt.vi.nnvt.Butitwasachancestumblinguponarun-down,yetfunctional,laboratoryinhislategrandfather'shomethatsolidifiedtheyoungman’senthusiasmforchemistry.C9-1-1句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：butitwasachance…thatachancestumblinguponarun-down,yetfunctional,laboratoryinhislategrandfather'shome，late在這里表示已故的adj.的stumbleuponadj.功能的adj.凝固的；的，變硬v.（solidifynAnd,provingthetruthofthefamousscientistLouisPasteur’swords“chancefavoursonlythepreparedmind”,Perkinsawthepotentialofhisunexpectedfind.C9-1-1翻譯：他的這一努力應(yīng)驗(yàn)了著名科學(xué)家·帕的名言：“機(jī)會只眷顧有準(zhǔn)備的此句話的主句在后半部分，為Perkinsawthepotentialofhisunexpectedfind，由provingPerkinAlthoughgroupsaroundtheworldhavebeensearchingintermittentlyforthreedecades,itisonlynowthatwehavereachedtheleveloftechnologywherewecanmakeadeterminedattempttosearchallnearbystarsforanysignoflife.C9-1-2翻譯：雖然世界各地的團(tuán)體已經(jīng)斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地搜尋了三十多年，然而直到現(xiàn)在，我們所到達(dá)的技術(shù)水平才允許我們下定決心去嘗試搜尋附近所有星球上的任何生命跡象。makeanattempttodosth.itisonlynowthatwehavereachedtheleveloftechnologyitis…that是強(qiáng)調(diào)onlynow，technologywherethelevelofSecond,wemakeaveryconservativeassumptionthatwearelookingforalifeformthatisprettywelllikeus,sinceifitdiffersradicallyfromuswemaywellnotrecognizeitasalifeform,quiteapartfromwhetherweareabletocommunicatewithit.C9-1-2翻譯：第二，我們保守地假定我們正在搜尋的生命形式和人類非常相似，如果形式完全不同，那么我們可能不會把它看作是一種生命形式，更不用說能否與它進(jìn)行交流了。conservativeadj.保守的assumptionn.假定、設(shè)想differfrom與…不同recognize…as…認(rèn)為…是…apartfrom：更不用說且不說這句話的主干為：wemakeaveryconservativeassumption，assumptionthat從句引導(dǎo)assumption的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋說明，alifeformthat引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句，修飾alifeform，pretty和welllike（介詞：“像”）的程度，可以譯為“很”或“非?！薄ince引導(dǎo)一個(gè)原因狀語從句，開始解釋前面整個(gè)主句的原因。If引wemaywellnot這句話的條件。apartfrom引導(dǎo)的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)對前面提wemaywellnot..這句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明，whetherfrom的賓Inotherwords,thelifeformwearelookingformaywellhavetwogreenheadsandsevenfingers,butitneverthelessresembleusinthatitshouldcommunicatewithitsfellows,beinterestedintheUniverse,liveonanetorbitingastarlikeoursunandperhapsmostrestrictively,haveachemistry,likeus,basedoncarbonandwater.C9-1-2翻譯：換句話說，我們正在搜尋的生命形式也許會有兩個(gè)綠色的腦袋和七根手指，但是它們和人類一樣，能與同伴進(jìn)行交流、對宇宙充滿、一個(gè)圍繞恒星公轉(zhuǎn)的星球上，就像地球繞著轉(zhuǎn)一樣。也許更嚴(yán)格地說，它們和我們一樣，由基本的化學(xué)物質(zhì)碳和水構(gòu)成。resemblev與…相似fellown.同伴、同事orbitv.環(huán)繞…運(yùn)行chemistrynbebasedon以…but連接的并列句，butthelifeformmaywellhavetwogreenheadsandsevenfingers，lifeformwearelookingforthat的定語從句，thelifeform，maywellmay的程度，可以翻譯成“很”。but后面的itresembleus，neverthelessbut意思類似，但在這里不作連thatin的賓語，用來說明resemble的各個(gè)方面，orbitingastarlikeoursun是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語修飾net，basedoncarbonandwaterchemistry。And,provingthetruthofthefamousscientistLouisPasteur’swords“chancefavoursonlythepreparedmind”,Perkinsawthepotentialofhisunexpectedfind.C9-1-1翻譯：他的這一努力應(yīng)驗(yàn)了著名科學(xué)家·帕的名言：“機(jī)會只眷顧有準(zhǔn)備的人?！?，Perkinsawthepotentialofhisunexpectedfindproving引Perkin做了某事，驗(yàn)證了某句話Atvariouspointsinevolutionaryhistory,enterprisingindividualswithinmanydifferentanimalgroupsmovedoutontotheland,sometimeseventothemostparcheddeserts,takingtheirownprivateseawaterwiththeminbloodandcellularfluids.C9-翻譯：在進(jìn)化史的不同階段，許多不同種群中膽量大的那些動(dòng)物們在血液或者細(xì)胞中著自己私有的海水，搬到了大陸上居住，有時(shí)甚至搬到了最炎熱的沙漠上。parched：adj.焦的，炎熱的cellular:adj.moveoutonto：不是搬走不是搬走不是搬走，而是搬去。Moveoutonto代Takingtheirprivatseawater…分詞做伴隨狀語在英語中表示跟謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，那Whales(includingthesmallwhaleswecalldolphins)anddugongs,withtheirclosecousinsthemanatees,ceasedtobelandcreaturesaltogetherandrevertedtothefullmarinehabitsoftheirremoteancestors.C9-1-3andwithHabitceased…andrevertedand連接，但是通過句意我們知道，這兩個(gè)Incommonwithallmls,reptilesandbirds,theirremoteancestorsmarinefishandbeforethatvariousmoreorlessworm-likecreaturesstretchingback,stillinthesea,totheprimevalbacteria. incommonwith:stretchingback插入語有時(shí)以兩個(gè)逗號隔開，分析句子時(shí)，可以先忽略掉他們。在這里reptilesandbirds是解釋前面的m thatthatfish.worm-likecreatures（可追溯至primevalbacteria）fish的祖先。worm-likecreatures（早期primevalbacteria）->marinefish->tortoises（3）stretchingbackto..creatures（4）inthesea,stretchingbacktobackto關(guān)Youmightthink,therefore,thatmodernlandtortoiseshaveprobablystayedonlandeversincethoseearlyterrestrialtimes,asmostm lsdidafterafewofthemwentbacktothesea.C9-1-3翻譯：也許你會認(rèn)為，現(xiàn)代的烏龜可能自早期有陸生物種以來就一直陸地，就像times:v.n.terrestrial:adjeversince既可以單獨(dú)使用，也可以在它后面添加名詞或從句。eversince非常容易與sinceever，后者是副詞，只能放在句首或句尾使用。此外，這句話中that引as引導(dǎo)的是方式狀語從句。Accordingtoarchaeologicalevidence,atleast5,000yearsago,andlongbeforetheadventoftheRomanEmpire,theBabyloniansbegantomeasuretime,introducingcalendarstoco-ordinatecommunalactivities,tontheshipmentofgoodsand,inparticular,toregulatentingandharvesting.翻譯：有考古表明，至少5000年前，早在羅馬尚未出現(xiàn)之時(shí)，巴比倫人就開始測munaladj公共的regulatev.控制;調(diào)節(jié)1.主干為:theBabyloniansbegantomeasure 主干之前均為狀語 3.主干之的introducingcalendars為主干動(dòng)作的伴隨狀語 4.三個(gè)tointroducecalendarsAlthoughthesedevicesperformedsatisfactorilyaroundtheMediterranean,theycouldnotalwaysbedependedoninthecloudyandoftenzingweatherofNotherndevicen.裝置dependon依靠依賴1.主干為:theycouldnotalwaysbedepended although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,表示"雖然、盡管 3.表示cloudy與zing的并列，均用來修飾weather 4.of結(jié)Intheearly14ooscametheinventionofthecoiledspringorfuseewhichmaintainedconstanttothegearwheelsofthetimekeeperdespitethechangingtensionofits翻譯：15世紀(jì)初期，人們又創(chuàng)造出了螺旋彈簧，也被稱為均力圓錐輪；盡管主發(fā)條承受著coiledadj盤起的springn.彈簧發(fā)條fuseen.均力圓錐輪tensionn.張力1.本句為狀語前置句子進(jìn)行全倒裝，主干為theinvention which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾限定coiledspringor despiteMoreover,thisinventionallowedtheuseofalongpendulumwhichcouldbeatonceasecondandthusledtothedevelopmentofanewfloor-standingcase,whichbecameknownasthegrandfatherclock.pendulumn.beatv擊打casen.外殼本句主干包含兩個(gè)謂語部分的并列：thisinventionallowedtheuseofalongpendulum&thisinventionledtothedevelopmentofanewtandingcasedesign，進(jìn)一步則可以精簡為:thisinventionallowedtheuseandledtothedevelopmentand之后的thus在句中為副詞,表示邏輯上的因果關(guān)系 3.兩個(gè)which均引AttheheightoftheRomanEmpire,ninemajorsystems,withaninnovativelayoutofpipesandwellbuiltsewers,dtheoccupantsofRomewithasmuchwaterperpersonasisprovidedinmanypartsoftheindustrialworldtoday.翻譯：在羅馬的鼎盛時(shí)期九個(gè)主要的系統(tǒng)為羅馬居民提供了和工業(yè)社會不少地區(qū)一樣多的水而這些系統(tǒng)都配備了先進(jìn)完善的管道和排水設(shè)施attheheightof在的鼎盛時(shí)期innoviateadj.革新的，改良的pipen.管子sewern.occupantn.居住者;占有人1.attheheightoftheRomanEmpire為時(shí)間狀語 2.主干為:ninemajorsystemsdtheoccupantsofRomewith...3.withaninnovativelayoutofpipesandwell-builtsewers4.asmuchwaterperasisprovidedinmanypartsoftheindustrialworldtoday是一Astownsgraduallyexpanded,waterwasbroughtfromincreasinglyremotesources,leadingtosophiticatedengineeringeffortsuchasdamsandaquducts.graduallyadv.逐漸地；逐步地；remoteadj偏僻的;遙遠(yuǎn)的;邊遠(yuǎn)的leadto導(dǎo)致sophiticatedadj機(jī)器、裝置等)高級的，精密的;(方法)復(fù)雜的；damn.壩;堤；aquductn.導(dǎo)水管溝渠引水渠高架渠本句主干：waterwasbroughtfromremoteastownsgraduallyexpanded是由as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從 leadingto是現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語，表示伴隨狀 4.副Unprecedentedconstructionoftensofthousandsofmonumentalengineeringprojectsdesignedtocontrolfloods,protectcleanwaters,andprovidewaterforirrigationandhydropowerbroughtgreatbenefitstohundredsofmillionsofpeople.翻譯：為了控制洪水，保護(hù)干凈水資源以及提供灌溉和水力發(fā)電用水，工程師們設(shè)計(jì)出來成千上萬的水利工程，這些史無前例的建筑為百萬人民帶來了巨大的利益。這與句子的主干想表達(dá)的意思也是相同的。unprecedenteadj.前所未有的，無前例的；空前的；tensofthousandsof好幾萬；數(shù)以萬計(jì)monumentaladj.不朽的；紀(jì)念碑的；非常的irrigationn.灌溉hundredsofmillionsof數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的1.主干為:unprecedentedconstructionbroughtgreatbenefitstohundredsofmillionsof 2.of短語做后置定語修飾 3.designedtofloods,protectcleanwaters,andprovidewaterforirrigationandhydropower則是一projectsFoodproductionhaskeptpacewithsoaringpopulationmainlybecauseoftheexpansionofartificialirrigationsystemsthatmakepossiblethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood.翻譯：食品供應(yīng)能跟上人口劇增主要是由于人工灌溉的增長使得世界糧食產(chǎn)量提高了40%foodproductionhaskeptpacewithsoaringbecauseofartificialirrigationirrigationsystems后面還跟了一個(gè)定語從句thatmakepossiblethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood來修飾irrigationsystems 4.在這個(gè)定語從句里，makepossiblethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood是賓語加賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)，thegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood是賓語，possible是補(bǔ)充說明賓語的結(jié)果，合起來就是makethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfoodpossible。但是為了不讓只有一個(gè)單詞possible作補(bǔ)語看起來太單薄，就將它和hegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood換了位置。讀句子的Giventhatthereisalivingtobemadeatnight,andgiventhatalternativedaytimetradesarethoroughlyoccupied,naturalselectionhasfavouredbatsthatmakeagoofthenight-huntingtrade.giventhat鑒于；考慮到；如果giventhattheyareinexperienced,theyhavedoneagoodjobgiventhat功能相似的原因連接詞還有：seeingthatnowthatconsideringthatinthat,insomuchasalternativeadj./nmakeagoofsthsheisdeterminedtomakeagoofhernewgiventhat引導(dǎo)的句子是條件狀語從句，and主干為:naturalselectionhasfavoured thatTheSonarandRadarpioneersdidn’tknowitthen,butalltheworldnowknowsthatbats,orrathernaturalselectionworkingonbats,hadperfectedthesystemtensofmillionsofyearsearlier,andtheir“radar”achievesfeatsofdetectionandnavigationthatwouldstrikeanengineerdumbwithadmiration.perfectv.使完美，改善，提高gotoEnglandtoperfectone's 使精通，使嫻perfectoneselfineveryaspectofone'sfeatn.功績，壯舉，成果3.detectionn.發(fā)覺，navigationn.strikesbdumb(strikesbspeechless)使啞口無言，使目瞪口admirationn.admirev欽佩，贊賞本句主干：TheSonarandRadarpioneersdidn’tknowit,butalltheworldknowsthatbatshadperfectedthesystem,andtheirradarachievefeatsofdetectionandnavigation.naturalselectionworkingonbatsOnlyafterthemysteriousmassextinctionofthedinosaursabout65millionyearsagowereourancestorsabletoemergeintothedaylightinanysubstantialnumbers.mysteriousadjmassadjn.extinctionextinct emergevsubstantialadjinsubstantialnumbers大量地only位于句首，后加介詞短語，句子結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生倒裝。主語在謂語動(dòng)詞后面出現(xiàn)正常語序?yàn)椋簅urancestorswereableto… 2.倒裝句型倒裝句型分為完全There,hereThereisnobodyintheHerecomesyournow,then,thus放在句首Thenfollowedanothershotofgun.Thusendedthemeeting.NeverbeforehaveImethim.HardlydidIthinkitHardlyhadheenteredthehousewhenitbegantoOnlyOnlywhenhecamebackcouldweknowtheresults.OnlyinthiswaycanweworkoutthemathAsthoughTiredashewas,hewentonwiththeButtheunderlyingmathematicaltheoriesofradarandsonarareverysimilar,andmuchofourscientificunderstandingofthedetailsofwhatbatsarenghascomefromapplyingradartheorytothem.Insomeways,it'snotsodifferenttoscience,whereweareconstantlylookingforsystemsanddecodingmeaningsothatwecanviewandappreciatetheworldinanewway. underlyingadjapplyAtoBAB1.本句是一個(gè)由and連接的并列句。and后面的這個(gè)句子的主干為：muchofourscientificunderstandinghascomefromapplyingradartheorytothem.EducatingPsychebyBernieNevilleisabookwhichlooksatradicalnewapproachestolearning,describingtheeffectsofemotion,imaginationandtheunconsciousonlearning.翻譯：BernieNeville的《暗示教學(xué)法》一書，主要著眼于完全新式的學(xué)習(xí)方法，描述了情radicaladj.approachn.tov.effecton…對…unconsciousadj.n.本句句子主干：EducatingPsychebyBernieNevilleisabook，主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，which…learning為bookdescribing…learning為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作伴隨狀語，修飾前Lozanov'sinstructionaltechniqueisbasedontheevidencethattheconnectionsmadeinthebrainthroughunconsciousprocessing(whichhecallsnon-specificmentalreactivity)aremoredurablethanthosemadethroughconsciousprocessing.C7-1-3翻譯：Lozanov的教學(xué)法主要基于這樣的 ：在無意識狀態(tài)下（他稱為非特異性心理反 instructionninstructionalbebasedon以…processnv.non-specificadj.不明確的，非特定的，泛泛的durableadj.持久的本句句子主干：Lozanov'sinstructionaltechniqueisbasedontheevidence.that到句尾是同位語從句，that在從句中不充當(dāng)成分，具體解釋evidence的內(nèi)容。從句中主干結(jié)構(gòu)為…ismoredurablethan…，兩個(gè)相比較的量為theconnectionsmadeinthebrainthroughunconsciousprocessingthosemadethroughconsciousprocessing，thoseconnections，madeinthebrain,throughunconsciousprocessingmadethroughconscious都是后置的connections。Besidesthelaboratoryevidenceforthis,weknowfromourexperiencethatweoftenrememberwhatwehaveperceivedperipherally,longafterwehaveforgottenwhatwesetouttolearn.C7-1-3翻譯：除了可以證明這一點(diǎn)之外，我們自身的經(jīng)歷也表明我們通常會記住自己peripheraladjbesides…forthis作狀語，we是主語，know是謂語，thatknowperipherally，分別remember和forgotten的賓語從句。Thisphenomenoncanbepartlyattributedtothecommoncounterproductiveapproachtostudy(makingextremeeffortstomemorise,tensingmuscles,inducingfatigue),butitalsosimplyreflectsthewaythebrainfunctions.C7-1-3，但是它也恰恰反映了大腦的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)方式。beattributedtotoproductive：有成效的，countercounterproductive的意思的makeeffortstodosth.extremeadj.極度的，的tenseadj.緊的，緊張的v.繃緊inducev.引起導(dǎo)致，勸說fatiguenfunctionnv.but連接。前一句為簡單句，主干為…isattributedto…，后一句為主謂賓thebrainfunctionstheway。Australiansportsteamswinmorethantheirfairshareoftitles,demolishingrivalswithseemingease.Abigpartofthesecretisanextensivenetworkofsportingacademiesunderpinnedbyscienceandmedicine.C6-1-1翻譯：澳大利亞體育隊(duì)伍輕松擊敗對手，取得多余他們本應(yīng)’得到的頭銜和成績。成功的秘密很大程度上在于一個(gè)由體育學(xué)院和科研機(jī)構(gòu)組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)以科學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)且涉及面很廣。Demolish意為“摧毀，拆除，”，rival意為對手，競爭者，同義詞可以說第一句話主干為Australiansportsteamswinmorethantheirfairshareoftitlesdemolishingrivalswithseemingease為分詞作狀語，分詞demolishing邏輯主語（networkofsportingacademies這個(gè)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)；underpinnedbyscienceandmedicine為過去sportingacademies.Underpin意為鞏固，支持，支撐。Thisdataisusedtowringimprovementsoutofathletes.NogainistooslighttobotherIt’sthetiny,gradualimprovementsthataddtoworld-beatingresults.C6-1-wringsomethingoutofsomebody意為設(shè)法從人身上取得…；wringimprovementsoutofathletes可直譯為‘去從運(yùn)動(dòng)員身上提高成績’too…to…結(jié)構(gòu)，意為‘太…以至于不能…’，Nogainistooslighttobotherwith可直譯為‘沒有任何收獲是太小以致于可以無所謂’，換句話說就是‘無論多么微小的收獲都值得為之而努力’。第三句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，用itisthatthetiny,gradualimprovementsitis..that后thetiny,gradualimprovementsaddtoworld-beatingresults這個(gè)主謂然完整WiththeCooperativeResearchCentreforMicroTechnologyinMelbourne,theyaredevelounobtrusivesensorsthatwillbeembeddedinanathlete’sclothesorrunningshoestomonitorheartrate,sweating,heatproductionoranyotherfactorthatmighthaveanimpactonanathlete’sabilitytorun.C6-1-1unobtrusive意為“不引人注意的”embed意為“使嵌入，使插入本句主干為theyaredevelounobtrusivesensors這個(gè)主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，主句前WiththeCooperativeResearchCentreforMicroTechnologyinMelbourne為狀語，主句后的thatwillembeddedinanathlete’sclothesorrunningshoesunobtrusivesensors；tomonitorheartrate,sweating,heatproductionoranyotherfactor這個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式為定語從句thatmighthaveanimpactonanathlete’sabilitytorun這個(gè)定語從句是修飾前一個(gè)定語從句中的anyotherfactor的，這里出現(xiàn)了定語從句嵌象。Allthetrainingisthengearedtowardsmakingtheathletehitthosetargets,bothoverallandforeachsegmentoftherace.TechniqueslikethesehavetransformedAustraliaintoarguablytheworld’smostsuccessfulsportingnation.C6-1-1begearedtowards這個(gè)短語的意思是“被調(diào)整到…..;適合……”后面跟ngstharguably的實(shí)際begearedtowards這個(gè)短語的意思是“被調(diào)整到…..;適合……”后面跟ngsth比如：willfromnowonbegearedtowardsmakingtheeconomymoreself-reliantandlessdependentonexports.（從現(xiàn)在開始，中國的政策將調(diào)整，使經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行更加獨(dú)立，減少對進(jìn)口的依賴）再比如：Theeducationalsystemisnotgearedtowardstrainingexam-obsessedstudentsbutmotivatingalllearnerstoachievetheirpotentialtransforminto這個(gè)短語大家應(yīng)該比較熟悉，意為“把…..轉(zhuǎn)化成比如：’sgreatestneedistobreakitsrelianceuponinvestmentandtransformitselfintoaconsumer-driveneconomy.（中國最需要的是打破對投資的依賴，向消費(fèi)拉動(dòng)型經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變。arguablyargue（爭論；辯論）的影響，有些同學(xué)可能會誤以得住腳的”ipadisarguablythebesttabletinthe（ipad可以說是市場上最好的平板Sincethe1970s,parapsychologistsatleadinguniversitiesandresearchinstitutesaroundtheworldhaveriskedthederisionofskepticalcolleaguesbyputtingthevariousclaimsforepathytothetestindozensofrigorousscientificstudies.C8-1-3翻譯：上世紀(jì)70年代以來，世界各地頂尖高校和科研院所的超心理學(xué)家冒著那些持懷paraphychologist超心理學(xué)，para-是一個(gè)常見前綴,意義1:意義2:測，旁e.g.paragraphderision嘲笑，e.g.Theytreatedhissuggestionwithderision.他們對他的建議嗤之以鼻。skepticalsceptical，e.g.Manyexpertsremainskepticalabout/ofhisclaims.主干：parasychologistshaveriskedthederisionofskepticalcolleagues。句子的狀語成分比較sincebyputting引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句。Reportsofepathicexperienceshadbypeopleduringmeditationledparapsychologiststhatepathymightinvolve'signals'passingbetweenpeoplethatweresofaintthattheywereusuallyswampedbynormalbrainactivity.C8-1-3meditationnfaintadj.swampv覆蓋Hightideshaveswampedthev.ForeigncarshaveswampedtheUKmarket.nTheEvergladesareanareaofswampinsouthernFlorida.主干：reportsofepathicexperienceshadledparapsychologiststopeoplethatwerethat引導(dǎo)的定語從句，并且在從句中做sofaintthatthey…sothat的句型。Theganzfeldexperimenttriestorecreatetheseconditionswithparticipantssittinginsoftrecliningchairsinasealedroom,listeningtorelaxingsoundswhiletheireyesarecoveredwithspecialfilterslettinginonlysoftpinklight.C8-1-3reclinev（使）（使）（使）ShewasrecliningelegantlyontheHereclinedhisheadagainst/onmysealv.封蠟；；封條Thelawyerstampedthewithhern.1Cleanthesealon/aroundthefridgedoorregularlysothatitremains2Theganzfeldexperimenttriestorecreatetheseconditionswhiletheireyesarecoveredwithspecialfilters.with＋ng表示伴隨，這句話有三個(gè)ing，但其實(shí)作用非常的一致。其中，第一個(gè)withvingPerhapsmoretestslikethesewilleventuallygivetheresearcherstheevidencetheyseekingandstrengthenthecasefortheexistenceofepathy.C8-1-moretestslikethesewilleventuallygivetheresearcherstheevidenceandstrengthenthecasefortheexistenceofepathy.這句話的難點(diǎn)不在于單詞，而在于句子方面。因?yàn)槠渲小畉heyareseekingthatevidenceand的并列成分究竟是什么。其實(shí)strengthen是和前面的give進(jìn)行并列。這樣，這個(gè)句子就了。AnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwere ingquitecongested.C8-1-2翻譯：1956年 大峽谷上空發(fā)生的一起事故促成了航空局FAA的成立，該局負(fù)責(zé) resultinp.s2.establishmentn.establishv.aviationn.航空regulatevregulationoverseev監(jiān)督（over前綴表示“在上方”，該詞本義即“從上往下看”）Accidentresultedinthees