譯中中譯正文

AmericanRushis ingonekindofcommonphenomenonaroundourlifeeverywhere.Atthesametime,AllaspectsoftheresearchanddiscussionsabouttheUnitedStatesalsoemergeinendlessly, thispapermainlyshowsthein betweenthe Americanpoliticalsystemanditspoliticalculture,withwhichasaconnectivepointtoexplorethelaw.TheAmericanpoliticalsystemfeatures"separationofmutualrestriction",andAmerica'spoliticalcultureuses"thepursuitofdom,advocatinglegalsystem"forfundamentalkey.Therearetwomainreasonstochoosethissubject:firstistostudytheinctionbetweenthepoliticalsystemandpoliticalcultureandthenfindtherules;secondis,throughtheresearchofparticularity,todrawthegeneralconclusionandsummarytheinfluenceoftheseroleshavingonthecommonpoliticalsystemandculture.PredecessorshavemademanykeyresearchesontheAmericanpoliticalsystemandpoliticalculture.Lookingabroad,"Conceptsschool"representatives,AlexisDETocquevillandhismasterpiece"DEladmocratieenAmrique",shouldbementionedfirst."DEladamocratieenAmrique"systemiallypresentsAmericansystemofdemocraticcultureandpoliticalsystem.InConceptschool,themostfamousoftheacademiccircleisLouisHartz,andtheworkbyhim"TheLiberalTraditioninAmerican"laidthepathofTheAmericanpoliticalandcultureysis.ManyAmericanpoliticalcultureresearchescontemporarilyfocusonthestandpointofHartz.Twonewbranchesdevelopedundertheconceptschool,whicharethe"humanism"and"reformschool".ThedomesticresearchmainlyregardsMr.liDaokuiastherepresentative,whosemasterpiece,TheAmericanernmentandAmericanPolitical"istheimportantreferenceforscholarstostudytheAmericanpoliticalsystemandculture.Besides,TheAmericanPoliticalSystemwrittenbyCaoShaolian,HistoryoftheAmericanCongresswrittenbyJiangJinsongandTheOriginandEvolutionoftheAmericanPoliticalSystembyZhangDinghearealltherepresentativeworksofAmericanpoliticalsystemanditspoliticalculture.TheseresearchesmainlyexploretheAmericanhistoryanditsculturemainlyfromtheofhistoryandhumanism.Thetrendofresearchmainlystressonandwesternmutualcontrast.ThispapermainlystudiesthefuturedirectionoftheAmericanpoliticalsystemundertheinfluenceofHumanismschool,andthecontrastbetweentheandwesternofeachotherforreference.Theframeworkofthispapergenerallyrangesfromtheintroductionorthesimpleconceptstothe ysisandcontrast.Firstitintroducesthebasicmeaningandappearanceofthepoliticalsystemandculture,andthenitusesmaterialasthesupportroletoysisofthemutualinfluence.Atlast,itdrawstheconclusionthattheinfluenceofthehumanismschooltothepoliticalsystemissubtle;itwillmakethesystemofthehumanitystronger.Aslongasthecontrastbetweenandwesternreferenceisgraduallydeepening,distinctionsbetweenthedifferentsystemwillbesmaller.Duringthisperiod,amassofexistingmaterialsneededtobeusedtoyzeandcompare,andcomparativeresearchandhistoricaldataresearchwerealsousedforysisand tureIn,theresearchofAmericanpoliticalsystemhasbeenanemphasisamongscholars,butitisstillinthestageofdevelopment.Onthecontrary,intheUnitedStates,byfar,itsresearchonpoliticalsystemandculturehas eamorematureTheresultsofInresearchonthehistoryoftheUnitedStates,thepoliticalsystemoftheUnitedStateshasbeenhighlightedalwaysbyscholars.Sincereformandopeningup,theworksconcernedaboutitcontainsthehistoryoftheAmericanpoliticalsystemandDemocracyinAmericabyCaoShaolian,TheernmentoftheUnitedStatesandtheAmericanPoliticsbyLiDaokui,andTheHistoryoftheUnitedStatesCongressbyJiangJinsongandsoon.Intheabovebooks,theHistoryoftheUnitedStatesCongressbyJiangisaworkmainlydiscussedthecreation,developmentofcongressionalsystemandstructuralpatterns;theernmentoftheUnitedStatesandtheAmericanPoliticsbyLiisthegeneralandsystematicinterpretationtoAmericanernmentanditspoliticalsystem,TheAmericanPoliticalSystemwrittenbyCaowasthefirstbookofintroducingsystematicresearchaboutAmericanpoliticalsystem,butitwaspublishedintheearly1980s,therefore,thereisacertainamountofacademicswhichhadtimelimitations.,ZhangDinghewhowasinthehistorydepartmentofShNormalUniversitypublishedhisnewwork--TheOriginandEvolutionoftheAmericanPoliticalSystem(SocialandSciencePublishingHouse,1998version),itcanbedescribedasthenewestachievementofexpoundingtheoriginandevolutionofAmericanpoliticalsystem.Thisbookisdividedinto7parts,eachpartelaboratingtheoriginanddevelopmentoftheConstitution,theseparationofpowers,andtheNationalAssembly,ialSystem,thejudicialsystem,thetwo-partysystem,therightsofcitizensrespectively,allofwhichareconcernedwiththeAmericanpoliticalsystem,Atthesametime,itputforwardsomeoftheirownviews.TheresearchofpoliticsandscienceoftheUnitedStatesontheAmericanpoliticalsystemandculturalresearchhasdevelopedrelativelymature.Accordingtothedifferentnatureofpoliticalnature,wecandividethepoliticsintoregionalism,class,andmultilalism,elitismandconsensus,andother5researchparadigm.Allofthesetheoriesareirreceable,andIbelievethatitisanecessarypoliticalresearchparadigmforAmericanscholars’research.limitationsanddevelopmenttrendsofIntheexistingresearchintheacademiccommunity,intheUnitedStates,politicalsystemandpoliticalcultureofthemutualrelationsandnoysisandjudgment,andthisisthefileandthesystem'ssummary,andtheculturalarecomplementary,andforeignnewspapers,Ijoinedasupportbyevidenceandtheyhavetwointegration,asIunderstandit,I'sperceptionofthem.AsfortheUnitedStatesthestudy,themaindisadvantageisthatitsownerrorcorrectionstep,step-by-stepdrop,inmanycasesitdoesnotlookattheUnitedStatespoliticsandernmentof ings,anumberofacademicandresearchisintheStatusmode.Thisarticlehasdonesomeysis,Ihopeyouwillletusknow.AmericanPoliticalSystemandAmericanPoliticalInthispart,wewillbrieflypresentthenewpoliticalcultureandpoliticalsystemofAmerica.AmericanpoliticalAstotheUnitedStatesernment,inabroadsense,thereisnomonarch,itisarepublicanstate.TheAmericanrepublicischaracterizedbyaseparationofpowers,butamongthethreeinstitutes--executive,legislative,andjudicialinstitutions,thewhoisinchargeoftheadministrativeandmilitarypoweristhecore.Therefore,theUnitedStatesisthe"ialrepublic".TheUSnationalorganizationisbasedon3separatepowersandthefederalsystem,2bigpoliticalthinking,anditwasinthedraftingoftheConstitutionoutoffearover-concentrationofpowerina oraparticularsectorwouldjeopardize domofitspeople,andthusthelegislative,judicial,andexecutivepowersof3independentchecksandbalances,andthe ernment,inordertoavoidabuseofpower,inaccordancewiththeConstitution,thelegislatureistheSenateandtheHousehas2bicameralparliament,thejudiciaryheadedbytheSupremeCourttotheCourt11comints,95DistrictCourtsand4court.Administrationisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleforthe,theadministrativeheadoftheslaveandViceDickCheney,tosetupseveraladministrations.Thepowerofthe ernment,thefederalernment,state ernment,anddraftingoftheConstitution,accordingtotheernmentmustbecloseto100peopleiftheyarenottobedeprivedoftheirdom,therighttokeepthestateernmenttotheStateernment,theStateernmenthasgivenitselfthelegislative,judicial,andadministrativerights,thefederalernment'sauthoritytoaStateernmentalonecannotbeexercised,suchastaxation,finance,defense,foreignaffairs,monetaryandbanking,immigration,foreigntrade,postoffice,andnationalwelfare,aswellasscienceandartofdevelopmentassistance,andsoon.3.2.2Intheworld,comparedtothoseofothercountries,theUnitedStatesinthepoliticallifeisauniquepowerstructure,theUSCongressbuildingpoliticalpowerunderwidelydispersedinthevarioussectorsofsociety,thepowerofthearrangementsarenothierarchical,butratherthecompetition.AsanauthorityintheUnitedStatesernment,includinglegislative,administrative,andjudicialthreesystems,eachofwhichysaroleintheirmutualrestraint,whileatthesametime,theyarethemostdirectmakers.Participateinandinfluencethe-settingalsoincludesvariousother sandroles,suchasbusiness,finance,legal,foundations,universities,culturalinstitutions,aswellasmediaorganizationsofcivilsociety(women,ethnic,andnationalorganizations.DavidTruman(DavidTruman)tothemostdirectdecision-makersandinterestgroupsofvotersiscalledtheintermediatestructures,andernmentagenciestobeconsideredasapartof."Thisisaintermediatestructures,includingalargeinterestgroups,companies,tradeunions,churches,andvariousprofessionalgroups,thenewsmedia,politicalparties,suchasthoseorganizationsbetweenbetweentheernmentandthepeople,ernmentagenciesandthepeople ethelink.Theyareneitherinasubordinateposition,nordoesitoccupythedominantposition.ThispluralisticstructureistheUnitedStatesdistributionofsocialpower."hilsman(Hilsman)oftheinterpretationismoreconcise,andheputtheernmentknownasthefirstringofthe-makers,politicalpartiesandinterestgroupsarethefirst2lapsofthe-makers,themedia,politicalpartiesandinterestgroupsarefightingforthepoliticalpowerofthemedia.ItisevidentthattheernmentoftheUnitedStatesdevelopmentwillneverbelimitedtoernmentagenciesandthetop-levelleaders,andavarietyofsocialsandsocialinstitutionsyanimportantanddecisiverole.Therefore,theUnitedStatesisconsideredtobetypicalofthedemocraticandpluralisticdemocracies,isalsoknownasRobertMugabe,politicalscientist,saidthe"polyarchy".Pluralismdemocraciesareessentialcharacteristicsofdecentralization,orcentersofpower.Powermakesitpossibleforvariousdiversepoliticalscomeintoyinthedecisionmakingprocess,andtheycompeteforinfluenceoverernmentagencies,reflectingthediverseinterests,andwastryingtomakethedevelopmentofpoliciesrelevanttotheirneeds.AmericanpoliticalThissectionfocusesitsemphasisonthefeaturesofAmericanpoliticalculture(i.e.dom,democracyandindependence)andsomeofthehistoricalroots.Intheearly1960stwoAmericansGabrielAlmondandSidneyVerbaoutlinedthreepuretypesofpoliticalcultureinGreatBritaincancombinetocreatecivicculture.Thesethreekeyfeaturesexpressedbybothmenwerecomposedinordertoestablishthelinkbetweenthepublicandtheernment.ThefirstofthesefeaturesisDeferencewhichlooksattherespect,acknowledgmentorinferiorityofauthorityandsuperiorsinsociety.ThesecondkeyfeatureisConsensus.Consensusrepresentsthekeylinkbetweenernmentandpublicagreementandappeasement.Theappeasementmaynotalwaysbesharedwiththewholenationbutasawholepeopleagreetosustainit,meaningitisacommonagreement.TherearevariousExamplesofConsensusinBritishPoliticalculture;Howweareernedasawhole,agreementonthewelfarestate,anagreementtowhomthepowersernedbyheadofstategoto.ThethirdfeaturesofBritishPoliticalCultureisHomogeneity.Churchattendanceasawholeisdecreasing.NationswithintheBritishIslessuchasScotlandandWalesdesireindependenceto eitsownstate.TheAmericanpoliticalcultureisdeeplyrootedinthecolonialexperienceandtheAmericanRevolution.ThecolonieswereexceptionalintheEuropeanworldfortheirvibrantpoliticalculture,whichattractedthemosttalentedandambitiousyoungmenintopolitics.First,suffragewasthemostwidespreadintheworld,witheverymanwhoownedacertainamountofpropertyallowedtovote.Whilelessthan1%ofBritishmencouldvote,amajorityofwhiteAmericanmenwereeligible.Whiletherootsofdemocracywereapparent,neverthelessdeferencewastypicallyshowntosocialelitesincolonialelections.ThatdeferencedeclinedsharplywiththeRevolution.Second,ineachcolony,awiderangeofpublicandprivatebusinesswasdecidedbyelectedbodies,especiallytheassembliesandcountyernmentstopicofpublicconcernanddebateincludedlandgrants,commercialsubsidies,andtaxation,aswellasoversightofroads,poorrelief,taverns,andschools.Americansspentagreatdealoftimeincourt,asprivatelawsuitswereverycommon.Legalaffairswereoverseenbylocaljudgesandjuries,withacentralrolefortrainedlawyers.Thispromotedtherapidexpansionofthelegalprofession,anddominantroleoflawyersinpoliticswasapparentbythe1770s,asattestedbythecareersofJohnAdamsandThomasJefferson,amongmanyothers.Thirdly,theAmericancolonieswereexceptionalinworldcontextbecauseofthegrowthofrepresentationofdifferentinterestgroups.UnlikeEurope,wheretheroyalcourt,aristocraticfamiliesandtheestablishedchurchwereincontrol,theAmericanpoliticalculturewasopentomerchants,landlords,pettyfarmers,artisans,Anglicans,Presbyterians,Quakers,Germans,ScotchIrish,Yankees,Yorkers,andmanyotheridentifiablegroups.Over90%oftherepresentativeselectedtothelegislaturelivedintheirdistricts,unlikeEnglandwhereitwascommontohaveaMemberofParliamentandabsenteeMemberofParliament.Finally,andmostdramatically,theAmericanswerefascinatedbyandincreasinglyadoptedthepoliticalvaluesofRepublicanism,whichstressedequalrights,theneedforvirtuouscitizens,andtheevilsofcorruption,luxury,andaristocracy.Noneofthecolonieshadpoliticalpartiesofthesortthatformedinthe1790s,buteachhadshiftingfactionsthatviedforpower.AmericanPoliticalCultureUnderInfluenceofThispartmainlyintroducesanumberofspecificfunctionsoftheUnitedStatesernmentaswellastheroleitysinpeople'sdailylivesinthepoliticalandinpolitical“SeparationofPowers”and domandIntheUnitedStates,Liberalsoftenusedtobedescribedasmodernliberalismandconservatism,forcomparison.TheUnitedStatesneo-liberalismstandsforbusinessforalotofcontrol,thewelfareStatepolicies,supportforethnicandtolerance,andthereforequitehappytosupportmulti-culturalpolicies,andsupportEqualRightsLaw(Affirmativeactiontoencouragehiringwomenandminorities,anddisadvantagedgroupsofthe).InEurope,neo-liberalismisnotonlyasaconservativeandChristianDemocraticcontrastwith,butalsobycontrast,forsocialismandsocialistdemocracy.InsomeEuropeancountries,neo-liberalismandChristianitywithsomeofthesamedemocraticpositionaremainlyonbehalfofconsortiathat tradeideologybutrelativelyconservative.Mostoftheclaimingpartyliberalismadvocatesareresponsibleforindividualrightsandself-concept,intheopen,competitiveprocessofthe domofchoice,the marketaswellasundertakingbytheStateandtoprotectthe domoftheindividual.Thecriticismofneo-liberalpoliticalpartyisinadifferentformtendingtocriticizeLiberalpolicies.Economicliberalismwascriticisminthatitcausedseriousinequalities.domofExpressionhasbeencriticizedbecauseitresultedinobscene,profaneortreason.Liberalsemphasizerepresentativeliberaldemocracy,theimportancethattheernmentwasthebestform.Theelectedrepresentativesofthepublicwillalsobesubjecttotheruleofthepowercontrol;theywillalsobeboundbytheConstitutioninordertoprotectthedomoftheindividualrightsandrestrictionsofthemajority.Neo-liberalisminfavorofmorethansystemto modatedifferentpoliticalandsocialviews,evenextremeorradicalviewissothattheseviewsonthebasisofdemocracy,politicalpowerandcompetingforachancewithperiodicelectionstogainpower.Theystressedthatbypeacefulmeansorthroughademocraticprocesstoresolvethelegaldifferences.ManyLiberalstrytheirbesttoincreaseinterestandparticipationinthepoliticalnumberofcitizens.SomeLiberalstendtodirectdemocracy,ratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Neo-liberalismAdvocatesallcitizensshouldhavecivilrights:alegalextensionofalltheindividuallibertyofcitizensoftheprotectionandbenefits.Forallitscitizensincludingthetreatmentandtoignoretheirrace,genderandclass,Liberalismistheissueofdomincludethepositivedifferencesarise,suchasfood,shelterandeducationontheright.FromtheinternationalhumanrightsthinkingisthatthecriticismofCivilRightsliberalismviewsanddidnotextendtoallmankind,butonlyonaspecificcountry'scitizens.Asresultmaynothaveanationality-basedequalityoftreatment,especiallyincivilrightsissuesontheirown.FromindependencetoInthissection,wewillfocusonhistoricalfactors;andafterknowingaboutsomeofthehistoricaltreaties,wewilllearnabouttheUSpoliticalsystemishowtomovefromindependenttothecooperation.In1776,soonafterthedeclarationofindependenceofNorthAmerica,theContinentalConferenceproposedandstarteddraftingtheConstitution-theConfederationandpermanentjointOrdinance(ArticlesofConfederationPerpetualandUnion),hereafterreferredtoastheConfederateOrdinance.OnNovember19,1777,theAmericancontinentalconferencepassedtheConfederateOrdinance.Thisbillisthefirstofficial ofestablishingconstructing13newstatessandaernmentinNorthAmerican.InaccordancewiththeConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,inthepast,averysmallcentralauthority,theStatehasretainedalotofindependence;therighttotax,recruitmentandthereleasenotesofthepowers,theFederalCongressdeclaringwarandpeace,onlyforeignenvoyssenttotakecharge,thePostOffice,thepowerrelationsbetweenStates.Therefore,theUnitedStatesasanindependentstateby13oftheLeagueofNationsbytheloose.Butduetosomestatetheydonotwanttoowntherighttoaernmentofnationalunity,thisOrdinanceuntil1781beforefinallyapprovedforall13statesandtheentryinto.OnMarch1st,1781,theConfederationinthestateofMarylandwasofficiallyapproved.ItisaconfederateBillAmericannationfromscatteredintheprocesstowardaunificationofthefirstbasiclaw,itsimplementationwasoriginallymarkedby13independentofeachother,thejoint eaunifiednation.Althoughitisshort,intheprocessofthedevelopmentofsocialhistoryofthestatusoftheUnitedStates,itshouldnotbeneglected.BecausetherearenoConfederateordinanceisnotpossiblenow,intheUnitedStates.Therefore,tofindouthowitis,andhowitdevelopedinthecharacteristicsandhistoricalrole,fromdispersedtorecognizetheUnitedStatestowardaunified,aswellasthehistoricalcontextofthepoliticalsystematthebeginningofthefoundinganddevelopmentisThisisthefirsttimepromulgatedbythesystem(andchange)leadtointegration,ThesecondisinthecontextoftheWarofIndependencethedeclarationofindependence.SimilartothedeclarationofindependenceofthelegalsystemhasanintuitiveTreatychangesintheforcingofthecontradictionsbetweenthenorthandbundledup,thisapproachalsoallowstheUSpoliticalsystemtookceasubtlechange,integrationhas eamainstream,splitandtheideaofindependencestartslowlyfade,peoplestartedtoacceptoneoftheUnitedStates,anationofpoliticalthought,thisisespeciallyimportantfor.Humanhistoryisahistoryofwarandthewarareoftenabletotogether,unifiedthinkingculture,onthisoccasion,italsoysaroleinthehistory.NewtrendsofpoliticalItspoliticalcultureofthetrendisnowtowardthe"theworld"andthedoctrinetosaythatAmericansthinktheyhavetheresponsibilityandobligationoftheUnitedStatesasthecorevaluesofdomanddemocracytotheworld.MostAmericanstohumandevelopmentasastraightline,sincethattheUnitedStateshasalwaysbeenatthefrontandisalwaysanewbeginning,theUnitedStates(AmericanWay)isalwaysrepresentativeoftheworld'sfuture.AmericansarewillingtobelievethattheUnitedStatespointedoutaspecialmission,itisnotonlyinorderto ewealthyandisthe"GodinordertodoGod'swill"ina.TheearliestEuropeanimmigrantstothenewworldwithawonderfulfantasyandspreadtheChristianfaith,andtheenthusiasmtocometoNorthAmerica,inthisblockhasneverhavebeenbornonthelandoftheStatecreatedanewstate,"believeindomandallhumanbeingsanddedicatedtotheequality"(Lincoln).Thiscountryshould ea"holywar,people,life,libertyandthepursuitofhappinessofthebasicrightsofdefendersofhumanrights,theworldandthemaintenanceoflanguage"(scholarsJamesOliverRobertson).AlthoughitisnowmanyAmericanshavephantomscorn,theUnitedStatestoothercountriesofthepeople'sbasicrightshavebeenrepeatedlyunwarrantedinterferenceinmanycountriesintheworldoftheboycott,butasanationalsensemissionforthe"basicinterpretation,andithasnotbeenfundamentallyshaken.ThisisoftenintheUnitedStatesforeign.Forexample,thehumanrightsdiplomacyoftheUnitedStates,theincumbentGeorgeW.Bush's"bign"democracyintheMiddleEast,andsoon.InourstudyoftheUnitedStatespoliticalcultureoftheUnitedStates,youwillneedtocontactthestateofthenation.TheUnitedStatesis-thinkingbytheEuropeansettlersinthenewcontinent,theStateestablished,anditisthiskindofconditionsintheUnitedStatestheuniquepoliticalculture.ThiskindofpoliticalcultureinasourceinEurope,inparticular,theUnitedKingdom,andontheotherhanditisalsotheoriginalpoliticalandculturaldevelopmentandinnovation,isanewpoliticalculture.YouwanttofullyrecognizetheUnitedStates,thepoliticalcultureintheUnitedStatesalsoneedstobeintegratedintothesocialreality,andtherefore,thetopic,thereareseveralarticlesonthedailypoliticalbehaviorintheUnitedStates,andthesametruth,understandingofthepoliticalcultureintheUnitedStatesbutalsotoourbetterunderstandingofthepoliticalsystem,aswellastheUnitedStatespoliticalbehaviorsprovideawindow.AmericanPoliticalSystemUnderInfluenceofTheAmericanpoliticalsystemischangingallthetime;itisdeveloasthehistorymoveson.Forexample,moreandmorehumanfactorsaremixingintothesystemofAmericanpolitics.PoliticalcultureundernewThedevelopmentandevolutionofAmericanpoliticalsystemischaracterizedbythepowerofthe,comparedwiththemoderngrowth,itismorethananyotherbranchof ernmentgrowthinboththefastnessandextensiveness,butThestatusandimpactoftheUSCongressisofrelativedeclineinpower;thefederalernment'spowerthatisintherapidlyexpandingstateandlocal ernmentsisgreatlydiminished.Itisexpectedthatinthefutureofaverylongtime,theseparationoftheinthe"3"tothecenterofthesystemisnotlikelytochange,becauseofthegrowthofialpowerfactorsarestillineffect.But,hispowersbytheNationalAssembly,theSupremeCourt,aswellasthegeneralpublic,themaynotgrowindefiniy.'sactualpowersdependsontheactualuseofthepowersconcerningthetheCongressandthepublicopinion.PoliticalsystemunderinfluenceofIdeologyToday'sUnitedStatespoliticalsystemisgoingtobeatabottleneck.Itisthatthetwoparty'srolehas emorealienated,increasingthepowersofthe,aswellastheinterestgroupandtheEnergyFoundation.Inlightofthissituation,TimeoftheUnitedStatesissued"reformofthepoliticalsystem."Andatthesametime,theacademiccommunityisalsobeginningtotalkabouttheexistingproblemintheAmericanpoliticalsystemandtheimprovementofthedisadvantages.Itisthoughttheideaofausiblecultureisthemostrepresentativeofaparty,whetherreformorhumanist.Itisthoughtthatrightshavereturnedtoschoolandformanypeople,thisisthemostwidelyheardinresponse.TheUnitedStatespoliticalreformbottleneckisoneofthepoliticalsystemwithoneeconomicinterestgroupthatishardtocontroltheirfundamentalproblems.ThefundamentalproblemistheUSdebtanddeficitproblem,anditisthepolarizatione.Inafewdecades,theUnitedStateshasbeenusingtaxandtransferpaymenttoadjustpolarization,andnowtheernmentdeficit,theernmentbudgetis$1perhalf,anditisborrowedasan eofafamilyeachmonth—cost$1000tothefamily eand$500to$500,theotherfromrelatives,neighbors,friends,banks,andloan.ThismadetheUnitedStateswithasocialistcolorof etransfersdifficulttomaintainanddevelop.Thisbottleneckbyanothervisiblesignisthatit'sso-calleddemocraticpoliticalsystemhasbeendifficulttoproduceaninternalself-correction.Agoodsystemorabadone,itisanimportantsigntoseewhetherornotthereisalifeofitsown.Itisalsoimportanttoseeofwhetheritisinsidethecorrectionmechanism.Whenaninstitutionlostsuchamechanism,itislikeaheavylateperiod,difficulttocure,SARSpatientsinarecession.TheUnitedStatesislosingitspoliticalsystemofself-correctionoferrors.Itisnowtheacademicrhetoricthathastheabilitytowakeup.Modernpowerofthegrowthmorethananyotherbranchofernmentgrowthinboththe"fasteness"and"extensiveness",andtheCongresshavearelativelylowerimpact;thefederalernmentisintherapidlyexpandingpower,andthepowerofthestateandlocalernmentshasbeengreatlyundermined.TheSupremeCourtofthejudicialistoexpandtherighttothesolutionofmajorsocialandpoliticalissuesyinganimportantroleinthepast.Ithasalwaysbeenconsideredoneofthebastions,thatisbourgeoisConservativesintothepost-warsocialreform.Ithasthe3powersofthepoliticalsystem,yinganincreasinglyimportantroleinthesolution.Notonlytheandthecongressinsomeisintheroleofactingasanarbitrator,andsometimeseven eanactuallegislativebody.Sincethemid1960s,theUnitedStateswithatwo-partysystemofthedeclineoftheoldtrend,andtheDemocraticParty's"NewDeal"disintegrating,theRepublicanPartyestablishedtoevaporateatanearliesttime";interestgroupsas"politicalexpression".Thealter