大學(xué)英語四級寫作專題輔導(dǎo)課件

大學(xué)英語四級寫作專題輔導(dǎo)

吳少馳江蘇大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院

1大學(xué)英語四級作文評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一、評分原則

1．CET檢查考生是否達(dá)到大學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的四級和六級教學(xué)要求，對作文的評判應(yīng)以此要求為準(zhǔn)則。

2．CET作文題采用總體評分(GlobalScoring)方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分(AwardScores)，而不是按語言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)目扣分。

3．從內(nèi)容和語言兩個(gè)方面對作文進(jìn)行綜合評判。內(nèi)容和語言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容要通過語言來表達(dá)。要考慮作文是否切題，是否充分表達(dá)思想，也要考慮是否用英語清楚而合適地表達(dá)思想，也就是要考慮語言上的錯(cuò)誤是否造成理解上的障礙。

24．避免趨中傾向。該給高分的給高分，包括滿分；該給低分給低分，包括零分。一名閱卷人員在所評閱的全部作文卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分?jǐn)?shù)。5.字?jǐn)?shù)不足以應(yīng)酌情扣分。二、評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1．本題滿分為15分

2．閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣卷一份。

3．閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對照樣卷評分，若認(rèn)為與某一分?jǐn)?shù)(如8分)相似，即定為該分?jǐn)?shù)(即8分)；若認(rèn)為稍優(yōu)或稍劣于該分?jǐn)?shù)則可加一分(即9分)或減一分(即7分)。但不得加或減半分。

3分?jǐn)?shù)檔4．評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

2分(33)—條理不清，思路紊亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。

5分(39)—基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重語言錯(cuò)誤。

8分(45)—基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫；語言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。

11分(57)—切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯(cuò)誤。

14分(67)—切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好，基本上無語言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)。

[注：白卷，作文與題目毫不相關(guān)，或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無法表達(dá)思想，則給0分。]

4CET4寫作評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高分作文基本要求：思想表達(dá)正確，語義連貫，無重大語言錯(cuò)誤高分要求：★句型的多樣性★經(jīng)典詞組短語的運(yùn)用★亮點(diǎn)詞匯5寫作題型議論文1.主題型（topic）①健康對人類的幸福必不可少；②如何保持健康；③結(jié)論2.觀點(diǎn)對比型（A&B）①有人認(rèn)為，英語對中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展很重要；②另有人認(rèn)為，英語對中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展沒有意義；③我的觀點(diǎn)說明文①很多人不注重日常衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣；②不注意衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣的后果；③如何解決這一問題6寫作題型描寫文（圖表作文）①描寫圖表內(nèi)容（現(xiàn)象）；②分析現(xiàn)象的原因；③觀點(diǎn)或解決辦法應(yīng)用文（包括書信、便條、通知、海報(bào)等）①主題；②相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)；重申主題7寫作原則內(nèi)容簡單化（“簡單”是指適合在30分鐘內(nèi)表達(dá)）結(jié)構(gòu)模式化（主題句-分論點(diǎn)-總結(jié)）語言要包裝錯(cuò)誤要回避8寫作技巧宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)◎三段式⑴開頭要開門見山，寫出主旨句；⑵段落內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)：主題句+擴(kuò)展句（+結(jié)尾句）9微觀結(jié)構(gòu)◎?qū)W會(huì)遣詞造句⑴詞匯★準(zhǔn)確使用詞匯，在此基礎(chǔ)上盡量使用高級詞匯★多使用詞組、短語★恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用過渡詞匯★避免多次重復(fù)使用同一詞匯，可以用同義詞或同根詞替代⑵句型★注意變化句式★簡單句復(fù)合句交叉使用★適當(dāng)使用插入語，倒裝句等◎恰當(dāng)使用修辭10建議平時(shí)多注意收集有用詞匯句式注意模仿11題目：Bicycles—AnImportantMeansofTransportinChina提綱：（1）為什么自行車在中國這樣普及

（2）和汽車的比較（3）自行車在中國的前途12模板的提煉過程：思路和表達(dá)BicyclesareverypopularinChina.Almosteveryfamilyinthecityhastwoorthreebicycles.Duringtherushhour,youcanseethatthousandsofpeople---manandwoman,oldandyoung---ridetheirbicyclestoworkandstudy.ThatiswhyChinaiscalled“thekingdomofbicycles”.13單復(fù)數(shù)錯(cuò)誤：manandwoman→menandwomen詞性錯(cuò)誤：oldandyoung→theoldandtheyoung專有名詞：第一個(gè)和最后一個(gè)單詞首字母大寫，其他：實(shí)詞（名動(dòng)形副代數(shù)）首字母大寫；虛詞（介連冠）首字母不大寫。142006.12Direction:

１．許多人喜歡在除夕夜觀看春節(jié)晚會(huì)

２．但有些人提出取消春節(jié)晚會(huì)．

３．我的看法．

15句式提煉：BicyclesareverypopularinChina.詞性轉(zhuǎn)化：popular→popularityInChina,bicycles

havegainedwide/greatpopularityamongChinesepeople.162011-06現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上購物已經(jīng)成為一種時(shí)尚Intherecentdecade,onlineshoppinghasgainedwidepopularityamongyoungsters.172010-06如今不少學(xué)生在英語學(xué)習(xí)中不重視單詞拼寫InChina,Englishlearninghasgainedwidepopularityamongstudents.However,…182009-12建設(shè)綠色校園很重要Inthecontemporarysociety,theconceptofgreencampuseshasgainedwidepopularityamonguniversitiesorcolleges.192009-06越來越多的博物館免費(fèi)對外開放的目的是什么？Inthepresent-daysociety,freeadmissiontomuseumsisenjoyingwidepopularityamongChinesecitizens.202008-12一次性塑料袋曾經(jīng)廣泛的使用Duringthepastdecades,disposableplasticbagsgainedwidepopularityamongpeopleintheworld.

212008-06娛樂活動(dòng)多種多樣Inthisdayandage,avarietyofrecreationalactivitieshavegainedwidepopularityamongindividuals.

22BicyclesareverypopularinChina.→??23Inmyeyes,youarethemostbeautiful.Inmyeyes,nooneismorebeautifulthanyou.24高分句式結(jié)構(gòu)：No___is/aremore___than___.BicyclesareverypopularinChina.→InChina,nomeansoftransportismorepopularandimportantthanbicycles.25我能想到最浪漫的事就是和你一起慢慢變老。？？26高分句式：雙重否定句型：否定詞(no/not/never/nothing…)+有否定意義或否定前綴或否定后綴的名詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞、介詞、連詞等27Nothinggreatwaseverachievedwithoutenthusiasm.—RalphWaldoEmersonNothingisimpossibletoawillingheart.—HeywoodNomanisuselessinthisworldwholightenstheburdenofsomeoneelse.—CharlesDickensTheword“impossible”isnotinmydictionary.—BonaparteNapoleon282011.12Directions:You'reallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledNothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWillbycommentingonthehumoroussaying,"Quittingsmokingistheeasiestthingintheworld.I'vedoneithundredsoftime.”You'dwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.Outlines:1.堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志是成功的重要保證。2.意志堅(jiān)定的人才能完成偉大的使命。3.學(xué)生也是這樣，不刻苦學(xué)習(xí)，終究不會(huì)成為有用之才。29意志堅(jiān)定的人才能完成偉大的使命?！鶳eoplecannot

accomplishgreatmissionswithout

astrongwill.→Noonecan

undertakeagreatmissionwithoutastrongwill.→Nomanisunlikelytohavebrilliantachievementswithanironwill.→Hewillnotsucceedwhowillnotpersevere.30被動(dòng)表達(dá)→No

greatmissioncanbeaccomplished

without

astrongwill.→Nosuccesscannotbeachievedwithanironwill.31NothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWill

Nogreatworkcanbeperformedwithoutwill.Weenvyfamousmenandimaginethatfamewasduetosomestrokeofluck.Butwhenweknowtheirhistories,wefindthatitislongyearsofwillandconstanteffortthathavebroughtabouttheirsuccess.Justaswecan'treachthetopofamountainwithoutclimbing,wecan'tachievesuccesswithoutwill.

Themodernsocietyprovidespeoplewithmoreopportunitiesthanbefore,andtherearestorieswhichtellusthepossibilityofbecomingsuccessfulovernight.Actuallythatisnotthecase.Beforethesepeoplebecomesuccessful,alotofhardworkhasbeendone,unnoticedmostly.Whatweusuallyseeistheresult,butwhatweignoreisalongprocessofstrugglingforwardandwrestlingwithinternalorexternalobstacles.Take"quittingsmoking"forexample,whichis,tomostpeople,adifficulttask,sopeoplealwaysgiveuptheideafortheydon'thavethestrongwill.

Inanutshell,strongwillisanimportantconditionorroleofthesuccesstheindividualshoulddesiretomaintainforever.Thereisnoinstantsuccessinthisworld.Strongwillisthebestpolicytomakeyourlifedistinctandyourdreamscometrue.

32高分句式：排比句式Icame;Isaw;Iconquered.—JuliusCaesarGovernmentofthepeople,bythepeopleandforthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.—AbrahamLincolnStudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.—FrancisBacon

Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.—FrancisBacon33排比句式Itcannotbedeniedthattechnologydoeshelpusalot.Internetprovidesuswitheasyaccesstovariousaspectsofknowledgeandinformation;mobilephonesmakeitmoreconvenientforustocommunicatewithoneanother;agrowingnumberofman-madesatelliteshavebeenlaunchedtoprobeintothesecretsoftheuniverse.Withouttechnology,theworldwouldstopdeveloping.Thatiswhyweshouldbeproudofadvancedscienceandtechnologyinthecontemporaryage.34排比句式somediscardlitterseverywhere;somecheatintests;somewastefoodoncanteens;somethrowoffensive/insultingremarksatothers;somearealwayslateforclasses;someguysevenwatchpornographicorviolentfilmsindorms.352009.12Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicofCreatingaGreenCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:1.建設(shè)綠色校園很重要2.綠色校園不僅指綠色的環(huán)境......3.為了建設(shè)綠色校園，我們應(yīng)該......361.建設(shè)綠色校園很重要Theconceptof“GreenLife”hasgainedwidepopularityamongChinesecitizens.Almosteveryuniversityhas

beenawareoftheimportanceofbuildingagreencampus.Withoutgreenenvironmentitisimpossibleforcollegestudentstohaveanenjoyable/agreeablelifeintheIvoryTower.Furthermore,agreencampusisofbenefittobroaden/consolidatestudents’awarenessofenvironmentalprotection.CreatingaGreenCampus372.綠色校園不僅僅指綠色的環(huán)境…Inadditiontogreenenvironment,greencampusesalsorefertodecentbehaviors.However,takingalookaround,wecanfindagoodmanyexamplesofinappropriateones:somediscardlitterseverywhere;somecheatintests;somewastefoodoncanteens;somethrowoffensive/insultingremarksatothers;somearealwayslateforclasses;someguysevenwatchpornographicorviolentfilmsindorms.Infact,ithasbecomeatrendformanystudentstoturnablindeyetotheirownbadacts.383.為了建設(shè)綠色校園，我們應(yīng)該…Accordingly,itisimperative/urgentforustotakemeasurestomaintaingreencampuses.Foronething,itisessentialthatregulationsshouldbeworkedouttobanthesenegativebehaviors.Foranother,weshouldeducate,advocateandencourageourclassmates,friendsandacquaintancestorefusealluncivilizedacts.Ifwedoourutmosttodoso,thefutureofourcollegelifewillbehopeful,promisingandrosy.39友情提醒：高分句式靈活運(yùn)用NowadaysEnglishlearningisverypopularinChina.→Inrecentdecades,Englishlearninghasgained/isenjoyingwidepopularityamongChinesestudents.NowadaysEnglishlearningismoreandmorepopularinChina.→Inrecentdecades,Englishlearninghasgained/isenjoyinggrowingpopularityamongChinesestudents.→Inrecentdecades,EnglishlearninghasfounditsgrowingpopularityamongChinesestudents.40首段首尾句句式選擇（呼應(yīng)式寫法）1)___has/havegained(is/areenjoying)widepopularityamong___.2)___has/havefoundits/theirwayamong___.3)①Ithasbecomeaprevalenttrendfor___to___.②Ithasbecomeaprevalenttrendthat___.4)①Thereisagrowingtrendof___.②Thereisagrowingtrendthat___.

注：首句前加上適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)間狀語412011-06現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上購物已經(jīng)成為一種時(shí)尚Inthecontemporarysociety,onlineshoppinghasgainedwidepopularitythroughouttheworld.Forthesakeofconvenience,agrowingnumberofpeoplemakepurchasesonavarietyofshoppingwebsiteseveryday.Ithasbecomeaprevalenttrendforyoungsterstoshoponline.42Inthecontemporarysociety,ithasbecomeaprevalenttrendforyoungsterstoshoponline.Forthesakeofconvenience,agrowingnumberofpeoplemakepurchasesonavarietyofshoppingwebsiteseveryday.Onlineshoppinghasgainedwidepopularitythroughouttheworld.43Inthecontemporarysociety,thereisagrowingtideofyoungstersshoppingonline.Forthesakeofconvenience,agrowingnumberofpeoplemakepurchasesonavarietyofshoppingwebsiteseveryday.Onlineshoppinghasgainedwidepopularitythroughouttheworld.442009-12建設(shè)綠色校園很重要Inthepresent-daysociety,theconceptof“GreenCampus”isenjoyingwidepopularityamonguniversities.WithoutgreenenvironmentitisimpossibleforcollegestudentstohaveanenjoyableandagreeablelifeintheIvoryTower.

Thusithasbecomeaprevalenttrendforuniversitiestocreategreencampuses.452010-06如今不少學(xué)生在英語學(xué)習(xí)中不重視單詞拼寫Inrecentdecades,Englishlearninghasgainedwidepopularityamongstudents.Thereisagrowingtrend/tideoflearningEnglishinChina.However,…46題目：MyViewonDoubleBADegree提綱：1.現(xiàn)在大學(xué)生讀雙學(xué)位的現(xiàn)象很常見2.對此，人們看法不一3.我對這一現(xiàn)象的看法練筆47MyviewonDoubleBADegreeInthecontemporarysociety,thesystemofdoublebachelor’sdegreehasgainedwidepopularityamonguniversitiesorcolleges.Onmanycampusesithasbecomeaprevalenttrendforstudentstohavetwomajorsatthesametime.48Tothisphenomenon,differentstudentstakedivergentattitudes.Somestronglyapproveofitinthatadoublebachelor’sdegreecanbroadentheirvision,thus

puttingtheminamorefavorablepositioninthejob-seekingmarket.Onthecontrary,thosewhostandfirmlyopposedtoitalsohavecogentreasons.Foronething,twomajorsmakeitdifficultforthemtofocusononeparticularfield;foranother,theycanexpandtheirscopeofknowledgebyreadingextensivelyratherthanpursuingadoublebachelor’sdegree.49Personally,Iamslightlynegativeaboutdoublebachelor’sdegree.Inthisdayandage,themoreskilledweareinonespecificrealm,thebetterwecanmeetthesociety’sneeds.

Accordingly,itisadvisablethatweshouldmakethemostofourcollegelifetoacquiremorespecializedknowledgeandskillstosetthestageforourfuture.

50MyViewonDoubleDegreeIntherecentdecade,doubleBAdegreehasgainedwidepopularityamonguniversitiesorcolleges.Takingalookaround,wecanseeagreatmanystudentsstriveforit.Tothisphenomenon,peoplewhofavoritareconvincedthatadoubleBAdiplomabuildsupconfidence

inthefiercecompetitionandenablesgraduatestolandanintervieweasily.Bycontrast,thosewhoopposeit

contendthatlearningtwomajorsdeprivesstudentsoftheirsparetimetodoextracurricularactivities.What’smore,theyregarddoubleBAdegreeasacertificateratherthanthestandardforweighingaperson’scapability.

FromwhereIstand,astudentwithtwomajorsstandsabetterchancetofindasatisfactoryjobinthemarket.Therefore,itisessentialthatwepushforadoubleBAdegreeandpavetheway

forabrightfuture.51觀點(diǎn)對比型模板提煉Tothisphenomenon/issue,different___takedivergentattitudes.Somestrongly/firmly/constantlyapproveof/advocateitinthat/as___.Onthecontrary/Bycontrast,thosewhoare/keep/standstrongly/firmly/constantlyopposedtoitcogently/convincinglycontendthat___.52Tothisphenomenon/issue,different___takedivergentattitudes.Somewhostrongly/firmly/constantlyapproveof/advocateitarecogentlyconvincedthat___.Onthecontrary/Bycontrast,thosewhoare/keep/standstrongly/firmly/constantlyopposedtoitcontendthat___.53Tothisphenomenon/issue,different___takedivergentattitudes.Somestrongly/firmly/constantlyapproveof/advocateit.Theyholdtheviewthat___.Moreover/Furthermore,___.Inaddition,___.Onthecontrary/Bycontrast,thosewhoare/keep/standstrongly/firmly/constantlyopposedtoitalsohavecogent/soundreasons.Foronething,___;foranother,___.54(時(shí)間狀語),___has/havegained(is/areenjoying)widepopularityamong___.Ithasbecomeaprevalenttrendfor___to___.Some___strongly/firmly/constantlyapproveof/advocate___inthat/as_____.(Some___strongly/firmly/constantlyapproveof/advocate___.Foronething,___;foranother,___.)Onthecontrary/Bycontrast,thosewhoare/keep/standstrongly/firmly/constantlyopposedtoitalsohavecogent/soundreasons.Accordingtotheirpointofview,___.Moreover/Furthermore,___.Inaddition,___.55五彩斑斕的英語句子什么樣的句子更加吸引閱卷老師？優(yōu)美句子的藝術(shù)張力何在？優(yōu)美的句子如何形成？復(fù)雜多樣變幻莫測56如何避免句式單調(diào)?被動(dòng)式It形式主語/賓語分詞作狀語TherebeWith復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（with+n.結(jié)構(gòu)）非限制性定語從句倒裝主語從句名詞化57被動(dòng)式人們普遍認(rèn)為理論與實(shí)踐是不可分的。

Itiswidelyacceptedthattheoryisinseparablefrompractice.學(xué)生應(yīng)該適當(dāng)重視單詞拼寫。

Dueimportanceshouldbeattachedtospelling.事情應(yīng)當(dāng)按照輕重緩急來處理。

Priorityshouldbegiventotheurgencyofmatters.只有擁有遠(yuǎn)大的理想與辛勤的努力才能取得成功。

Nosuccesscanbeachievedwithoutaspirationandperspiration.58It形式主語/賓語(1)不用說…

Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…(2)值得做某事

Itpaystodosth.(3)不可否認(rèn)…

Itcannotbedeniedthat…Itisundeniablethat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…(4)人們普遍認(rèn)為…

Itiscommonlybelievedthat…Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itiswidelyacceptedthat…Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat…59(5)…很重要

Itisexceedingly/extremelyimportant/essential/crucial/vital/necessary/imperative/urgent(forsb.)todo…

Itisexceedingly/extremelyimportant/essential/crucial/vital/necessary/imperative/urgentthat+主語+(should)do/bedone…(6)…很流行/普遍

Ithasbecomeaprevalenttrend/tide(forsb.)todo…60(7)使得…怎么樣

makeit+adj.+(forsb.)todo(8)認(rèn)為…怎么樣

think/believe/consider/findit+adj.+(forsb.)todo(9)想當(dāng)然認(rèn)為…

takeitforgrantedthat…(takesth.forgranted)61分詞作狀語Takingalookaround,wecanseeagreatmanystudentsstriveforit.Encouragedbyparentsandteachers,agreatmanystudentsstriveforit.EquippedwithadoubleBAcertificate,theycanenhancetheircompetitivenessandpromotetheirdevelopment.62therebe結(jié)構(gòu)(1)不可否認(rèn)…

Thereisnodenying(thefact)that…(2)…是沒有/幾乎沒有意義的

Thereisno/littlepoint/senseindoing…(3)對于…人們觀點(diǎn)不一

Thereisnoconsensusamong___on___/doing…(4)也有人持有不同的觀點(diǎn)

Therearealsosomewhoholdtheopposingopinion.63therebe結(jié)構(gòu)的靈活運(yùn)用1.近幾年這個(gè)地區(qū)的人口銳減。Inrecentdecade,therehasbeenaradicaldecreaseinthepopulationofthearea.2.隨著春節(jié)的臨近，人們回家團(tuán)圓的心情愈加強(qiáng)烈。

TherewasagrowinglongingforafamilyreunionalongwiththeapproachofSpringFestival.64with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（with+n.結(jié)構(gòu)）(1)with+n.+adj.(2008.12)有了一次性塑料袋，人們購物更方便了。

Withdisposableplasticbagsavailable,peopleenjoymoreconveniencewhiledoingshopping.(2)with+n.+分詞(2011.6)有了各種各樣的購物網(wǎng)站，為了方便起見人們開始網(wǎng)上購物。

Withavarietyofshoppingwebsitesoffered/provided,agreatmanyyoungstersmakepurchasesthroughtheinternetforthesakeofconvenience.65(3)with+n.+PP(介詞短語)有了雙學(xué)士文憑，學(xué)生更容易找到一份理想的工作。

WithadoubleBAcertificateathand,astudentstandsabetterchancetofindanidealjob.66非限制性定語從句(2009.6)一些參觀者到處亂扔垃圾，對博物館的環(huán)境造成了破壞。Somevisitorsthrowawaythegarbagehereandthere,whichwilldogreatdamagetothesurroundingsofthemuseums.Somevisitorsthrowawaythegarbagehereandthere,(thus)doinggreatdamagetothesurroundingsofthemuseums.詞匯拓展：對…有害(dodamage/harmto;bedetrimental/harmfulto;exert/haveanegative/badeffect/influenceon)67(2009.6)政府不得不采取其他方式通過各種渠道募集資金，這樣操作起來和控制起來都比較困難。Ourgovernmenthastoworkoutotherwaystocollectmoneyfromdifferentchannels,whichmightbedifficulttooperateorcontrol.Ourgovernmenthastoworkoutotherwaystocollectmoneyfromdifferentchannels,causingsomedifficultyinoperatingorcontrolling.詞匯拓展：造成/導(dǎo)致(cause;pose;contributeto;giveriseto;bringabout;resultin;leadto)68倒裝2009.06Onlywithfreeaccesstothislive“database”canpeoplefullyenjoywhatmuseumscouldoffertothem.Onlyinthiswaycanfree-admissiontomuseumsbecomealong-lastingphenomenonandhavesustainabledevelopment.69(1)only位于句首o(hù)nly倒裝觸發(fā)的前提條件:①only+介詞短語Onlyinthiswaycanyoulearnfromyourmistake.Onlybyexpandingourscopeofknowledgecanwemeettheneedsofsuchanadvancedsociety.②only+副詞OnlythendidIrealizetheimportanceofhealth.Onlythuscanwefinishthetaskaheadoftime.③only+從句Onlywhenhewasseriouslyilldidheeverstayinbed.70(2)notonly…but(also)…(2006.12)春晚不僅能夠營造狂熱的節(jié)日氛圍，而且能夠使人們更多地了解中國文化。NotonlydoesSpringFestivalGalacreateafeverishatmosphere,butitenablespeopletoknowmoreaboutChineseculture.→butitacquaintspeoplewithmoreChineseculture.→butitservesasanimportantchannelforpeopletoknowmoreaboutChineseculture.71(3)bynomeans/innocase/onnoaccount(2011.12)我們決不能向困難屈服。Bynomeansshouldwegiveintodifficulties.giveinto=yieldto=submittodifficulty/hardship/obstacle/adversity/setback在奮斗的過程中我們會(huì)遇到無數(shù)困難與挫折，但我們決不能屈服。

Bynomeansshouldwegiveintotheadversitiesandsetbackswemeetwithintheprocessofourstrugglingforward.72主語從句(what引導(dǎo))(2011.12)Whatweusuallyseeistheresult,butwhatweignoreisalongprocessofstrugglingforwardandwrestlingwithinternalorexternalobstacles.2010.1290.________________(給游客印象最深的)wasthefriendlinessandwarmthofthelocalpeople.2009.690.________________(很多人所沒有意識(shí)到的)isthatSimonisaloverofsports.andfootballinparticular.2008.1288.________________(大多數(shù)父母所關(guān)心的)isprovingthebesteducationpossiblefortheirchildren.73名詞化名詞化“是用名詞來體現(xiàn)本來要用動(dòng)詞或形容詞所體現(xiàn)的‘過程’或‘特征’”。(韓禮德)名詞化就是把動(dòng)詞、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞。OnlythendidIrealizetheimportanceofhealth.←onlythendidIrealizethathealthwasimportant.Thereisaheateddiscussionaboutwhetherweshouldattendmilitarytraining.←wediscussheatedlywhetherweshouldattendmilitarytraining.74InChina,bicycleshavegainedwide/greatpopularityamongChinesepeople.隨著春節(jié)的臨近，人們回家團(tuán)圓的心情愈加強(qiáng)烈。

TherewasagrowinglongingforafamilyreunionalongwiththeapproachofSpringFestival.Moreandmoreuniversitiesareawareoftheimportanceofbuildinggreencampuses.→??Thereisanincreasingawarenessoftheimportanceofbuildinggreencampusesamonguniversities.75名詞化觸發(fā)的位置：主語、賓語、表語、同位語例：他不斷地奮斗，最終取得了成功。

Hestruggledconstantly,sohesucceededintheend.①降級處理：句子→短語struggle→struggle；constantly→constant;he→his→hisconstantstrugglesucceed→success;intheend→final;he→his→hisfinalsuccess②連詞變?yōu)橹^語動(dòng)詞so→contributeto③合并（注意時(shí)態(tài)與人稱）

→Hisconstantstrugglecontributedtohisfinalsuccess.76Technologyisdevelopingrapidly,sothesocietyadvanced.

→Therapiddevelopmentoftechnologycontributesto/promotestheadvancementofsociety.Theylackstrongwill,sotheywon’tpursuedoubleBAdegree.

→ThelackofstrongwilldiscouragesthemfrompursuingdoubleBAdegree.

→ThelackofstrongwillleadstotheirreluctancetopursuedoubleBAdegree.77(2010.6)試卷上絕大多數(shù)都是選擇題，因此學(xué)生忽視了單詞拼寫。

→Anoverwhelmingpercentageofmultiplechoicesintestpaperscontributestostudents’ignoranceofspelling.

→Anoverwhelmingpercentageofmultiplechoicesintestpaperscontributestostudents’lackofattentiontospelling.78Theyreachedanagreementaftertheytalkedforalongtime.→Theyreachedanagreementafteralengthytalk.只有相互信任，相互尊重，友誼才能天長地久。Onlyifwetrusteachotherandrespecteachothercanourfriendshiplastlong.

→Mutualtrustandrespectpromotesalong-lastingfriendship.→Mutualtrustandrespectcan/willpromotealong-lastingfriendship.

→Mutualtrustandrespectisthekeytoalong-lastingfriendship.79名詞化在英語寫作中的應(yīng)用(2008.12)盡管一次性塑料袋很方便，但是對環(huán)境會(huì)造成很大的破壞。

Disposableplasticbagsdomuchdamagetotheenvironmentdespitegreatconveniencetheybringtous.(2010.6)由于沒能掌握有效的技巧，學(xué)生對背單詞灰心喪氣。

Failuretoobtaineffectiveskillstomemorizewordsdiscouragesstudentsfromspelling.802009.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledFreeAdmissionstoMuseums.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:1.越來越多的博物館現(xiàn)在免費(fèi)向公眾開放，目的是……；2.有人認(rèn)為這樣做會(huì)帶來一些問題……3.在我看來……81Nowadays,anincreasingnumberofmuseumsareopentothepublicforfreeofcharge.Thehiddenreasonbehindthisisnothardtoanalyzeasthere’sagrowingawarenessfortheauthoritiesregardingthepopularizationofculture,knowledgeandhistorywitheveryaveragepersoninoursociety.Onlywithfreeaccesstothislive“database”canmostpeoplefullyenjoywhatmuseumscouldoffertothem.

82However,freeadmissiontomuseumsmightleadtosomesocialproblemsaswell.Ononehand,itmightgivemuseumsaveryheavyeconomicburdenwhichdirectlyhindersthesustainabledevelopmentoftheseorganizations.Asaresult,ourgovernmenthastoworkoutotherwaystocollectfundsfromdifferentchannels,whichmightbedifficulttooperateorcontrol.Ontheotherhand,freeadmissionattractstoomanyvisitors,someofwhommightbringaboutsomedamagetothevaluabletreasureswhichusedtobewell-preservedinthemuseums.83

Asauniversitystudent,Iaminfavorofthefree-admissionconduct.Yetitisproposedthatsomemeasuresshouldbetakentosolvethepotentialproblems.Forexample,museumscanestablishsomeregulationstoguidethebehaviorofvisitorsorsetsome“closed”daysforregularmaintenance.Onlyinthiswaycanfree-admissiontomuseumsbecomelong-lastingandsustainable.84句子重組(ReorganizationofSentences)e.g.我是一個(gè)學(xué)生，今年23歲，畢業(yè)于江蘇大學(xué)，專業(yè)車輛工程。

Iamastudent.Iam23yearsold.IgraduatefromJiangsuUniversity.Mymajorisautomotiveengineering.

→Iama23-year-oldgraduatefromJiangsuUniversitywithamajorinautomotiveengineering.如何組句？？85門口放著一堆雨傘，少說也有十二把，五顏六色，大小不一。Therewereagroupofumbrellasatthedoor.Therewereatleasttwelveumbrellas.Theywerecolorful.Someofthemwerebigandsomeofthemweresmall.→Inthedoorwaylayatleasttwelveumbrellasofallsizesandcolors.86張大嫂晚年跟女兒美麗一起生活。美麗嫁給了一個(gè)郵局職員，兩人對張大嫂照顧的很好。想到這些，我心里無比的欣慰。ChangdasaolivedwithherdaughterMei-Leeinheroldage.Mei-Leemarriedapostalserviceemployee.BothofthemtookgoodcareofChangdasao.Iwashappytothinkaboutit.→IwashappytothinkChangdasaowascomfortablycaredforinheroldageasshewenttolivewithherdaughterMei-Lee,whomarriedapostalserviceemployee.87這一帶我不熟悉，天黑以后繼續(xù)進(jìn)行調(diào)查，取得結(jié)果的希望不大。

Iwasnotquitefamiliarwiththearea.IfIwentonwithmyresearchafterdark,therewouldbelittlehopetogetasatisfactoryresult.→Therewaslittlehopeofcontinuingmyinquiriesafterdarktoanyusefulpurposeinaneighborhoodthatwasstrangetome.88他原來在南方參加一項(xiàng)建筑工程，任務(wù)完成后上格魯吉亞去度假，享受高加索的陽光，頭一天才坐飛機(jī)回來。HewasengagedinaconstructionprojectintheSouth.AfterhefinishedithewenttoGeorgiaforavacationandenjoyedthesunshineofCaucasia.Itwasnotuntilthedaybeforethathecameback.→HehadflowninjustthedaybeforefromGeorgiawherehehadspenthisvacationbaskinginCaucasiasunafterthecompletionoftheconstructionjobinwhichhehadbeenengagedintheSouth.89因?yàn)榫嚯x遠(yuǎn)，交通工具缺乏，使農(nóng)村社會(huì)與外界隔絕，這種隔絕，又由于通訊工具不足而變得更加嚴(yán)重。Becausetheyareremoteandlackingintransportfacilities,ruralareasareisolatedfromtheoutsideworld.Theisolationismoreseriousasthereisashortageofinformationmedia.→Theisolationoftheruralworldbecauseofdistanceandthelackoftransportfacilitiesiscompoundedbythepaucityoftheinformationmedia.90昨夜有客來訪。此公見聞?lì)H多，談鋒甚健，出言命題，新奇絕倫，語藏機(jī)鋒，總讓同伴心曠神怡，耳目一新。Aguestvisitedmelastnight.Hewasknowledgeableandtalkative.Hisnovelanduniqueideasmademerelaxedandhappy.Ifoundeverythingfreshandnewwithhim.→Iwaslastnightvisitedbyafriendofmine,whohasaninexhaustiblefundofdiscourse,andneverfailstoentertainhiscompanywithavarietyofthoughtandhintsthatarealtogethernewanduncommon.91裝模作樣被人愛不如本本真真被人恨。Youarelovedforwhatyouarenot.Youarehatedforwhatyouare.Comparedwiththeformer,thatlatterisbetter.→Itisbettertobehatedforwhatyouarethanlovedforwhatyouarenot.92練習(xí)：(1)他沒有遵守安全規(guī)則，因而車子出了故障。Hedidn’tobservethesafetyregulations,andthereforethecarstoppedmoving.

→Hefailedtoobservethesafetyregulations,asaresultofwhichthecarbrokedown.

→Hisfailuretoobservethesafetyregulationsresultedinanaccidenttothecar.93(2)他5歲生了一場病，變成了聾子。Hegotillwhenhewas5andthenhebecamedeaf.→Hebecamedeafbecauseoftheillnessattheageof