國(guó)際商務(wù)管理期末1國(guó)際化進(jìn)程

國(guó)際商務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)2016-2017-1

2企業(yè)國(guó)際化進(jìn)程0---1---85---25---???

200020072015WhatisInternationalisationThefirm’sprocessofinitiatingandmaintainingitsinvolvementininternationalbusinessactivities3ExtentofInternationalizationHowcanananalystassessthedegreeofinternationalization?Onesimpleway：

Internationalsales/revenuesasaproportionoftotal

sales/revenuesScopeofoperations(Wheretoconductbusiness)Resourcedeployment(Howtoallocateresourcesamongactivities/markets)Anythingelseyoucanseefromthistable(e.g.Foreignmarketperformance)?5CompanyACompanyBInternationalSales/revenue(%oftotalsales)$5m(20%)$3m(60%)Operationscope11foreignmarkets23foreignmarketsResourceDeployment(%oftotalresources)$2m(20%)$1m(40%)Whichcompanyhasahigherinternationalisation

degree?ExtentofInternationalization(cont.)ForeignmarketanalysisEffectiveinternationalisationreliesonanalysisofforeignmarkets：PESCTELCost-benefitandriskanalysisImplementthestrategyEstablishcontrolmechanisms7Source:http://2012/books/challenges-and-opportunities-in-international-business/s12-03-international-expansion-entry-.htmlDimensionsofInternationalisation

(Welch&Luostarinen,1988)FOREIGNOPERATIONSMETHODSHowAgents,subsidiaries,licensing,franchising,managementcontracts…MARKETSWherePolitical/cultural/physicaldistancedifferences…SALESOBJECTSWhatGoods,services,know-how,systems…OrganisationalCapacityORGANISATIONALSTRUCTUREExportdepartment,internationaldivision...

PERSONNELInternationalskillsandexperience;training…FINANCE8PatternsofInternationalisationThereisawiderangeofpotentialpathstointernationalise.Arethereanyconsistentpatternsobservable?Typically,thegrowthofforeignestablishmentswasdistinguishedbyaseriesofsmall,cumulativestepsovertimeNon-investment Investment(nextslide)Goods services,know-howDistancesareminimisedwithtimeandexperience9PatternsofInternationalisation(Contd.)EvolutionarytheoryofforeigninvestmentsAsmallpercentageoffirms(15.4)directlymovedtoforeigninvestment.Overhalfofthosefirmswerepreventedfromexportingbecauseofthenatureoftheirproduct,transportcostsandotherbarrier&high‘service’component.TypesofFDIHorizontalPlatformVertical10De-InternationalisationBenito&Welch(1997)11De-InternationalisationWhatis

De-Internationalisation?Anyvoluntaryorforcedactionsthatreduceacompany’sengagementinorexposuretocurrentcross-borderactivities(Benito&Welch1997:9).

12De-internationalisation:causesLackofinternationalexperience(earlystage)Performance-relatedreasons(midstage)StrategicchangesExternalshocksIsde-internationalisationagoodchoiceforacompanythatisnotperformingwellinforeignmarket?(Thinkofthebenefitsandthebarriersofde-internationalisationwhentacklethisquestion?)13Typesof

De-internationalisationFullorpartialde-internationalisationReductionofoperationsorwithdrawal(divestment)Divestment-admissiontofailure?SwitchingfromhightolowcommitmentmodeSell-offorclosureofsales,serviceormanufacturingsubsidiariesReductionofstakeinaforeignventureSeizurebylocalauthorities(nationalisation)Expropriation

Isthistheendoftheworld?

14Re-InternationalisationWelch&Welch(2009)15Re-InternationalisationWhatisRe-internationalisation?There-engagementininternationaloperationsbyfirmswhichhavepreviouslyexited.Keydriversinternationalre-entry:theassetsandliabilitiesthataregeneratedbyinternationalactivitypriortoexit,theoutcomeoftheprocessesofexit,time-outandattemptedre-entry,andthearrayofnew,internationallyrelevantinfluencesthatcometobearonacompany'ssituationduringtheperiodbeyondexit.16

Fig.2.

Re-internationalisationprocess.

17

Fig.1.

Re-internationalisation–entrepreneurandcompany.

1819SummaryInternationalisationDefExtentForeignmarketanalysisDimensionsPatternsDeinternationalisationDefCausesTypesReinternationalisationDefKeydriversProcessReadingsCompulsoryWelch,L.S.&Luostarinen,R.(1988)‘Internationalization:EvolutionofaConcept’,JournalofGeneralManagement,vol.14,no.2,pp.34-55(onlyreadpp.34-43)RecommendedBenito,G.andWelch,L.(1997).De-Internationalization.ManagementInternationalReview,37(2),pp.7-25.Welch,L.andWelch,C.(2009)"Re-internationalisation:explorationandconceptualisation"InternationalBusinessReview18(6):567-577.

20TutorialQuestionsWhatisfirminternationalisation?BrieflydiscusseachofthedimensionsofinternationalisationasdescribedbyWelchandLuostarinen(1988).‘Thereisawiderangeofpotentialpathsanyfirmmighttakeininternationalization’(WelchandLuostarinen,1988).Basedonthissta