An-Analysis-on-the-Translation-of-Public-Signs英語專業(yè)論文

PAGEPAGE24中國某某某某學校學生畢業(yè)設計(論文)題目:AnAnalysisontheTranslationofPublicSigns姓名：0000000班級、學號：00000000系(部)：經濟管理系專業(yè)：商務英語指導教師：0000000開題時間：2008完成時間：2009-12009年10目錄畢業(yè)設計任務書………………1畢業(yè)設計成績評定表…………2答辯申請書……………………3-5正文…………6-26答辯委員會表決意見…………27答辯過程記錄表………………28課題AnAnalysisontheTranslationofPublicSigns課題(論文)提綱Ⅰ.引言1.1研究背景1.2研究目的1.3研究方法Ⅱ.公示語的翻譯2.1公示語的翻譯特點2.1.1簡潔2.1.2簡單2.1.3清晰2.2中英公示語翻譯上的差異2.2.1觀點的不同2.2.2排列順序的不同2.3公示語翻譯中的常見錯誤2.3.1拼寫錯誤2.3.2語法錯誤2.3.3逐字翻譯Ⅲ.公示語翻譯的策略3.1符合國際標準的翻譯策略3.1.1指示性3.1.2提示性3.1.3強迫性3.1.4限制性3.2符合中國特色的翻譯策略3.2.1具有中國特色的公示語標語3.2.2具有中國特色的旅游景點內公示語3.3其他策略Ⅳ.結語二、內容摘要公示語在我們生活當中必不可少，它涉及到了我們生活中的許多方面。隨著中國的發(fā)展，越來越多的外國友人來到中國工作，旅游和學習。公示語給他們的日常生活帶來了方便，同時也幫助他們更好地了解中國。然而，公示語漢英翻譯現狀不容樂觀，存在著許多錯誤，這些錯誤導致了語用的失誤，也損壞了我國的國際形象。因此我們應該更加注意它。只有當公示語的翻譯達到其原本目的時，我們才能說我們的翻譯是成功的.關鍵詞：公示語;漢英翻譯;翻譯策略參考文獻Baker.MonaRutledgeEncyclopediaofTranslationStudies.London.Rutledge.1998Bassnett—McGuire.SusanTranslationStudies.LondonandNewYork.Methuen.1980DuanLiancheng.Baker.MonaRutledgeEncyclopediaofTranslationStudies.London.Rutledge.1998Bassnett—McGuire.SusanTranslationStudies.LondonandNewYork.Methuen.1980DuanLiancheng,HowtohelpforeignersknowChina.Beijing.ChinaReconstructsPress.1998JimDi&Nida.EugeneA.OnTranslation.WithSpecialReferencetoChineseandEnglish.Beijing.ChinaTranslationandPublishingCooperation.1984Newmarkpeter.ATextBookofTranslation.ShanghaiforeignlanguageEducationPress,2001包惠南.文化語境與語言翻譯.北京.中國對外翻譯出版公司.2001郭力嘉.中國大城市公示語漢英翻譯研究.四川大學碩士學位論文.2006連淑能.漢英對比研究.北京.高等教育出版社.1993氿全菊.公示語及其翻譯.山東大學碩士論文.2005劉偉.中國城市漢語公示語英譯失誤探析及其翻譯研究.上海外國語大學碩士學位論文，2008王穎.呂和發(fā).公示語漢英翻譯.北京.中國對外翻譯出版公司.2007AnAnalysisontheTranslationofPublicSigns000000000Abstract:Publicsigns,whichcanbeseeninpublicplaceaffectusinmanywaysarenecessarytous.WithChina’sdevelopment,moreandmoreforeignerscometoChinafortheirbusiness,tourandstudy.Publicsignscanbringconveniencefortheirdailylife;meantimeitalsocanhelpthemknowbetteraboutChina.However,thereexistmanyproblemsintheChinese—Englishtranslationofpublicsignscausingthepragmaticfailureanddamagingourinternationalimage.Soweshouldpaymoreattentiontoit.Onlywhentranslationofpublicsignsachievestheintendedpurposecanwesayourtranslationissuccessful.Keywords:publicsigns;ChineseEnglishtranslation;translationstrategiesⅠ.IntroductionInthischapter,itisfocusedontheintroductionofthisthesis,includingthebackground,objectivesandMythologyoftheresearch.BackgroundoftheresearchWithChinahasgainedthemembershipofWTOandintensificationofourreformandopening—uppolicy,Chinabecomemoreandmoreinternational,somoreandmoreforeigner’sstreamingintoChinainincreasingnumbers.Underthiscircumstance,Chinanowisfacinganewchallengeintranslationstudies,agreatnumberofmaterialstranslatedinEnglisharetoessentialforforeignertohelpthembetteradapttoChinaandmakethemfeelathomeisanimportantproblemtoconsiderandsolve.Ifwearecarefulenoughtopayattentiontoit,wecanfindmanyimproperbilingualpublicsigns,forexample“游人止步”，wetranslationit“TheTouristStoptheSteps,”“TouristDon’tGoFurther”or“TouristStophere’’.Butwhichisaccurate?Infact,allthesearewrongfromtheEnglishversionsastheirfunctionalfailure.Insummarypublicsignsperformanirreplaceableroleintheprocessofintegrationwithoutsideworld.Inrecentyeas,moreandmoreSino—foreignjointventuresandcooperativeenterpriseshavebeensetupinChina,whichalsobringintoChinaasteadysteamofbusinesspeoplefromothercountries.Foreignerswillbenefitfromhome.HoweverthefailureintheC—EtranslationofpublicsignsinChinahinderstheeconomicandculturalexchangesinthewholeworld.SomeC—Etranslationsofpublicsignsmisleadandevenirritatethe“internationalcitizens’’whodefacestheimageofournation.Undersuchcircumstances,itisverynecessarytoimplementthisresearchonC—EtranslationofpublicsignsinChina.ObjectivesoftheresearchWhenwetalkaboutpublicsigns,thefollowingoneswillappearinourmind“keepsilence”,“Nosmoking”,“Information”.Alloftheseareincludedinpublicsigns.Thenwhatarepublicsigns?AccordingtotheOxfordAdvanceLeurner’sEnglish—ChineseDictionary,“signsrefertoaboard,notice,etcthatdirectssomebodytowardstosomewhere,givesawarning,advertiseabusinessetc’’.Itisusedasameansofdistinguishingitfromothersordirectingattentiontoit;laterisusedcommonlyonaboardbearingsnameorotherinscription,withorwithoutsomeornamentorpicture.Itisdefinedasaletteredboardorotherpublicdisplayplacedorbeforeabuilding,room,shoporofficetoadvertise,businesstranslatedthereorthenameofpersonorfirmconductingitaccordingtoWebster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionary.Publicsignscanaffectthepeople’slifeinmanyaspectsanditcanbelistasfollowing:usedastrafficsigns,suchasTwoWay雙向行駛OneWay單線行2）Usedinscenicspots,givingdirectionorexplanationsuchasVisitorCenter旅游者服務中心NoLittering請勿亂扔廢棄物3)Usedinpublicaccommodationtomaintainpublicorders,suchasNoSpitting嚴禁隨地吐痰Noparking嚴禁停車4)Usedonthelabel,thepackageorinthepamphlettogiveinformationaboutthecommodity,suchasGlass小心玻璃HandleWithCare小心輕放5)UsedtranslationfirmsnameYixinElectronicCooperation益新電子公司YongheTradingCompany永和貿易公司MethodologyoftheresearchIntheprocessoftranslation,allculturalelements,atranslator’smothertongue,valuesystems,thinkingpatterns,religiousbeliefswillinfluencehischoiceoftranslationstrategiesandapproaches.Theprocessisnottheuntraceableflowofthinkinginthetranslator’smind.Thispaperadaptingtocomparative–analyticalmethodanalyzethecauses.AChinesepublicsignandthetranslatedversionarefirstcomparedandthentranslationproblemsareanalyzed.Inmostcauses,theravishedtranslationisalsoprovided.Ⅱ.GeneralIntroductiontoPublicSignsandTheirTranslationInthischapter,wewillanalyzethelanguagefeaturesofpublicsignsanddifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishpublicsigns,atthesametime,itstillincludeerrorsinthetranslationofpublicsigns.2.1LanguageFeaturesofPublicSignsWiththesignsareonaboard,sothelanguageonthesignsshouldbeinconcisewayduetothecomparativelysmallspace.Secondly,somepublicsignsmustdrawthepublic’sattentionatfirstsightandthereaderscancatchit’smeaningveryquicklyandcorrectly,especiallythetrafficsigns,suchas“AbruptTurnRightAhead前方急轉彎,”theappliedwordsshouldbeclearandeasytoread,thesignissetwithoutambiguity.Wecanalsoanalyzethistopicinthreeways.2.1.1ConcisenessAccordingtoWilliamStrunk,JrandE.BWhitein1979(JoanPinkham2001.1):“vigorouswritingisconcise.Asentenceshouldcontainnecessarywordsparagraphnecessarysentences,forthesamereasonthatadrawingshouldhavetounnecessarylinesandamachinenecessaryparts’’.Itisalsotrueoflanguageofpublicsigns.Usuallythereadersforpublicsignsjustlookattheboardwithsignsquicklywhentheypassby,sothelanguageonitneedsimple,aphraseorjustawordisenough,forexample,“NoSmoking禁止吸煙”“Open正在營業(yè)”.Weneednotusesentences“pleasedonotsmoking’’and“weareonbusiness”.Sowemustrememberkeepasconcisenessaspossibleprinciplewhenwetranslatesomepublicsigns.2.1.2SimplewordsDuetothetargetreaderalwaysspeedlittletimeonreadingthesigns.Sothemeaningofthesignsshouldbeclearandeasytothemunderstood.Asthetargetreadersarethecommonpeoplewhohavelitterknowledgerelatedtotheconcernedtopic,thesignshoulddirectlyhitthepointandthereshouldnotexistonvagueness.InNiandLiu’sessay(倪傳斌和劉治1988)，theyprovideanexample“嚴禁客貨混裝Don’tputpassengersandcargostogether.Thetargetreadermayfeelhazybecausetheydonotknowwhetheritmeansthepassengerscannottakethecargosthemselvestothedestinationorwhetheritmeansthepassengersareforbiddentositonthecargosandtheyshouldsitinthecab.Sothesign“嚴禁客貨混裝”shouldbetranslatedinto“NoPassengersonTrucks”.Then,readerscanunderstandthatitmeansthepassengerscantakethecargosthemselvestothedestinationbuttheyareforbiddentositonthecargos.Thesignaresetforthepublicandmanyreadersaren’tprofessional,thereforewhentranslatesign,weshouldgetthepointdirectlyandclearlyandshouldnotjusttalkaroundthebush.2.1.3ClearnessPublicsignsaresetfortheforeignerswhoknowalittleEnglishandEnglishisnothismotherlanguage,andtargetreadersalsoincludeoverseasChinesewhoisnotaEnglishnativespeaker.IftheEnglishversionisfullofrarewordsandexpression,itwillcauseapragmaticfailureofcommunicationandevenmisunderstandforpublicsigns.Weoftenseeasmallrestaurantattheairporttoprovidefastfoodforthepassengers,theEnglishtabletshouldbe“Snacks’’insteadof“Refection’’,becausethelateroneisrarewordsandoftenbeusednowadays.Takeanotherexample,“景區(qū)壞境衛(wèi)生，需要你的維護”,shouldwetranslateitinto“EnvironmentalSanitationoftheScenicSpotNeedYourConserve”.Thewords“sanitation’’and“environmental”arenotfamiliarwordsforthepublic,wehadbetteruse“KeepClearorNoLittering”.Sotroughtheaboveweknowifwewantreaderscatchthemeaningatfirstglance,weshouldusetheconcise,clear,simplewordsandexpressionsinC—Etranslationofpublicsigns.2.2DifferentBetweenChineseandEnglishPublicSignsThoughbothChineseandEnglishinpublicsignssharetheabovementionedfeatures,theyhavemuchdistinctioninmanyways,itisbecauseofthesedistinctionsthatChinesenativespeakersalwaysmakemistakeswhentheytranslatingofpublicsigns.Mostproblems,however,concernthecoreofculture:waysoflife,valuesandwaysofthinkingandwriting,whichvarygreatlyfromChinesetoEnglish.Chineseisparataxis,whileEnglishishypostasis.Forexample,theChinesecharacter“人”（“man”isitsEnglishmeaning)seemslikeamanstandingonhistwofeet,andthecharacter“雨”（“rain”isitsEnglishmeaning）,thethreedotsinthecharacterlooklikethedrops.Distinctionscanbeillustratedinthreeaspects:differentcollocations,differentperspectivesanddifferentwordorders.2.2.1DifferentPerspectivesEnglishandChinese,sometimestheyexpressthesomemeaningindifferentperspectives.Weoftenseeasign“小心碰頭’’onthewallofanarrowcorridororapassageway.TheChinesetextis“小心碰頭’’,itexpressthefacttheceilingisverylowandwhenpassengerspassby,theyshouldbecarefulanddonothititonthehead.Besides,“mindyourhead”,wehaveanotherversion,“l(fā)owceiling”.Theformeronealsostatesthefactfromthesamemeaning,andthelateroneisfromtheoppositeperspective.Hereisanotherexample,theChinesetextis“油漆未干”.IfwetranslatefromthesameperspectivewiththeChinesetext,theEnglishversionshouldbe“paintisnotdry”.Butifwetranslatedlikeitisnotthatidiomaticanddoesnotcoincidewiththerulethatsignsshouldbewritteninconcisewords.Sowesterncountriesuse“wetpaint”togivetheinformationthatpaintisnotdryandtellreadersnottotouchit.Therefore,whenwetranslateChinesepublicsignstoEnglish,wecanshifttheperspectives.2.2.2DifferentWordordersDuetoChineseandEnglisharedifferentlanguages,sowhenthesayingthingsalsousedifferentways,thewordordersalwaysaredifferent.Thisphenomenoncanbeseenclearlyinthefollowingchart:ChineseEnglish工農業(yè)agricultureandindustry前后backandforth中小型smallandmedium左右rightandleftEventhoughwordshavethesameoriginalmeaningandtheirrelatedmeaningsaredifferent,sometimesevenopposite.Theycanfromdifferentperspectivesandindifferentways.Owingtothesedifferences,Chinesetranslatorsareeasilytomakeerrorswhiletranslating.2.3ErrorsintheTranslationofPublicSignsWecanfindmanyerrorsinthepublishedtranslationsifwearecarefullyenough.Theerrorsincludespellingmistakes,grammaticalmistakes,andWord—for—Wordtranslation.Maketheversionunreadableandfarbelowstandard.Thesemistakesnotonlyleavesabadimpressiononforeignersanddamagetheinternationalimageofourcountry,butalsoputupbarriersintheinternationalcommunication.Therefore,thetranslatorsshouldpaymoreattentiontothepubicsignstranslate.2.3.1SpellingErrorsThespellingerrorsareeasytobefoundandalsoeasytobemade.Thiskindofmistakeswillleaveaperfunctoryandslapdashimpressiononthetargetreadersbecauseitresultsfromcarelessnessonthepartoftranslatorsandprinters.Meanwhile,itisaseriousmistakeasitdecreasestheeffectivenessandcausesthefailureofunderstanding.Wrongspelling:Example13Chineseversion:公司業(yè)務(中國銀行)OriginalEnglishversion：CompamyBusinessReviseEnglishversion:CompanyBusinessUsingChinesepinyintoreplaceEnglishwords:Example14Chineseversion:高教書店OriginalEnglishversion：GaoJiaoShuDian2.3.2GrammaticalErrorsGrammaticalerrorsinthetranslationofpublicsignsmainlyrefertothewronguseofnumbers,prepositions,voicesandpartofspeech.Theseerrorsarequitenoteworthyastheyleaveverynegativeimpressiononforeignguests.Fortranslators,grammaticalrulesarethefoundationduringtheprocessoftranslation.Asweknow,thesemistakescanbringmuchtroubleinunderstandingsignstoforeignreaders.TheChinesereadersforconsultationserviceis“總服務臺”or“咨詢臺”,theexistingtranslationofitare“Information”,“Information’s”,“Enquiry/Inquiry”or”Enquiries/Inquiries”,whichonesaregrammaticallycorrect?“Information”isanuncountablenounandhasnotthepluralform,and“Enquiry/Inquiry”iscountablenounandhaspluralform.Thestandardusagesinwesterncountriesare“Information”or“Enquiries/Inquiries”.2.3.3Word—for—WordTranslationInsomesituations,whenonelanguageistranslatedintoanother,thepragmaticmeaningismoreimportantthanthemeaningofwords.Thustheword—for—wordtranslationisusuallyincorrectintermsofsentence.Structureandgrammar;andeveniftheyareright;itstillcannottransfertherealinformationoftheoriginaltext.Example15Insomesupermarket,thereisasign“歡迎你下次再來購物”postattheexit,taking“Welcometoourshopagain”asitsEnglishversion.TheChinesetextisusedwhenthecustomersleavetheshop,onthecontrary,theEnglishversionisagreetingwhenthecustomersarrivetheshoptoshowthehospitalityand“歡迎你再次來到我店”isitsChinesemeaning.Therefore,word—for—wordtranslationnotonlygoesagainsttheoriginalintentionoftranslatorsbutalsoleavesbadimpressiononChina’sinternationalimage.Soweshouldpaymoreattentiontoitwhenwetranslateit.Ⅲ.StrategiesforTranslationofPublicSignsInthischapter,somestrategiesfortranslationofpublicsignsaregiven.Then,wecanlearnsomewaysabouttranslationofpublicsigns3.1StrategiesforTranslationofPublicSignsFollowingInternationalStandardTherearesomepublicsignshavethesamefunctionindifferentcounties.IntranslatingsuchChinesepublicsigns,wecouldusetheready—madepublicsignsinEnglishspeakingcountriesforreference.Asforthem,oneshouldabidebytheinternationalstandard.Forexample,Smokingisforbiddeninmanypublicplaces.Sothesign“禁止吸煙”canbeseeninpublicsignsinChina.Asweknow,theEnglish—speakingcountriesalsohavesuchrequirement.Wecansee“NoSmoking”inpublicplaces.ThefollowingarewidelyusedstructuresintranslationofpublicsignsandtheexamplesaremostlyfromEnglishandChinesesignsBookletcompliedbyYuFulin.3.1.1DirectingPhrases,nonfiniteforms,adjectives,abbreviationsandetcareoftenusedbythiskindofpublicsigns.Example16:OnSale大減價Example17:NotforSale非賣品3.1.2PromptingThisfunctionisgenerallydemonstratedbynounphrasesandnone—finiteforms.Example18:WetFloor小心地濕Example19:MindYourHead當心碰頭3.1.3RestrictingGenerallyspeaking,thisfunctionisdemonstratedbystatementsorimperativesentences.Example20：KeepofftheGrass勿踏草地Example21:Danger,Evacuation危險，請繞行3.1.4CompellingMostlyanegativeadverborthosewordscarryingthemeaningofforbiddingarecontained.Example22:NoParking禁止停車Example23:NoPhotographs/Photos禁止拍照3.2StrategiesforTranslationofPublicSignswithChinesecharacteristicsAsVermeerputsit,everytranslationisdirectedatanintendedaudience.Wemusttaketheaddresseeintoaccount.AccordingtotheGermanfunctionalism,thetop—rankingruleforanytransitionis“skoposvule”，whichmeansthatatransitionalactionisdeterminedbyitsskopos,thatis,“theendjustifiesthemeans”(Nord,2001).Asweknow,ithasmuchdifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishculture.LargenumbersofuniqueChinesevocabulariesandexpressionshavemushroomed,andit’sdifficulttofindtheready—madecorrespondingtranslationsinEnglish.Asforthosepublicsigns,translatorsshouldputforeigner’sculturalhabitsinthefirstplace,adoptsomefeasibletranslationskillssoastomakethewordsandexpressionssmoothlyconveytheideas.3.2.1PublicSignsofSloganswithChinesecharacteristicsGenerallyspeaking,thetranslatorsshouldgiveconciseandpreciseversionoftheseslogansbecausetheaddresseesofChineseslogansareforeignerswhohavelimitedknowledgeaboutChinesecultureandhistoricalbackground.Therearefourtypesasfollow:A:literaltranslationExample24:Chineseversion:平等，發(fā)展，和平Englishversion：Equality,Development,PeaceSothetranslationofChineseslogan,thismethodiscommonlyusedintheexpressionscomposedofparallelwordsonly.B:InversionorRestructuringExample25：Chineseversion：桂林山水甲天下Englishversion：EastorWest,Guilinlandscapeisbest!Sothetranslationnotonlytransmitstheoriginalinformation,butalsocaterstotheculturalhabitsofthetargetreaders.3.2.2PublicSignsintravelspotswithChinesecharacteristicsThecriterionforC—Etranslationofpublicsignsisnotwhetherthetargettextfaithfultothesourcetext,butwhetheritachievestheintendedfunctionofofferingadequateinformationorarousingtargetreaders’interneinscenicspots.Thereisanalysisfromtwoways.A:literaltranslationExample26:Chineseversion:青島市音樂廣場位于青島市東部浮山灣海濱東側與五四廣場毗鄰。他分為樹陣區(qū)，偏心廣場及軟雕塑區(qū)，音樂觀海臺及地下休閑娛樂區(qū)四部分。Englishversion：QingdaomusicsquareislocatedonthecoastalongtheFushanBightintheeasternregionofQingdao,neighboringtheMay4thsquareontheeast.Ithasgreenbeltoftrees;eccentricsquareandboltsculpturegroups;musicalsea—viewingplatform;andundergroundentertainmentarea.B:pinyinplusliberaltranslationExample27:Chineseversion:虎跑夢泉Englishversion：HuPaoMengQuan(DreamingofTigerSpringatHuPaovalley)Thecertainnotesorexplanationcouldbeaddedforbetterunderstandingandmemorizingofforeigntourists.Sothemostessentialinformation“dreamingoftiger”inthelegendshouldbemadeclear.3.3SomeotherstrategiesNotranslatingforsomeoccasionsnotallthepublicsignsarenecessarytotranslateintoEnglish,becausesomeareonlyforChinesepeople,andthetranslationofsuchpublicsignsmaydamagetheimageofChinaandChinesepeople,weneedthesignslike“禁止在公園大小便’’,“禁止亂刻亂畫”,“禁止小商小販”，etc.Othersignslike“少生孩子多種樹，少生孩子多養(yǎng)豬”,“不要文盲妻，不嫁文盲漢”etc,arerudeandillegal,whichwehadbetternottranslate,otherwiseforeignersmayfeelridiculous.Example28：Chineseversion：禁止摘花OriginalEnglishversion:Don’tpicktheflowerRevisedEnglishversion:Takecareoftheflowers,please!InEnglishthesentencesbeginningwith“Don’t”areseldomusedinpublicoccasionsbecauseofitsharshmannerofexpression.publictoTherefore,thesigncanbeputinto“Takecareoftheflowers,please!”Ⅳ.ConclusionWithChina’saccessiontoWTOandShanghaiInternationalTradeConferencein2010iscoming.EnglishbecomemoreandmorepopularinChina.Publicsignsconstituteavitalpartofourdailylife.StayinChina,itisnecessarytotranslateChinesepublicsignsintoEnglishforthepurposeofbringconveniencetoforeignersandmakingthemfeelathome.ThetranslationofChinesepublicsignsisanimportantandurgenttaskfacingtranslators.Translationismadeforthepurposeofcross—culturalcommunication.Therefore,onlyemphasizingthefidelityoftranslationcannevermakethetranslationofpublicsignseffectiveandsatisfactory.Translatorsshouldkeepthemselvesinlinewithinternationalnorms;otherwise,thetranslationofpublicsignscanonlyserveasculturegarbageanddamageChina’simageintheprocessofpublicity.TranslatingChinesepublicsignsintoEnglishisnotaneasyjobtranslator’smajorroleistohelpthoseforeignreadersovercometheculturalbarriers.Inordertoachievethefunctionalequivalence,somemethodsareintroducedthoughanalyzingmanyexamplesinthepracticeofC—Etranslationofpublicsigns.Ononehand,theyshouldlearnmuchfromtranslationtheory,andontheotherhand,heshouldapplythetheoryintopracticefrequently.TokeepagoodimageofChinaandbettercommunicatewiththeoutsideworld,thequalityofthetranslationofpublicsignsmustbegivenconsiderableattention.Ontheonehand,thegovernmentshouldgivemoreattentiontoitandmakegreatereffortinrelatedgovernance,suchassettingupauthoritativeinstitutionforexaminingandapprovingtranslationandtheEnglishtranslationscannotbepublisheduntiltheyareconfirmed,ontheotherhand,translatorsshouldkeepimprovingtheirownprofessionaswellastranslationethicsinordertobetteradaptthedevelopmentofcircumstances.Soweshouldbefamiliarwiththetranslationtheoriesandovercomeallthepotentialproblems.參考文獻：Baker.MonaRutledgeEncyclopediaofTranslationStudies.London.Rutledge.1998Bassnett—McGuire.SusanTranslationStudies.LondonandNewYork.Methuen.1980DuanLiancheng.Baker,MonaRutledgeEncyclopediaofTranslationStudies.London:Rutledge.1998Bassnett—McGuire.SusanTranslationStudies.LondonandNewYork.Methuen.1980DuanLiancheng.HowtohelpforeignersknowChina.Beijing.ChinaReconstructsPress.1998JimDi&Nida,EugeneA.OnTranslation:WithSpecialReferencetoChineseandEnglish.Beijing.ChinaTranslationandPublishingCooperation.1984Newmarkpeter.ATextBookofTranslation.ShanghaiforeignlanguageEducationPress.2001包惠南.文化語境與語言翻譯.北京.中國對外翻譯出版公司.2001郭力嘉.中國大城市公示語漢英翻譯研究.四川大學碩士學位論文.2006連淑能.漢英對比研究.北京.高等教育出版社.1993氿全菊.公示語及其翻譯.山東大學碩士論文.2005劉偉.中國城市漢語公示語英譯失誤探析及其翻譯研究.上海外國語大學碩士學位論文.2008[26].王穎,呂和發(fā).公示語漢英翻譯.北京.中國對外翻譯出版公司.2007基于C8051F單片機直流電動機反饋控制系統(tǒng)的設計與研究基于單片機的嵌入式Web服務器的研究MOTOROLA單片機MC68HC（8）05PV8/A內嵌EEPROM的工藝和制程方法及對良率的影響研究基于模糊控制的電阻釬焊單片機溫度控制系統(tǒng)的研制基于MCS-51系列單片機的通用控制模塊的研究基于單片機實現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