暨南大學《808外國語言文學綜合考試》考研真題

暨南大學《808外國語言文學綜合考試》考研真題庫SECTIONAI.Filltheblankswithproperanswers(10%)TheEnglishsonnet,alsoknownassonnet,usuallyhasaregularrhymeschemea-b-a-b,c-d-c-d,e-f-e-f,g-g.【答案】Shakespearean查看答案【解析】莎士比亞的詩作，改變了彼得拉克的格式，由三段四行和一副對句組成，即按四、四、四、二編排，其押韻格式為“ABAB，CDCD，EFEF，GG”。每行詩句有十個抑揚格音節(jié)。Itwasin1798,withthepublicationofWilliamWordsworth’s,incollaborationwithS.T.Coleridge,thatromanticismbegantobloomandfoundafirmplaceinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.【答案】LyricalBallads查看答案【解析】1798年，華茲華斯與柯勒律治將各自的詩歌合為一冊，定名為《抒情歌謠集》。ThetypicalfeatureofRobertBrowning'spoetryisthe.【答案】dramaticmonologue查看答案【解析】勃朗寧對英國詩歌的最大貢獻，是發(fā)展和完善了戲劇獨白詩這樣一種獨特的詩歌形式，并且用它鮮明而生動地塑造了各種不同類型的人物性格，深刻而復雜地展示了人的內在心理。TheGraveyardPoetswereanumberofpre-RomanticEnglishpoetsofthe18thcenturycharacterizedbytheirgloomymeditationsonmortalityinthecontextofthegraveyard.AcontemplativeandmellowmoodisachievedinthecelebratedopeningverseofGray′s.【答案】ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard查看答案【解析】這首詩充滿感傷情調，成為18世紀后期感傷主義詩歌的典范之作。Asoneofthegreatinnovatorsofthemodernnovel,VirginiaWoolfdevelopedthetechniqueofinherwriting,whichfocusesonthecomplexlivesofcharacters’innermindsinsteadofoutwardactions.【答案】streamofconsciousness查看答案【解析】弗吉尼亞?伍爾芙（1882年1月25日—1941年3月28日）。英國女作家、文學批評家和文學理論家，意識流文學代表人物，被譽為“二十世紀現(xiàn)代主義與女性主義的先鋒”。Itwas,astheprimaryauthorwhowrote“theDeclarationofIndependence”,togetherwithotherfourmenincludingBenjaminFranklin.【答案】ThomasJefferson查看答案【解析】《獨立宣言》是一份于1776年7月4日由托馬斯?杰斐遜起草，并由其它13個殖民地代表簽署的最初聲明美國從英國獨立的文件。's“TheRaven”isadarkreflectiononlostlove,death,andlossofhope.【答案】EdgarAllenPoe查看答案【解析】《烏鴉》是埃德加?愛倫?坡于1844年創(chuàng)作的詩集，詩歌主題除了愛情就是死亡、幻滅和傷悼。NathanielHawthorne'sScarletLetterisastoryaboutawomannamedlivinginseventeenth-centuryBoston,thenapuritansettlement.【答案】HesterPrynne查看答案【解析】《紅字》講述了發(fā)生在北美殖民時期的戀愛悲劇。女主人公是海絲特?白蘭。Earlyinthe1920sthemostprominentofthenewAmericanplaywrights,,establishedaninternationalreputationwithsuchplaysasTheEmperorJonesandTheHairyApe.【答案】EugeneO'Neill查看答案【解析】尤金?奧尼爾(1888年10月16日—1953年11月27日)美國劇作家，表現(xiàn)主義文學的代表作家，美國民族戲劇的奠基人。主要作品有《瓊斯皇》《毛猿》《天邊外》《悲悼》等。Hemingway'sstatureasawriterwasconfirmedwiththepublicationofhisnovelin1929,whichportrayedafarewellbothtowarandtolove.【答案】AFarewelltoArms查看答案【解析】《永別了，武器》是美國小說家歐內斯特?海明威創(chuàng)作的長篇小說，是其早期代表作，首次出版于1929年9月27日。通過描述二人的愛情，作品揭示了戰(zhàn)爭的荒唐和殘酷的本質，反映了戰(zhàn)爭中人與人之間的相互殘殺以及戰(zhàn)爭對人的精神和情感的毀滅。DefinethetermslistedbelowaccordingtoyourknowledgeofEnglishandAmericanliteratureandcriticism.(20%)Gothicnovel【答案】GothicNovel,asaliterarygenre,combineselementsofbothhorrorandromance.Thesenovels,inrebellingagainsttheincreasingcommercialismandrationalism,showthedark,irrationalsideofhumannature.Theyaremysteries,ofteninvolvingthesupernaturalandheavilytingedwithhorror,andtheyareusuallyagainstdarkbackgroundsofmedievalruinsandhauntedcastles.TheoriginatorofEnglishGothicnovelisHoraceWalpole,andhisCastleofOtranto:AGothicStoryisthefirstworkofthekind.查看答案Byronichero【答案】TheByronicheroisanidealizedbutflawedcharacterexemplifiedinthelifeandwritingsofLordBryon,likeChildHaroldandDonJuan.Theyarehandsome,chivalrous,energetic,pathetic,lonelyandremorsefuloverasin,gloomyandmisanthropic,sexuallyfree,andcapableofgenerousactsandmagnanimity.Thereisapossibledownsideoftheirpersonalitywithindividualisticspirit,aloofness,arroganceandoccasionalcontemptforthecommonpeople.查看答案3.CriticalRealism【答案】Thecriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthe1840sandinthebeginningofthe1850s.Therealistsfirstandforemostsetthemselvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsocietyfromadramaticviewpointanddelineatedthecryingconditionsofbourgeoisreality.Buttheydidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.CharlesDickensisthemostimportantcriticalrealist.查看答案4.Transcendentalism【答案】Itisaliterary,philosophicalandartisticmovementthatflourishedinNewEnglandfromabout1836to1860.ItoriginatedamongasmallgroupofintellectualswhowerereactingagainsttheorthodoxyofCalvinismandtherationalismoftheUnitarianChurch,developinginsteadtheirownfaithcenteringonthedivinityofhumanityandthenaturalworld.Transcendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoulasthemostimportantthingintheuniverse,andstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,naturewasthegarmentoftheOversoul.TheirideaswereeloquentlyexpressedbyRalphWaldoEmersoninsuchessaysasNature,andSelf-relianceandbyHenryDavidThoreauinhisWalden.查看答案III.Identifythefollowingquotationsbygiving(1)thetitleofthework;(2)thenameofitsauthor,and(3)explainbrieflytheimplicationsoftheunderlinedparts.(20%)Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.【答案】OfStudies;FrancisBaconItsimplicationisthatstudiescannotteachuseverythingandwecannotbelieveeverythingthatwelearnfrombooks,insteadweneedtolearnfromexperiencetotesttheknowledgewelearnedbefore.IfIwereadeadleafthoumightestbear;/IfIwereaswiftcloudtoflywiththee;/Awavetopantbeneaththypower,andshare/Theimpulseofthystrength,onlylessfree/Thanthou,OUncontrollable!【答案】OdetotheWestWind;PercyByssheShelleyItsimplicationisthatthoughthespeakerislikethewindatheart,untamableandproud—heisnowchainedandbowedwiththeweightofhishoursupontheearth.Ohsir,shesmiled,nodoubt,/Whene’erIpassedher;butwhopassedwithout/Muchthesamesmile?Thisgrew:Igavecommands:/Thenallsmilesstoppedaltogether.【答案】MyLastDuchess;RobertBrowningItsimplicationisthatthespeakercommandshiswifenottosmiletoothersbecausehethinksthatsheistoofrivolousindoingso.Fromthis,BrowningportraysadominatingandselfishDuke.Hesmiledunderstandingly—muchmorethanunderstandingly...Preciselyatthatpointitvanished—andIwaslookingatanelegantyoungroughneck,ayearortwooverthirty,whoseelaborateformalityofspeechjustmissedbeingabsurd.SometimebeforeheintroducedhimselfI’dgotastrongimpressionthathewaspickinghiswordswithcare.【答案】TheGreatGatsby;F.ScottFitzgeraldItsimplicationisthatGatsbyisnotthesameasthespeakerimagines,andthespeakerthinksthathiswayofspeechorbehaviorsareinconsistentwithhiswealthorpower.Togointosolitude,amanneedstoretireasmuchfromhischamberasfromsociety.IamnotsolitarywhilstIreadandwrite,thoughnobodyiswithme.Butifamanwouldbealone,lethimlookatthestars.Theraysthatcomefromthoseheavenlyworldswillseparatebetweenhimandvulgarthings.【答案】Nature;RalphWaldoEmersonItsimplicationisthattoexperiencethe“wholeness”withnatureforwhichwearenaturallysuited,wemustbeseparatefromtheflawsanddistractionsimposedonusbysociety.Emersonbelievedthatsolitudeisthesinglemechanismthroughwhichwecanbefullyengagedintheworldofnature.IV.Writing:Chooseoneofthefollowingpairandwriteacomparativeessayofnolessthan200words.(25%)CharlesDickensandThomasHardy【答案】BothCharlesDickensonandThomasHardyweremastersofcriticalrealisminBritaininthenineteenthCentury.Dickensonbegantowritein1830s,andendedin1850s;Hardy'snovelsweremainlyinthelast10yearsofnineteenthCentury.Becauseoftheirdifferentlifeexperiencesandhistoricalbackgrounds,theirwritingstylesarebothidenticalanddifferent.Dickenson'snovelsaretortuous,lively,andfascinating.Hisnovelsareinterestingandreadable,withtheaimofattractingreaders.TheprotagonistsinDickenson'novelsoftensucceedafterthousandsofhardshipsorfrustrationsintheirlives.Hisnovelsarejustlikeapieceofmusic,whichbeginswithamelancholymelodyandendswithcheerfulnotes,oftenmakingreaderslaughwithtears.Thisistheoptimistic“Dickenson-style”novelending.Hardy'snovels,likeDickenson'snovels,arereadableandinteresting.Theplotistortuousandfascinating,whichisthecharacteristicofhisnovels,sohehasalargenumberofreaders.Theplot'stwistsandturnsofHardy'snovelsaremainlymanifestedintheupsanddowns,andaseriesofmisfortunesandmisfortunesplungingtheherointodespair.Hisworksarenovelanduniquewithmanyoccasionalhappeningsandcoincidences.Hisnovelsoftenendwithamournfultone,whichmakesreaderssad.ThecharactersinDickenson'snovelsaresingleandwillnotchangewiththechangeofexperienceandenvironment.Therefore,thegoodpeopleinDickenson'snovelsareoftenpoor,butgoodandkind.Badpeoplearesworksnotonlyvillainsandgangsters.However,thecharactersinHardyhavedualityandcomplexity,butalsochangebecauseoftheinfluenceofenvironmentandexperience.Hedoesnotregardtheprinciplethat“Baddeeds,aswellasgood,mayrebounduponthedoer.”astheendingofthenovel,butjustshowsthefateofsomecharacterstothereadersaccordingtothereality.Hardyhadnoillusionsaboutlife.Hisattitudetowardslifewasquiteresignedtofate.sworksnotonlyTheLostGeneration&TheBeatGeneration【答案】“TheLostgeneration”and“theBeatGeneration”cameintobeingafterthetwoWorldWarsin20thCentury.Theyemergedindifferenttimesandsocialsituations.Facedwiththelossoftraditionalvalues,theyexpresseddissatisfactionandrebelliontosocietyindifferentforms.AftertheFirstWorldWar,thetraditionalcivilizationofEurope,ofwhichtheyouthwasproud,collapsedinstantly,andEuropewasinturmoil.Afterthewar,theyoungmandidnotbecometheheroesthatpeopleworshiped.Theycannotfindjobsandcannotadjusttotheirtownsandfamiliesandbecameincompatiblewiththereality.Moreover,WorldWarIcausedamorelastingtraumatointellectualswhoweredissatisfiedwiththepursuitofeconomicinterestsbuttheoverlookofspiritualcontentinsociety.Allthesechangesresultedinagenerationfeelingconfusedandataloss.Theylosttheiroldrootsandcouldnotfindnewdirectionsbutjustexpressedtheirprotestagainstsocietywith“l(fā)ost”appearance.WhileasthesocietyafterWorldWarnhadcompletelysuppressedhumannature,theyoungpeoplewhohadbeenhitcouldnolongerendureinsilence.Thenormalresistancewasineffectiveandtheycannotbehaveasifeverythinghadnothingtodowiththemlikethe“l(fā)ostgeneration”beingintoxicatedintheindividualworld.Therefore,theydecidedtoattracttheattentionofthesocietyandthepublicbytheirpeculiarandindependentbehaviors,thusexpressingtheirresistancetothemainstreamauthority.Thetwoschoolsalldisplayedamentaloutlookthatwasnotcompatiblewiththemainstream,buttheyrevoltedindifferentways.“TheLostGeneration”was“graceunderpressure”,“TheBeatGeneration”wasanakedhowl.Althoughtheformerwaspessimisticandignoredtheoutsideworld,theydidnotretreatpassively.Undertheir“l(fā)ost”appearance,theylookedforsomething,expressingtheirpursuitofpersonalfreedomfromadeeperlevel.However,thelatterexpressedthesamespiritofrebellionwithinsanityandnakedexposure.Theydislikedtheevilbigcityandmovedtothewest,totheoriginalMexico.Intheirtimes,peoplelostthemselvesandgraduallyalienatedinthesocietyofincreasingphysicalandrightdesires.Therefore,theyarousetherebelliousconsciousnessoftheresignedwithcrazybehaviorstorestorepeople’sfreedom.SECTIONBI.Therearetenmultiple-choicequestionsinthissection.Choosethebestanswerloeachquestion.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10%)WhichofthefollowingsoundsdoesnotbelongtotheallomorphsoftheEnglishsimplepastmorpheme?[d][t][it][id]【答案】C查看答案【解析】英語一般過去式的詞素有三種詞素變體：[d]、[t]、[id]。When-ionin“television”isremovedtogetaverb“televise”,wecallthiswayofcreatingwords.suffixationback-formationblendingacronymy【答案】B查看答案【解析】逆構詞法是將語言中已經(jīng)存在的某個較長的詞去掉想象中的詞綴從而衍生出來的一個較短的詞。Inthefollowingconversation:-BeirutisinPeru,isn’tit?-AndRomeisinRomania,Isuppose.ThesecondpersonviolatestheoftheCooperativePrinciple.QuantityMaximQualityMaximRelationMaximMannerMaxim【答案】B查看答案【解析】質量準則第一條為“不要說自知是假的話”。Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehavior,itissaidtobe.prescriptivesociolinguisticdescriptivepsycholinguistic【答案】C查看答案【解析】現(xiàn)代語言學描述和分析語言事實。ThediscoveryoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamilybeganwiththeworkof.JacobGrimmBronislawMalinowskiLeonardBloomfieldSirWilliamJones【答案】D查看答案【解析】威廉?瓊斯最早正式提出印歐語假設。Oneofthepropertiesoflanguageisthatalanguageusercanunderstandandproducesentenceshe/shehasneverheardbefore.Thispropertyoflanguageiscalled.dualityproductivitydisplacementarbitrariness【答案】B查看答案【解析】有了創(chuàng)造性，說話者便能夠將基本的語言單位組成無限數(shù)量的句子，而這其中的絕大數(shù)句子卻是以前從未有過或聽說過的。Theconsonant[d]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures:voiceless,alveolar,stopvoiceless,labiodental,lateralvoiced,dental,fricativevoiceless,labiodental,affricate【答案】C查看答案【解析】[6]是濁音，齒音，摩擦音?！癐boughtsomeroses”"Iboughtsomeflowers”.entailspresupposesisinconsistentwithissynonymouswith【答案】A查看答案【解析】第二個句子的意義可以由第一個句子衍推出來。Theprocesswhereawordorphraserefersforwardtoanotherwordorphrasewhichoccurslaterinatextorconversationiscalled.antecedentcataphoraanaphorareference【答案】B查看答案【解析】下指是對后文將要出現(xiàn)的內容或詞項的替代。Whichpairofwordsinthefollowingisaminimalpair?dick,dugbike,pikecat,petpage,lake【答案】B查看答案【解析】單詞bike和pike只有第一個音素不同，從而導致兩個單詞意義不同。Fillintheblankswithwordsorphrasesstartingwiththefirstlettergivenbelow.(10%)Sisthesmallestcomponentofmeaning.【答案】Sememe查看答案【解析】義素是詞義的基本單位。Aneconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecenterofhead.【答案】endocentric查看答案【解析】向心結構是一種其分布在功能上等同或趨近于整個結構中作為中心或核心的成分的結構。Acisacollectionoflinguisticdata,eithercompiledaswrittentextsorasatranscriptionofrecordedspeech.【答案】corpus查看答案【解析】語料是以書面語篇或錄音言語描寫所收集的語言數(shù)據(jù)的集合。Asisaspecificationofwhattakesplaceintheclassroom,whichusuallycontainstheaimsandcontentsofteachingandsometimescontainssuggestionsofmethodology.【答案】syllabus查看答案【解析】教學大綱就是教學計劃。它是對課程內容，教學步驟和學習經(jīng)歷的描述。J.R.FwasthefirstprofessorofgenerallinguisticsinGreatBritainandheturnedlinguisticsproperintoarecognizeddistinctacademicsubjectinBritain.【答案】Firth查看答案【解析】弗斯是英國語言學界的中心人物。他堅持語言理論研究有其獨立性，不應被視為其他學科或語言教學的附庸。ICanalysisistheshortformfori.【答案】immediateconstituent查看答案【解析】IC是直接成分分析法的簡稱。Theifunctionistoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearerorreader.【答案】informative查看答案【解析】信息功能指語言用來傳達信息，即告訴他人一些事情，情況，信息等功能。Binlinguisticsholdsthatchildrenlearnlanguagethroughachainofstimulus-responsereinforcement.【答案】Bloomfield查看答案【解析】布龍菲爾德認為兒童的語言學習是通過“刺激一反應加強”鏈，而且成人的語言運用同樣也是刺激一反應過程。ThePSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology.ItmostprominentscholarisTrubetzcoy.【答案】Prague查看答案【解析】布拉格學派最為出名，令人難以忘懷的是其對音位學的貢獻，以及對語音學和音位學的區(qū)分。在這當中最有影響力的學者是特魯別茨伊柯。Philosophersusectomeanthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.【答案】connotation查看答案【解析】哲學家們用內涵來表示單詞所指實體的屬性。Definethefollowingterms.(25%)1.arbitrariness【答案】Itreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Thereisnoreason,forexample,whyEnglishshouldusethesounds/dog/torefertotheanimaldog,orwhyChineseshoulduse“gou”torefertothesameanimal.Therelationshipbetweenthesoundsandtheirmeaningisquiteaccidental.查看答案antonymy【答案】Thetermantonymyisusedforoppositenessofmeaning;wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningareantonyms.Oppositenesscanbefoundondifferentdimensionsanddifferentkindsofantonymshavebeenfound.Someantonymsaregradablebecausethereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair.Soitisamatterofdegree.Forexample,oldandyoungareimmediatelyrecognizedasantonyms,buttheystandfortwoextremes,betweenwhichthereexistintermediateformsrepresentingdifferingdegreesofbeingoldoryoung,suchas“middle-aged,mature,elderly”.“Good”and“bad”isalsoapairofgradableantonyms.Apairofcomplementaryantonymsischaracterizedbythefeaturethatthedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother.Inotherwords,itisnotamatterofdegreebetweentwoextremes,butamatterofeitheroneortheother.Forexample,apersoncanbeeither“alive”or“dead”,either“male”or“female”;thereisnothirdpossibility.Therefore,“alive”and“dead”isapairofcomplementaryantonymsandsois“male”and“female”.Pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelationalopposites.Forexample,ifAisthehusbandofB,thenBisthewifeofA.So“husband”and“wife”isapairofrelationalopposites;soare“teacher”and“student”.conversationalimplicature【答案】Conversationalimplicatureisakindofimpliedmeaning,whichisdeducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.查看答案broadtranscription【答案】Phonetictranscriptionmayaimtotranscribethephonologyofalanguage,oritmaybeusedtogofurtherandspecifytheprecisephoneticrealization.Inallsystemsoftranscriptionthereisadistinctionbetweenbroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription.Broadtranscriptionindicatesonlythemostnoticeablephoneticfeaturesofanutterance,whereasnarrowtranscriptionencodesmoreinformationaboutthephoneticvariationsofthespecificallophonesintheutterance.Thedifferencebetweenbroadandnarrowisacontinuum.Oneparticularformofabroadtranscriptionisaphonemictranscription,whichdisregardsallallophonicdifference,and,asthenameimplies,isnotreallyaphonetictranscriptionatall(butattimescoincideswithit),butarepresentationofphonemicstructure.查看答案proposition【答案】Apropositioniswhatasentencesaysabouttheworld.Thesamesentencecanexpressdifferentpropositionsondifferentoccasions.Conversely,differentsentencescanexpressoneandthesameproposition.查看答案Giveeachofthefollowingabriefaccount.(30%)Linguisticdeterminism(10%)【答案】LinguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativityaretwopartsofSapir-WhorfHypothesis.Linguisticdeterminismsaysthatlinguisticstructuredeterminescognitivestructure.Thatis,learningalanguagechangesthewayapersonthinks.查看答案Met叩hor(10%)【答案】Metaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstruedintermsoftheother.It'softendescribedintermsofatargetdomainandasourcedomain.Thetargetdomain