Ancient-Civilizations：古代教學(xué)講解課件

AncientCivilizationsPaleolithicEraPaleolithicEra(OldStoneAge)When-2millionBCEto10,000BCEFirstpeoplelivedinEastAfricaHuntersandGatherersNomads

–

movedtofindfoodMenwouldhuntgameanimalsandfishWomenwouldcollectfruits,berriesandotherediblesToolsSimpletools-spearsandaxesmadeofstone,boneorwood.Clothing-skinsofanimalsShelter–cavesFire–usedforwarmthandcooking.PaleolithicEraPaleolithicEraPaleolithicSocietiesSmallgroups-20-30peopleSpokenlanguagestocommunicateEarlybeliefsystemsPolytheistic–animismBurying

thedeadAfterlife

–ShowingcareforthedeadBuriedwiththeirtoolsandweaponsPaleolithicEraOutofAfricaTheoryPeople

migratedfromAfricatotherestoftheworldScarceresourcesHuntingandgathering

sustainedlife

BUTpeoplebarelysurvived.Peoplewerenomadicbecausefood

was

scarcePaleolithicEraNeolithicRevolutionNeolithicRevolution(NewStoneAge)When-10,000BCEImportantdiscoveriesFarmingPeoplelearnedtoplantseedstogrowfoodDomesticateanimalsTamedanimalstheyhadbeenhuntingHerdedandpennedtheanimalsSourcesoffood,clothing,laborandtransportationNeolithicRevolutionNeolithicRevolutionImpact

ofNeolithicRevolutionReliablesourceoffoodAsfoodsupplyincreases,sodidthepopulationVillagesofhundreds

and

citiesofthousandsemergePermanentcommunitiesformedSedentaryAgriculture–farminginoneplaceNewTechnologies–tomeettheirnewneedsCalendars–knowwhentoplantandharvestcropsMetaltools–bronzeandtheniron(plows,sickles)Irrigationsystems–broughtwatertofarmsMetalweapons–defendtheirresourcesandvillagesNeolithicRevolutionRiverValleyCivilizationsRiseofCivilizationsRiversvalleys-hometothefirstcivilizationsFertileLand–theyearlyfloodsprovidedarablelandFreshWater–gavepeoplewatersourceTransportation–UsedtheriverasameansoftransportationTrade

–civilizationsexchangedgoodsandideaswhenpeoplecameintocontactwithoneanotherRiverValleyCivilizationsRiseofCivilizationsCharacteristicsofaCivilizationCities–populationsofthousandsGovernments–provideorder,organizationandprotectionTraditionaleconomy–basedonfarmingandotherskilledcraftssuchaspottery,clothingandothergoodsOrganizedreligion–priestswouldperformceremoniestoensureplentifulcropsandprotectionfromtheGods(Polytheistic)RiseofCivilizationsRiseofCivilizationsSpecializationoflaborpeopletoperformdifferentjobs/functionsinsocietySocialclassesemerge–basedonone’soccupationRuler-LeaderofthearmyPriests–ledreligiousritualsWarriors-protectedresourcesandcitiesMerchantsandartisanPeasantFarmerWomen’s-statusdeclined

asmentookleadrolesaswarriorsSystemsofwriting–Usedforrecordkeeping.EarlywritingusedpicturesandthendevelopedintosymbolsArtandarchitecture–Builttemplesandpalacestohonorreligiousandpoliticalleaders.Publicworks–builtinfrastructure

suchasroads,bridgesandwallsforprotectionNileValleyCivilizationsRiverValleyCivilizations(4000BCE–1650BCE)NileRiverValley–Egypt(NorthAfrica)GeographicSettingRegion–NorthAfrica,MiddleEastTopography-MostlyDesert–landwithlittlerainfallandsparsevegetationNaturalbarrier–providedprotectionfrominvasionNileRiver-RiverflowsfromSouthtoNorthFertileSoil–SiltfromfloodsleavesarichdepositofsoilTransportation-highwayfortravelandtradeCities-VillagesmergetoformcitiesNileDelta-wheretheNileemptiedintotheMediterraneanSeaNileRiverValleyNileRiverValleyGovernmentPharaohs–rulerofEgyptDivineRight-

worshippedasalivingGodAbsolutepowerCentralizedGovernmentBureaucracy–governmentagencies(collectingtaxes)Dynasty–RulingfamilyofEgypt;Whenthepharaohdied,powerwaspassedontotheanotherfamilymemberMenes–Pharaoh(3100BCE)-UnitedUpperandLowerEgypttocreatethefirstdynastyUsedtheNiletolinkUpperandLowerEgyptNileRiverValleyReligionPolytheistic–WorshippedmanygodsAmon-Re–TheSunGodandtheChiefGodOsirus–GodoftheNile,controlledtheNile’sannualfloodAfterlife–preparedthedeadforlifeafterdeathPyramids–Tombsandmonumentsusedtostoretheremainsofdeadpharaohsastheyawaittheafterlife

NileRiverValleyNileRiverValleySocietySocialClassesUpper

Class

–Pharaoh,Priests,NoblesMiddleClass–MerchantsandartisansLowerClass–Peasants

(Farmers)SlavesRoleofWomen:Legally

ownpropertyRunbusinessDivorceNileRiverValleyContributionsPapyrus–EgyptianPaperHieroglyphics–WritingsystemthatusedpicturestorepresentwordsandideasRosettaStone-translatedHieroglyphicsLiterature-poetry,songs,hymnsandfictionSurgeryandMedicine

MummificationhelpedthemdiagnoseillnessesandperformsurgeryCalendar–365days(solar)Math-Numbersystem

basedon10(10,100,1000,etc.)NileriverValleyMesopotamiaTigris&EuphratesRivers–MesopotamiaGeographicSettingRegion–MiddleEastMesopotamia–ThelandbetweentheriversTheFertileCrescent–FertilelandthatstretchesfromthePersianGulftotheMediterraneanSeaFewnaturalbarriersCulturaldiffusion–exchangeofgoodsandideasInvasion–allowedforseveralinvasionsMesopotamiaMesopotamia-SumerSumerianCivilization–(3000BCE)GovernmentCity-States–independentareasbutsharedacommoncultureRulers–seenasthechiefservanttothegodsRoleofGovernment–Enforcedlaws,collectedtaxes,ledarmies,keptrecords,maintainedcitywallsandirrigationsystemsReligionPolytheistic–GodshadhumanqualitiesandweretiedtotheforcesofnatureEachcity-statehadtheirownGodorGoddessZiggurats-Stonetemplesmadeoutofsun-driedbricksUsedtoshowthepowerofthegovernmentandreligionMesopotamia-SumerMesopotamia-SumerSocialClassesUpperClass–Rulingfamily,Gov’tofficialsandhighpriestsMiddleClass–MerchantsandartisansLowerClass–Peasants(Farmers)

Mesopotamia-SumerMesopotamia-SumerContributionsInventions SailboatWheelPlowWalledcitiesIrrigationSystems–broughtwatertofarms;expandfarmingArchitectureZigguratsWritingCuneiform–WritingsystemstokeeprecordsLiterature

TheEpicofGilgameshMathBasicalgebraGeometryNumbersystembasedon6(60minuteinanhour,360degreesinacircle)Mesopotamia-SumerMesopotamia-BabylonBabylonianCivilizationGovernmentCentralizedgovernment–strongcentralgovernmentHammurabi–(1792-1750BCE)God-likekingCodeofHammurabi–300codifiedlawscarvedinstoneCriminalLaw–robbery,assault,murderCivillaw–businesscontracts,property,taxes,marriageanddivorceSpecific

punishments

forspecificlawsHarshpunishments–“EyeforanEye”Socialinequality–lawswereharsherforlowerclasses,womenandchildrenMesopotamia-BabylonMesopotamia-BabylonContributionsContract

-writtenagreementAstronomy–StudyofuniverseLunarcalendar(12months,7dayweek,24hrday)Mapmakers–cartographerIndusRiverValleyIndusRiverValley–IndianSubcontinentGeographicSettingRegion-SouthAsiaMountainrangesHinduKushHimalayanMonsoons–seasonalwindsthatbroughtrainfalltotheIndianSubcontinentUnpredictable–DroughtorFloodsIndusRiver–Rich,fertilesoilIndusRiverValleyIndusRiverValleyMysteryLittleisknownabouttheIndusrivervalleybecausehistoriansandarchaeologistshavenotbeenabletodecipherthewritingsystem.AllthatisknowncomesfromarchaeologicalfindsCentralizedGovernmentWell-PlannedCities–HarappaandMohenjo-Daro

Streets–setupinagridpatternStandardized-weightsandmeasuresReligiousTemplesGranaries–buildingsusedtostoregrainContributionsPlumbingsystems–baths,drains,sewersIrrigationditchesandfloodbarriersWheelIndusRiverValleyYellowRiverValleyYellowRiverValley(3000-2500BCE)GeographicSettingRegion–EastAsiaNaturalbarriers–mountains,deserts,rainforest,oceanIsolation-cutofffromothers(earlyhistory)RiverValleysHuangHe–YellowRiverLoess

-yellowmatterinriver

thatbringsnutrientstosoilFloods–giventhenickname,“RiverofSorrows”YangziRiverYellowRiverValleyYellowRiverValleyGovernmentShangDynasty–1650BCE–1027BCEDynasty–RulingfamilyofChina;whentheemperordied,anotherfamilymembertookoverDecentralizedgovernment–landandpowerwasdelegatedtonoblefamilies(militaryleaders)togovernKingslednoblesintobattleOwnedsmallareasofland

YellowRiverValleyReligionPolytheistic–worshippedmanygodsandnaturespiritsEarlyDaoismYinandyang–opposingforcesthatheldnatureinbalanceAncestorWorship–honoredancestorswithsacrificesandshrinesYellowRiverValleySocietySocialClassesUpperClass-RoyalsfamilyandnoblesMiddleClass-MerchantsandartisansLowerClass-Peasantsfarmers“MiddleKingdom”-Duetoisolation,earlyChinesewerecutofffromotherculturesand

thoughtofthemselvesasthecenteroftheuniverseYellowRiverValleyContributionsWritingsystemThousandsofcharactersmadeithardtolearnPictographs–DrawingsofobjectsIdeographs–DrawingsofthoughtsandideasYellowRiverValleyClassicalCivilizations-ChinaZhouDynasty–China(1027BCE-221BCE)GovernmentOverthrow–theShangDynastyMandateofheaven–Righttorulecomesfromheaven;usedtoexplainthedynasticcycleDynasticCycle–cyclethatexplainedtheriseandfallofdynasties,basedonthemandateofheavenFeudalgovernment–Zhouemperorsgrantedcontroloflargeareasoflandtolocallords,butowedmilitaryservicetotheemperorZhouDynastyZhouDynastyEconomyTrade–increasedasaresultofnewroadsandcanals(infrastructure)Money–ChinesecoppercoinsasaformofcurrencyAgriculture

expands–developmentofirontoolsZhouDynastyZhouDynastyContributionsConfucianism–BeliefsystemthatprovidedorderandstabilityinChinabycreatingrulesofbehaviorsforindividualsbasedonfilialpietyDaoism–Beliefsystemthatstressedharmonyinnature,basedontheDaoandconceptsoftheyinandyangZhouDynastyZhouDynastyContributionscontinued…Literature–“BookofSongs”–poemsthatdescribefarming,government,ceremoniesandloveAstronomy–Studiedplanetmovementsandellipsestocreatea365daycalendarSilk–ExpensivematerialusedforclothingthatwasChina’smostvaluableexportIron–usedforweaponsandtoolsZhouDynastyQinDynastyQinDynasty–China(221BCE–206BCE)GovernmentOverthrewtheZhoudynastyShiHuangdiclaimstobeChina’s“FirstEmperor”CentralizedgovernmentAbolishedfeudalstatesCreatedmilitarydistricts-officialheadingeachareaLegalism-strictsetoflawsthatimposedharshpenalties.Usedtojail,tortureandkillthosewhoimposedtheemperor.WouldtargetnoblesandConfucianscholars.Burnedbooks–destructionofallbooksofliteratureandphilosophyQinDynastyEconomyStandardizedweightsandmeasuresCreatednationalcoinsRepaired

infrastructure(roadsandcanals)QinDynastyContributionsGreatWallofChina–BuilttokeepChina’scivilizedworldseparatedfromnomadicinvadersfromthenorth(Mongols)Thousandsofworkersdiedbuildingthewallduetoharshconditions.QinDynastyHanDynastyHanDynasty–China(206BCE-220CE)GovernmentDynasticCycle-PeopledespisedtheQin’sdynasty’sharshlawsandheavytaxes;Ledbypeasants,theHanDynastywouldtakecontrolofChinaHanDynasty–ReducedtaxesandrepealedLegalismCivilServiceExams–EmperorWudiimprovedChina’sgovernmentbysettingupexamsbasedonConfucianprinciples;thiswouldassureChineseofficialsweregivenjobsbasedonmerit,nottheirfamilyinfluenceHanDynastyEconomyInfrastructure–newroadsandcanalsimprovedtradeMonopoly–setupanmonopolyonironandsalt;thisgavethegovernmentanothersourceofincomeotherthanthetaxesonpeasantsSilkRoad–WudiopenedatraderoutetothewestthatexpandedfromchinatotheMiddleEastandEasternEurope.HanDynastyHanDynastySocietyScholargentry–WealthyeducatedclassemergedfromtheCivilServiceExamsWomen–Confucianprincipleshadwomensubordinatetomen;womenwerenotallowedtotaketheexamsandcouldnottakeagovernmentjobHanDynastyContributionsTechnologyPapermakingfromwoodpulpWheelbarrowFishingreelRudder–devicetohelpsteershipsSuspensionbridgesIronstirrupsHanDynastyHanDynastyScienceAcupuncture–needlesareinsertedundertheskintorelievepainandtotreatillnessesHanDynastyArtsTemplesandpalacesJadeandIvorycarvingsBronzeartworksSilkLiterature–“LessonsforaWoman”–RolesformenandwomenHanDynastyHanDynastyFalloftheHanDynastyPoliticalCauses–WeakrulersafterthedeathofWudi;unabletocontrolpowerfulwarlordsEconomicCauses–Didnotmaintaincanalsandroadswhichwerevitalfortradetoprosper;Increasedtaxesonthepeasants,ledtoarevoltMilitaryCauses–WarlordsoverthrewthelastHanemperorin22CE,theempirewassplitintoseveralkingdoms;invadersoverrantheGreatWallandsetuptheirownkingdomsGreeceGreece(1750BCE–133BC)

GeographicsettingRegion-SoutheastEuropeTopography-many

mountains,isolatedvalleys

andsmallislandsTheMediterraneanandAegeanSeas-importantlinktotheoutsideworldTheGreeksbecameskilledseatradersallowedforculturaldiffusionwheretheyexchangedgoodsandideas(technology)TheyadoptedthePhoenicianalphabetfortheirownuse.GreeceGreeceEarlycivilizationsMinoans(1750BCE)-firstGreekcivilizationwasestablished.TheMinoanstradedwithEgyptandMesopotamiaGreeceGovernmentCity-States-Duetotheruggedmountainsandisolatedvalleys,Greekcivilizationsrevolvedaroundthesmallcity-stateorpolis.ThisgeographypreventedtheGreeksfrombuildingalargeempireliketheEgyptiansorMesopotamiansGreeceTheRiseofCityStatesGreekculture–Greekcity-stateshadindependentgovernment

butsharedmanyculturalcharacteristicssuchas:language,religion,andsports.Between750BCEand500BCEthecitystateshadseveraldifferenttypesofgovernmentMonarchy–firstformofgovernmentAristocracy–ruledbylandowningnoblesGreeceSparta–ATotalitarian,MilitaryDictatorshipAttheageofseven

boysmovedintothemilitarybarracksTheytrainedhardandfacedrigiddisciplineGirlsalsotrainedhardtostrengthentheirbodiesHealthywomenproducehealthybabiesSpartawasantotalitarian

state

thatproducedanexcellent

militaryButtheydidnottrade,createproducts,norweretheyscholarlysotheyleftnoculturalachievementsSpartaninabilitytochange,wouldleadtoitsdeclineGreeceGreeceAthens–ALimitedDemocracyGoldenAge-UndertheleadershipofPericles(460BCE–429BCE)Direct-Democracy-all“citizens”participatedingovernmentbydebatingallpoliticalactions.Males-over30,whoownslandcouldvoteWomen-wereseenasneedingmaleguidanceandwerenotallowedtoparticipate.Slavesandforeigners-alsodidnotparticipateGreeceHellenisticCivilizationAlexandertheGreatandtheHellenisticageMacedonia-amountainousregioninthekingdomofnorthernGreece.Empire–ConqueredGreece,Egypt,PersiaandpartsofIndiaHellenisticculture-blendedaspectsofGreek,Persian,EgyptianandIndianlifeThisculturegavemorerightsandopportunitiestowomen.Althoughtheempirefellsoonafterhisdeath,Hellenisticculturehada

lastingimpactintheregionshehadruled.HellenisticCivilizationGreekandHellenicContributionsGreekandHellenisticContributionsPhilosophyGreekthinkersused

observation

and

reasontounderstandwhythingshappenedThewordphilosophermeans“l(fā)overofwisdom”Socrates-DevelopedtheSocraticmethod:learningaboutbeliefsandideasbyaskingquestions;GovernmentputhimtodeathPlato-Believedgovernmentshouldcontrolthelivesofthepeople;Dividedsocietyintothreeclasses;workers,philosophersandsoldiersAristotle-BelievedstrongandgoodleadersruledthroughreasonGreekandHellenicContributionsGreekandHellenicContributionsLiteratureTheatre–dramas,tragediesandcomediesHomer–FamouspoetIliad-SetintheTrojanWar-theten-yearsiegeofIliumbyacoalitionofGreekstates,ittellsofthebattlesandeventsduringtheweeksofaquarrelbetweenKingAgamemnonandthewarriorAchillesOdyssey–asequeltotheIliad,ThepoemmainlycentersontheGreekheroUlyssesandhislongjourneyhomefollowingthefallofTroy.IttakesOdysseustenyearstoreachhomeHerodotus–FirsttruehistorianConsideredthe“fatherofhistory”forhiscarefulhistoricalwritingGreekandHellenicContributionsGreekandHellenicContributionsArtandArchitectureGreekStatues-werelife-like,andshowedthehumanbodyintheperfectformParthenon-ThemostfamousGreekbuildingColumns–structuresthatprovidedsupporttoabuildingSymmetry-equalangles,lengthsandsidesGreekandHellenicContributionsGreekandHellenicContributionsScienceAstronomy-AristarchusdiscoveredthattheearthrotatedonitsaxisandmovesaroundthesunArchimedes-exploredtheprincipalsoftheleverandpulleyHippocrates

-aGreekphysicianstudiesthecausesofillnessandlookedforcuresHippocraticOath–Oathdoctorssworetodonoharmandtokeeptheirpatient’sinformationconfidentialMathematicsPythagoras-theformulaofarighttriangleEuclid

–hisbookisthebasisformoderngeometryRome

(509BCE–476CE)GeographyRegion–SouthWesternEuropeRome–locatedinthecenteroftheItalianpeninsulaMediterraneanSea–helpedtheRomanstradeandexpandintoanempirethatspannedthreecontinents(Europe,NorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast)RomeRomeGovernmentRomanRepublic–establishedagovernmentwherepeoplehadthepowertoelectrepresentativesSenate–mostpowerfulgoverningbodyoftherepublicRomanLaw–Rome’s

greatestachievementTwelveTables–codifiedlawsofRomethatguaranteedtherighttoallRomancitizensBasicprinciples–equalityunderthelaw,rightoftheaccusedtofacetheaccuseranddefendone’sself,ideaofbeinginnocentuntilprovenguiltyMaleshadauthorityoverhiswifeandfamilyRomeRome

SocietyPatricians–Upperclass,landowningRomancitizensEligibletotakepartintheSenatePlebeians–Socialclassmadeupoffarmers,merchants,artisansandtraders;LimitedPower-becausetheyreliedonthePatricianstomakechangesinthegovernmentWomen–weresubordinatetomen,butgainedrighttoholdaprominentpublicroleandownbusinessesRomeRomanEmpireConquest–By270BCE,RomehadconqueredtheItalianpeninsulaandthenusedtheMediterraneanSeatoconquer