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自動(dòng)擋轎車的正確使用與操作技巧
一、自動(dòng)汽車的檔位
一般來(lái)說(shuō),自動(dòng)檔汽車的自動(dòng)變速器的檔位分為P、R、N、D、2(或S)、L(或1)等。下面分別詳細(xì)介紹如下:
P(Parking)停車檔,或稱泊車檔:
P用作停車之用,它是利用機(jī)械裝置去鎖緊汽車的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)局部,使汽車不能移動(dòng)。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)只要選檔桿在行駛位置上,自動(dòng)變速器汽車就很容易地行走。而停放時(shí),選檔桿必須扳入P位,從而通過(guò)變速器內(nèi)部的停車制動(dòng)裝置將輸出軸鎖住,并拉緊手制動(dòng),防止汽車移動(dòng)。當(dāng)汽車需要在一固定位置上停留一段較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,或在??恐箅x開(kāi)車輛前,應(yīng)該拉好手制動(dòng)及將撥桿推進(jìn)“P〞的位置上。
要注意的是:車輛一定要在完全停止時(shí)才可使用P檔,要不然自動(dòng)變速器的機(jī)械局部會(huì)受到損壞。當(dāng)你停車不用時(shí),檔位在此,此時(shí)車輪處于機(jī)械抱死狀態(tài),可以防止溜動(dòng)。另外,自動(dòng)變速轎車上裝置空檔啟動(dòng)開(kāi)關(guān),使得汽車只能在“P〞或“N〞檔才能啟動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),以防止在其他檔位上誤啟動(dòng)時(shí)使汽車突然前竄。
R(Reverse)倒檔:
R是倒車時(shí)使用。自動(dòng)變速器汽車不像手動(dòng)變速器汽車那樣能夠使用半聯(lián)動(dòng),故在倒車時(shí)要特別注意加速踏板的控制。通常要按下?lián)軛U上的保險(xiǎn)按鈕,才可將撥桿移至“R〞檔。要注意的是:當(dāng)車輛尚未完全停定時(shí),絕對(duì)不可以強(qiáng)行轉(zhuǎn)至“R〞檔,否那么變速器會(huì)受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞。
N(Neutral)空檔:
N位是指空檔,可在起動(dòng)時(shí)或拖車和暫時(shí)停車時(shí)〔如紅燈〕,用此檔位。為防止車輛在斜坡上溜動(dòng),當(dāng)掛空檔時(shí)一定要踩著剎車。將撥桿置于“N〞檔上,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與變速器之間的動(dòng)力已經(jīng)切斷別離。如短暫停留可將撥桿置于此檔并拉出手制動(dòng)桿,右腳可移離剎車踏板稍作休息。在等待信號(hào)或堵車時(shí)常常將選檔桿保持在D位,同時(shí)踩下制動(dòng)。假設(shè)時(shí)間很短,這樣做是允許的,但假設(shè)停止時(shí)間長(zhǎng)時(shí)最好換入N位,并拉緊手制動(dòng)。因?yàn)檫x檔桿在行駛位置上,自動(dòng)變速器汽車一般都有微弱的行駛趨勢(shì),長(zhǎng)時(shí)間踩住制動(dòng)等于強(qiáng)行制止這種趨勢(shì),使得變速器油溫升高,油液容易變質(zhì)。尤其在空調(diào)器工作、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)怠速較高的情況下更為不利。有些駕駛員為了節(jié)油,在高速行駛或下坡時(shí)將選檔桿扳到N位滑行,這很容易燒壞變速器,因?yàn)檫@時(shí)變速器輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)速很高,而發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)卻在怠速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),油泵供油缺乏,潤(rùn)滑狀況惡化,易燒壞變速器。
D(Drive)前進(jìn)檔,也稱驅(qū)動(dòng)檔:
D這個(gè)檔位下變速箱會(huì)在1~超速檔〔相當(dāng)于1~4檔〕根據(jù)速度和油門情況自動(dòng)切換,該檔位用在一般道路行駛。由于各國(guó)車型有不同的設(shè)計(jì),所以“D〞檔一般包括從1檔至高檔或者2檔至高檔,并會(huì)因車速及負(fù)荷的變化而自動(dòng)換檔。將撥桿放置在“D〞檔上,駕車者控制車速快慢只要控制好油門踏板就可以了。正常行駛時(shí)將選檔桿放在D位,汽車可在1~4檔(或3檔)之間自動(dòng)換檔。D位是最常用的行駛位置。需要掌握的是:由于自動(dòng)變速器是根據(jù)油門大小與車速上下來(lái)確定檔位的,所以加速踏板操作方法不同,換檔時(shí)的車速也不相同。如果起步時(shí)迅速將加速踏板踩下,升檔晚,加速能力強(qiáng),到一定車速后,再將加速踏板很快松開(kāi),汽車就能立即升檔,這樣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)噪聲小,舒適性好。D位的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)制低檔,便于高速時(shí)超車,在D位行駛中迅速將加速踏板踩到底,接通強(qiáng)制低檔開(kāi)關(guān)就能自動(dòng)減檔,汽車很快加速,超車之后松開(kāi)加速踏板又可自動(dòng)升檔。
S或2(SecondGear)2檔:
2檔為低速前進(jìn)檔,也表示限制檔,此檔時(shí),啟動(dòng)用1檔,啟動(dòng)后,變速箱就在2檔上,用于濕滑路面起步,或者慢速前進(jìn)時(shí)作為限制檔使用。在上很大的斜坡時(shí),或者在比擬傾斜的坡度上啟動(dòng)時(shí),可以用此檔起步前進(jìn)。把檔位掛在這里,可以限制汽車的檔位自動(dòng)的只在低檔位〔相當(dāng)于手動(dòng)檔汽車的一檔和二檔〕上切換,以保證汽車獲得最大前進(jìn)動(dòng)力。將撥桿放置在2檔位,汽車會(huì)由1檔起步,當(dāng)速度增加時(shí)會(huì)自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)2檔。2檔可以用作上、下斜坡之用,此檔段的好處是當(dāng)上斜或落斜時(shí),車輛會(huì)穩(wěn)定地保持在1檔或2檔位置,不會(huì)因上斜的負(fù)荷或車速的不平衡、令變速器不停地轉(zhuǎn)檔。在落斜坡時(shí),利用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)低轉(zhuǎn)速的阻力作制動(dòng),也不會(huì)令車子越行越快(另個(gè)一種S檔表示的意思是Sport模式,介紹如下)。
S表示運(yùn)動(dòng)模式〔sport〕
S表示運(yùn)動(dòng)模式〔sport〕在這個(gè)檔位下變速箱可以自由換檔,但是換檔時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)延遲,使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在高轉(zhuǎn)速上保持較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,使車輛動(dòng)力加大。當(dāng)然顯然這個(gè)會(huì)造成油耗增加。
L(Low)或1(FirstGear)低速檔,也稱1檔:
L檔也是低前進(jìn)檔,在下山或者下長(zhǎng)距離的斜坡時(shí),把檔位掛在這里,可以限制汽車的檔位自動(dòng)的只在最低檔〔相當(dāng)于手動(dòng)檔汽車的一檔〕上,可以使得汽車在下坡時(shí)使用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力進(jìn)行制動(dòng),駕駛員不必要長(zhǎng)時(shí)間踩剎車導(dǎo)致剎車片過(guò)熱而發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)。這時(shí)變速器只能在1檔內(nèi)工作,不能變換到其他檔位。它用在嚴(yán)重交通堵塞的情況和斜度較大的斜坡上最能發(fā)揮功用。上斜坡或下斜坡時(shí),可充分利用汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的扭力。
二、S、L位低檔的使用
自動(dòng)變速器在S位或L位上處于低檔范圍,可以在坡道等情況下使用。下坡時(shí)換入S位或L位能充分利用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)制動(dòng),防止車輪制動(dòng)器過(guò)熱,導(dǎo)致制動(dòng)效能下降。但是從D位換入S位或L位時(shí),車速不能高于相應(yīng)的升檔車速,否那么發(fā)動(dòng)時(shí)機(jī)強(qiáng)烈振動(dòng),使變速器油溫急劇上升,甚至?xí)p壞變速器。另外在雨霧天氣時(shí),假設(shè)路面附著條件差,可以換入S位或L位,固定在某一低檔行駛,不要使用能自動(dòng)換檔的位置,以免汽車打滑。同時(shí)必須牢記,打滑時(shí)可將選檔桿推入N位,切斷發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力,以保證行車平安。
三、自動(dòng)檔汽車的使用
1、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在啟動(dòng)時(shí),自動(dòng)變速箱對(duì)檔位也做了限制,這是廠家出于平安的考慮而對(duì)變速箱所做的調(diào)整。一般只有當(dāng)變速桿處于檔位P或N的位置,才可以啟動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。如果變速桿在行駛檔位,諸如D、R等位置,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不能啟動(dòng)。這一限制的目的是為了防止汽車與前后的物體發(fā)生碰撞。如果新手啟動(dòng)不了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),應(yīng)該先檢查一下是不是掛錯(cuò)了檔。如果不是P或者N檔,應(yīng)該先調(diào)整過(guò)來(lái),再啟動(dòng)車子;
2、利用N檔啟動(dòng)的方法:當(dāng)你車輛發(fā)動(dòng)后,不需要倒車而直接向前行駛時(shí),你可以先接通電源,踩住剎車把檔位推到N,再點(diǎn)火,之后掛入D檔直接前行,這樣可以防止在P檔打火后,需要經(jīng)過(guò)R檔,使變速箱經(jīng)過(guò)一次反向沖擊!另外的作用就是在行駛中突然熄火時(shí),可以在保證平安的情況下迅速將檔位推至N檔打火再啟動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī);
3、車子啟動(dòng)要走時(shí),只有踏下制動(dòng)踏板,方可將變速桿從P檔或N檔移出,換入行駛檔位。松開(kāi)制動(dòng)踏板,車子就可以慢慢行駛了。之所以要提前踩剎車,目的也是為了司機(jī)和車子的平安。否那么,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)后,掛上前進(jìn)檔,車子就會(huì)發(fā)生移動(dòng),此時(shí)如果司機(jī)反響不夠,很容易發(fā)生碰撞事故;
4、在行駛中可以自由地切換前進(jìn)檔。這些檔位雖然限制可以到達(dá)的最高檔位,但是只要檔位與速度匹配,就可以自由切換;
5、行駛中切不可掛入N檔滑行,因?yàn)樽詣?dòng)變速箱內(nèi)需要潤(rùn)滑,當(dāng)行駛中把檔位放在N上面時(shí)油泵是無(wú)法正常地供油進(jìn)行潤(rùn)滑的,會(huì)使變速箱內(nèi)部件溫度升高,造成徹底損壞!另外高速空檔滑行也是非常危險(xiǎn)的,而且并不省油。低速時(shí)滑至停止可以提前掛入N檔,倒沒(méi)有什么影響;
6、在車輛行駛過(guò)程中千萬(wàn)不可推入P檔,除非你不想要車了。需要改變行駛方向時(shí),一定要等車輛停穩(wěn)后再做切換檔位;
7、由于自動(dòng)變速箱內(nèi)有液壓傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu),且液體流動(dòng)有一定的慣性,不能猝然就發(fā)生變化,所以最好是在車子停穩(wěn)后,再掛入倒檔。車輛未完全停穩(wěn)前,絕對(duì)禁止把變速桿掛入P檔。停車后,必須熄火掛入P檔才能抽出鑰匙。很多人習(xí)慣停下來(lái)直接推到P檔再熄火,拉手剎。細(xì)心的人會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣操作,熄火后一般車輛因路面不平會(huì)前后小小挪動(dòng)一下,而這時(shí)P檔變速箱有個(gè)咬合裝置是和變速齒輪咬住的,這時(shí)的挪動(dòng)會(huì)對(duì)變速齒輪造成一點(diǎn)沖擊!正確的做法應(yīng)該是:車進(jìn)入停車位置后,踩住剎車將排檔桿拉到N檔,拉起手剎,松開(kāi)腳剎然后熄火,最后再將排檔桿推入P檔!當(dāng)然這也是屬于對(duì)變速箱精益求精的保護(hù);
8、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間停車必須使用手剎,否那么會(huì)破壞自動(dòng)變速箱的鎖止機(jī)構(gòu)。P檔和N檔的區(qū)別還在于,P檔時(shí)變速箱內(nèi)有齒輪咬合,它不僅用于停車,而且會(huì)幫助車輛制動(dòng),在停車后一定要將檔位推到P檔,切不掛在N檔單單依靠手剎來(lái)制動(dòng)!特別在有坡度的地方停車更是應(yīng)該如此;
9、等紅燈時(shí),到底應(yīng)該使用用N檔還是D檔,可以根據(jù)自己習(xí)慣,暫時(shí)停車踩住剎車掛在D對(duì)車子也沒(méi)有損害,因?yàn)樽兯傧鋬?nèi)扭力轉(zhuǎn)換器設(shè)有一組附有單向離合器的反響輪,其作用是放大來(lái)自發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)曲軸的扭力,在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)怠速下它是不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的,只有待發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速上升時(shí)它才會(huì)起作用。所以踩住剎車等紅燈也時(shí)沒(méi)有關(guān)系的,掛到N拉手剎也無(wú)妨。一般來(lái)說(shuō),如果停車在半分鐘以上你就掛入N拉手剎,如果停車時(shí)間很短那就踩著剎車等就好了。
四、自動(dòng)檔汽車行駛技巧
一般正常行駛下自動(dòng)檔的換檔區(qū)間在2000-2500轉(zhuǎn)之間。假設(shè)你重踩油門,變速箱會(huì)自動(dòng)延遲換檔時(shí)機(jī),以獲得長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的大功率輸出,一般會(huì)在3000轉(zhuǎn)以后才會(huì)升檔,全踩的情況下會(huì)到轉(zhuǎn)速到達(dá)紅線區(qū)才升入下一檔〔這種設(shè)置根本就代替了S檔的作用〕。相反假設(shè)你緩踩油門變速箱會(huì)最早在轉(zhuǎn)速2000不到時(shí)就升入下一檔,以到達(dá)配合駕駛者意圖和節(jié)油的目的。
自動(dòng)檔踩一下松一下可以實(shí)現(xiàn)提前升檔是正確的〔但也要選擇好踩、松的時(shí)機(jī)〕,但這是在犧牲加速的情況下到達(dá)相對(duì)節(jié)油的目的,并不能使車輛加速更快。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)速上升到換檔區(qū)間后,你只要輕收油門,自動(dòng)變速箱會(huì)自動(dòng)作出升檔的指令,而在你收油的瞬間發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速會(huì)下降一些,正好于剛升檔的齒比銜接,這時(shí)再加油前行,你會(huì)覺(jué)得整個(gè)換檔過(guò)程更加平順,乘坐也更加舒適。
*需要注意的是:實(shí)現(xiàn)提前升檔后,再踩油門時(shí)不可度數(shù)過(guò)大,否那么變速箱會(huì)認(rèn)為駕駛者需要急加速,而當(dāng)前檔位動(dòng)力輸出無(wú)法滿足要求而自動(dòng)降檔,又回到較低檔位上造成跳檔!這點(diǎn)車友們可以在操作中實(shí)驗(yàn)幾次掌握好自己車輛變速箱的控制尺度。
1/2檔〔限制檔〕兩個(gè)起作用的時(shí)候,那就是在上坡和下坡的時(shí)候。先來(lái)說(shuō)上坡,如果坡度很大,甚至可以掛入2或者1來(lái)完成爬坡后再掛入行駛檔正常行駛。下坡的時(shí)候,限制檔就是作為輔助制動(dòng)來(lái)使用,大家都知道手動(dòng)檔車在山區(qū)行駛,下長(zhǎng)坡、大坡時(shí)〔當(dāng)然下小坡就沒(méi)有必要這么操作了〕可以掛在較低檔位作為輔助制動(dòng),而自動(dòng)檔在D檔時(shí)是沒(méi)有輔助制動(dòng)作用的,它只會(huì)越滑越快。在這個(gè)時(shí)候就可以掛入限制檔,利用限制檔位上升來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)作為剎車的輔助制動(dòng),以減輕剎車片的工作壓力。
限制檔有時(shí)也可以作為強(qiáng)制降檔使用,就是說(shuō)你長(zhǎng)時(shí)間需要強(qiáng)大扭力輸出的時(shí)候,你可以用它把檔位控制在較低檔位上來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),或者是超車時(shí),你可以直接把檔位拉下來(lái)。不過(guò)自動(dòng)變速箱也是會(huì)根據(jù)你踩油門的度數(shù)來(lái)決定是否降檔的,例如你要超前面的慢車,你可以先松開(kāi)油門再一腳踩下去,這時(shí)變速箱就會(huì)自動(dòng)降1檔甚至2檔來(lái)滿足你的動(dòng)力要求,完成超車后松開(kāi)油門,檔位又會(huì)回到你當(dāng)前速度適宜的檔位,這種情況下你就沒(méi)必要使用限制檔,光用油門來(lái)控制就可以了。
五、自動(dòng)檔的考前須知
1〕只有在P、N兩檔時(shí)才可以發(fā)動(dòng)車輛,從P檔摘出排擋桿必需踩住剎車。N檔啟動(dòng)的使用是當(dāng)你車輛發(fā)動(dòng)后就直接向前行駛時(shí),你可以先接通電源〔不打著發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)〕,踩住剎車把檔位拉到N,再點(diǎn)火,之后掛入D檔直接前行,這樣可以防止在P檔打火后,需要經(jīng)過(guò)R檔,使變速箱經(jīng)過(guò)一次反向沖擊!另外的作用就是在行駛中突然熄火時(shí),可以在保證平安的情況下迅速將檔位推至N檔打火再啟動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。
2〕一般檔位在N、D、3間切換時(shí)不用按換檔按鈕,從3往下的限制檔上掛必需按換檔鈕,從低檔往高檔掛不用按換檔鈕。
3〕行駛中切不可掛入N檔滑行,因?yàn)樽詣?dòng)變速箱內(nèi)需要潤(rùn)滑,當(dāng)行駛中把檔位放在N上面時(shí)油泵是無(wú)法正常地供油進(jìn)行潤(rùn)滑的,會(huì)使變速箱內(nèi)部件溫度升高,造成徹底損壞!另外高速是空檔滑行也是非常危險(xiǎn)的,而且并不省油!低速時(shí)滑至停止可以提前掛入N檔,倒沒(méi)有什么影響。
4〕自動(dòng)檔車在行駛中切不可推入P檔。在行駛方向變動(dòng)時(shí),D檔與R檔切換一定要等車輛停穩(wěn)后再做操作。
5〕行駛結(jié)束停車時(shí):車進(jìn)入停車位置后,踩住剎車――排擋桿拉到N檔――拉起手剎――松開(kāi)腳剎然后熄火―――排擋桿推入P檔―――拔鑰匙!
6〕臨時(shí)停車〔如等紅燈〕時(shí),N或者D都沒(méi)有錯(cuò),根據(jù)自己習(xí)慣即可,如果停車在半分鐘以上你就掛入N拉手剎吧。
六、自動(dòng)檔駕車并非D檔一路到底
自動(dòng)變速系統(tǒng)和手動(dòng)變速系統(tǒng)是兩種完全不同的設(shè)計(jì),兩者除了最終的工作目的相同之外,其動(dòng)作原理和表現(xiàn)方式都不相同。雖然自動(dòng)檔駕駛很簡(jiǎn)單,但如果要把自動(dòng)檔車用得得心應(yīng)手,也需要一定的技巧。理論上講,無(wú)論是手動(dòng)變速,還是自動(dòng)變速,假設(shè)以正確的方式操作,應(yīng)該會(huì)有近似的表現(xiàn)。感覺(jué)自動(dòng)檔的車子不如手動(dòng)檔的車有力,主要是因?yàn)椴僮鞑粚?duì)。
習(xí)慣手動(dòng)檔的駕駛者通常都清楚最正確的換檔時(shí)機(jī),用起來(lái)比擬得心應(yīng)手。可自動(dòng)檔的車子,人們往往不太會(huì)用,常常是簡(jiǎn)單地選用D檔,一路到底。這被認(rèn)為是自動(dòng)檔汽車最正確的駕駛方法,雖然沒(méi)有錯(cuò),但在找到輕松駕駛的感覺(jué)之后,又不免覺(jué)得它不夠味道,似乎在整體性能表現(xiàn)上總是稍遜于手動(dòng)檔的車。事實(shí)并非如此,這里面存在著很多使用問(wèn)題。如果使用正確的操控方式,自動(dòng)檔的汽車也會(huì)有凌駕于手動(dòng)檔的優(yōu)異表現(xiàn)。
自動(dòng)變速系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)讓D檔位可以根據(jù)車速自動(dòng)在3-2(4速或3速自動(dòng)檔汽車)或4-3-2(5速自動(dòng)檔汽車)檔間自動(dòng)變換。這樣的設(shè)計(jì),在市區(qū)走走停停的情況下,自動(dòng)變速箱就會(huì)在3-2、2-3或是檔間不斷地變換。車輛的加速性取決于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的扭矩表現(xiàn),手動(dòng)檔的汽車可由車主控制在最大扭矩輸出點(diǎn)換檔,而自動(dòng)檔的車子頻頻上下?lián)Q檔的動(dòng)作當(dāng)然會(huì)讓駕駛者感到車子表現(xiàn)“軟弱無(wú)力〞。這樣的情形在持續(xù)上下坡的路段更為明顯。
解決的方法之一,在不考慮耗油的前提下,平時(shí)用車也用大油門起步?,F(xiàn)在多數(shù)的自動(dòng)檔車的變速程序有學(xué)習(xí)功能,如果你油門踏板踩得較深,變速程序會(huì)自動(dòng)改變?cè)葥Q檔點(diǎn)。比方說(shuō)原來(lái)的設(shè)定是2500轉(zhuǎn)升檔的,用大油門后會(huì)在4000轉(zhuǎn)或者以上才升檔,這樣車輛實(shí)際輸出的扭矩比之前就大得多,車輛的動(dòng)力也更強(qiáng)。如果你經(jīng)常用大油門,自動(dòng)變速程序就會(huì)記住你的駕駛習(xí)慣,自動(dòng)變速器的換檔點(diǎn)就會(huì)改變出廠時(shí)兼顧動(dòng)力性和節(jié)能性的設(shè)定,自動(dòng)調(diào)高升檔點(diǎn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速。另外如果你的車有運(yùn)動(dòng)模式設(shè)定的,選擇運(yùn)動(dòng)模式行車,也會(huì)有同樣的效果。
解決的方法之二,摒棄D檔到底的習(xí)慣,正確地使用自動(dòng)檔,改變一檔到底的習(xí)慣。許多自動(dòng)檔車型除D檔外,還有1、2、3檔。市區(qū)車速不快時(shí),可將檔位放在2檔或3檔,山路那么放在2檔或1檔,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)愛(ài)車似乎脫胎換骨,跑起來(lái)不但有力,而且更加輕快。也許有人會(huì)疑心,這樣的操作會(huì)不會(huì)對(duì)變速系統(tǒng)有不良影響?會(huì)不會(huì)比擬耗油?答案是不但不會(huì),而且還會(huì)更為有利。因?yàn)?,既然變速系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)有這些檔位,就表示它們各有所司,正確的操作絕對(duì)不會(huì)造成損傷。同時(shí),可防止以較高檔位拖著車輛行駛,油耗必然也會(huì)較低,還能減少發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)積碳的現(xiàn)象。這種不拖檔的觀念手動(dòng)檔
車主很強(qiáng)。
自動(dòng)檔車子在市區(qū)行駛時(shí),如果車速無(wú)法超過(guò)60公里/小時(shí),就要用低于D檔的一個(gè)檔位,這樣可使加速凌厲,且防止積碳的產(chǎn)生;當(dāng)車速超過(guò)60以后,使用D檔行駛,不但省油,也不會(huì)有損加速性。在山路行駛時(shí),那么要依據(jù)情況使用2檔或1檔,除了可以維持強(qiáng)勁的扭矩輸出外,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)剎車的效果更可以防止過(guò)度使用腳剎,能夠確保行車平安。自動(dòng)檔車的D檔不具備發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)剎車的功能,并會(huì)隨著下坡車速的增加不斷向高速檔位變換,使車速越來(lái)越快,必須不停地使用腳剎來(lái)控制車速,很容易讓剎車因使用過(guò)度而產(chǎn)生高熱失效,這是非常危險(xiǎn)的。因此,駕駛自動(dòng)檔的汽車走長(zhǎng)下坡路時(shí),一定不要用D檔行駛,以防不測(cè)。即便你買自動(dòng)檔汽車的目的就是為了免掉換檔的麻煩,也要稍微勤快一點(diǎn)。在低速時(shí),換入D檔以下的檔位,高速時(shí)再放心、省事地使用D檔大膽地往前開(kāi)。這樣會(huì)有事半功倍的良好效果。
〔英文版〕Tworegulationspromulgatedforimplementationisinthepartyinpowerforalongtimeandtheruleoflawconditions,theimplementationofcomprehensivestrictlystrategicplan,implementationinaccordancewiththerulesanddisciplinetomanagetheparty,strengtheninner-partysupervisionofmajorinitiatives.Thetworegulationssupportingeachother,the<code>adheretoapositiveadvocate,focusingonmoralityisofPartymembersandPartyleadingcadrescansee,enoughtogetahighstandard;<rule>aroundthepartydiscipline,disciplinaryrulerrequirements,listedas"negativelist,focusingonverticalgauge,drawthepartyorganizationsandPartymembersdonottouchthe"bottomline".Here,themainfromfoursquarefacetwopartyrulesofinterpretation:thefirstpartintroducestwopartyRevisedregulationsthenecessityandtherevisionprocess;thesecondpartistheinterpretationofthetwofundamentalprinciplesoftherevisionoflawsandregulationsintheparty;thethirdpartintroducestwopartyregulationsmodifiedthemainchangesandneedstograspseveralkeyproblems;thefourthpartonhowtograsptheimplementationofthetworegulationsoftheparty.<code>and<Regulations>revisedthenecessityandrevisedhistoryoftheCPCCentralCommitteetheamendmenttotheChineseCommunistPartymembersandleadingcadreshonestpoliticsseveralguidelines>and<ChineseCommunistPartydisciplineandPunishmentRegulations>column1by2021tostrengthenpartylawsandregulationsfocus.TwopartyregulationsrevisionworklastedaYears,poolingthewisdomofthewholeparty,ideologicalconsensus,drawhistoricalexperience,respectforthewisdomofourpredecessors,whichreflectstheunityofinheritanceandinnovation;followthecorrectdirection,graspthelimitedgoals,adheretotheparty'sleadership,tosolvethemassesofthepeoplereflectafocusontheproblem.Thenewrevisionofthe<code>and<rule>,reflectstheparty's18andtheeighthsessionofthethird,thespiritofthefourthplenarysession,reflectingtheexperienceofstudyingandimplementingtheGeneralSecretaryXiJinpingseriesofimportantspeech,reflectstheparty'seighteenyearscomprehensivestrictlypractice.(a)revisedtworegulationsofthepartyneedof<theICACguidelines>in<in1997LeadersasmembersoftheCommunistPartyofChinacleanpoliticscertaincriteria(Trial)>basedonrevised,thepromulgationandimplementationofJanuary2021,tostrengthentheconstructionofthecontingentofleadingcadresplayanimportantrole.Butwiththepartytomanagethepartystrictlyadministeringthedeepening,hasnotbeenabletofullymeettheactualneeds.Contentistoocomplicated,"eightprohibition,52arenotallowedto"hardtoremember,andalsodifficulttoputintopractice;thesecondisconciselypositiveadvocatedbythelackofprohibitedprovisionsexcessive,noautonomyrequirements;thethirdisbannedtermsanddisciplinelaw,bothwiththepartydiscipline,disciplinaryregulationsrepeatandCriminallawandotherlawsandregulationsrepeat;thefourthisto"clean"thethemeisnotprominent,notfortheexistingproblems,andisnarrow,onlyneedleofcounty-levelleadingcadresabove.<rule>isin1997<ChineseCommunistPartydisciplinarycases(Trial)>basedonrevision,inDecember2003thepromulgationandimplementation,tostrengthentheconstructionofthepartyplayveryimportantrole.Alongwiththedevelopmentofthesituation,whichmanyprovisionshavebeenunabletofullymeetthecomprehensivestrictlyadministeringthepracticeneeds.OneisJilaw,morethanhalfoftheprovisionsandcriminallawandothercountrieslawsandregulationsRepetition;twoisthepoliticaldisciplineregulationsisnotprominent,notspecific,forviolationofthepartyconstitution,damagetheauthorityofPartyConstitutionofmisconductlacknecessaryandseriousresponsibilitytopursue;thirdisthemaindisciplinefortheleadingcadres,doesnotcoverallPartymembers.Basedontheabovesituation,needto<thecriterionofacleanandhonestadministration>and<rule>thetwoislikelytobemorerelevantregulationsfirstamendment.Byrevising,reallyputtheauthorityofPartydiscipline,theseriousnessinthepartytreeandcallupthemajorityofPartymembersandcadresofthepartyconstitutionofpartycompassespartyconsciousness.(II)twopartyregulationsrevisionprocesstheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaattachesgreatimportancetotworegulationsrevision.XiJinping,generalbooksrecordedintheFifthPlenarySessionoftheeighthsessionoftheCentralCommissionforDisciplineInspection,ontherevisedregulations<>madeclearinstructions.Accordingtothecentraldeployment,theCentralCommissionforDisciplineInspectionfrom2021undersixmonthsbeginstudytworegulationsrevision.TheStandingCommitteeoftheCentralCommissionforDisciplineInspection4reviewrevised.ComradeWangQishan14timesheldaspecialmeetingtostudytworegulationsrevision,amendmentclarifiesthedirection,majorissuesofprinciple,pathandtarget,respectivelyheldaforumwilllistentopartoftheprovince(area)secretaryofthePartycommittee,SecretaryoftheDisciplineInspectionCommission,partofthecentralministriesandstateorgansDepartmentThefirstpartycommitteeismainlyresponsibleforpeople,viewsofexpertsandscholarsandgrassrootspartyorganizationsandPartymembers.ApprovedbytheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina,on7September2021,thegeneralofficeoftheCentralCommitteeofthePartyissuedanoticetosolicittheprovinces(autonomousregions,municipalities)Party,thecentralministriesandcommissions,stateministriesandcommissionsoftheParty(party),theGeneralPoliticalDepartmentofthemilitary,every3peopleorganizationofPartyoftworegulationsrevisionopinion.CentralCommissionforDisciplineInspectionofextensivesolicitationofopinions,carefulstudy,attracting,formedarevisedsentreviewers.InOctober8andOctober12,CentralCommitteePoliticalBureauStandingCommitteeandthePoliticalBureauoftheCentralCommitteeAfterconsiderationofthetworegulationsreviseddraft.OnOctober18,theCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaformallyissuedtworegulations.Cansay,twolawsamendmentconcentratedthewisdomofthewholeparty,embodiestheparty.Second,<code>and<Regulations>revisionofthebasicprinciplesoftwopartyregulationsrevisionworkandimplementtheparty'seighteen,teneightplenary,thespiritoftheFourthPlenarySessionoftheEleventhCentralCommitteeandGeneralSecretaryXiJinpingimportantinstructionsontherevised<lowpoliticalcriterion>and<Regulations>,highlightingtherulingpartycharacteristics,seriousdiscipline,thedisciplinequiteinfrontofthelaw,basedonthecurrent,along-term,advanceasawhole,withBuXiudingindependent<rule>and<rule>.Mainprincipleis:first,adheretothepartyconstitutiontofollow.Theconstitutionaboutdisciplineandself-disciplinerequiredspecific,awakenthepartyconstitutionofpartycompassespartyconsciousness,maintainingtheauthorityoftheconstitution.GeneralSecretaryXiJinpingpointedoutthat"norules,nosideround.Partyconstitutionisthefundamentallaw,thepartymustfollowthegeneralrules.Inearly2021heldtheeighthsessionoftheCentralCommissionforDisciplineInspectionFifthPlenarySessionofthe16thCentralCommittee,XiJinpingagainpointedoutthatconstitutionisthepartymustfollowthegeneralrules,butalsothegeneralrules."therevisionofthe<code>and<rule>isMethodinadheretotheregulationsestablishedforthepurposeofcombiningruleofvirtueistoadheretothepartyconstitutionasafundamentaltofollow,theconstitutionauthoritysetup,wakeupthepartyconstitutionandpartyrulesthesenseofdiscipline,thepartyconstitutionaboutdisciplineandself-disciplinespecificrequirements.4secondistoadheretoinaccordancewiththeregulationsgoverningthepartyandtheparty.ThePartyofruleofvirtue"de",mainlyreferstotheparty'sidealsandbeliefs,excellenttraditionalstyle.Therevisedthe<code>closelylinkedtothe"self-discipline",insistingonthepositiveinitiative,forallmembers,highlightthe"vitalfew",emphasizedself-discipline,focusingonthemorality,andthemajorityofPartymembersandtheideologicalandmoralstandards.Therevised<>Jimethodseparately,Ji,JiYantoMethod,asa"negativelist",emphasizingtheheteronomy,focusingonverticalgauge.Isthisonehighandonelow,apositivereaction,thestrictpartydisciplineandpracticeresultstransformationfortheintegrationofthewholepartytoobservemoralanddisciplinerequirements,forthemajorityofPartymembersandcadresprovidesbenchmarkingandruler.Third,insistonto.Inviewoftheproblemsexistinginthepartyatthepresentstage,themainproblemsofPartymembersandcadresintheaspectofself-disciplineandabidebythedisciplinetomakeclearlydefined,especiallytheparty'seighteenyearsstrictpoliticaldisciplineandpoliticalrules,organizationanddisciplineandtoimplementthecentraleightprovisionsofthespiritagainstthefourwindsandotherrequirementsintoDisciplinaryprovisions.Notonepacereachsthedesignatedposition,focusingoninlinewithreality,pragmaticandeffective.Aftertherevisionofmajorchanges,majorchangesinthe<code>and<rule>modifiedandneedstograspseveralkeyproblems(a)<code><code>adheretoaccordingtoregulationsgoverningthepartyandpartywithmoralsincombination,foratthepresentstage,theleadershipofthepartymembersandcadresandPartymembersinexistingmainproblemsofself-discipline,putforwardprinciples,requirementsandspecifications,showingCommunistsnoblemoralpursuit,reflectedatalltimesandinallovertheworldethicsfromhighfromlow5commonrequirements.Oneiscloselylinkedtothe"self-discipline",removalandnodirectrelationtotheprovisionsof.thesecondisadheretoapositiveadvocate,"eightprohibition"52arenotallowedto"aboutthecontentofthe"negativelistmovedintosynchronizationamendment<cases>.Threeisforallthepartymembers,willapplyobjectfromtheleadershipofthepartymembersandcadrestoexpandtoallPartymembers,fullyembodiesthecomprehensivestrictlyrequired.Thefourthisprominentkeyminority,seizetheleadershipofthepartymembersandcadresisthekey,andputforwardhigherrequirementsthantheordinaryPartymembers.Fiveistosimplify,andstrivetoachieveconcise,easytounderstand,easytoremember.Therevised<code>istherulingPartysincethefirstinsistsonapositiveadvocateforAllPartymembersandtheself-disciplinenorms,moraldeclarationissuedtoallmembersofthepartyandtheNationalPeople'ssolemncommitment.><criterionofacleanandhonestadministrationconsistsof4parts,18,morethan3600words.Aftertherevisionofthe<code>,atotalofeight,281words,includinglead,specificationandPartymembercadrecleanfingeredself-disciplinenorms,etc.Part3memberslow-costcleanandself-discipline,themaincontentscanbesummarizedas"fourmust""eightcode".Leadpart,reiteratedonidealandfaith,fundamentalpurpose,thefinetraditionsandworkstyle,noblesentiments,suchas"fourmust"theprincipleofrequirements,strongtoneofself-discipline,Thehigherrequestfor6andsupervisedtenet,thefootholdinpermanentBaotheparty'sadvancednatureandpurity,toreflecttherevisedstandardsrequirements.Membersofself-disciplinenormsaroundthepartymembershowtocorrectlytreatanddealwiththe"publicandprivate","cheapandrot"thriftyandextravagance"bittermusic",putforwardthe"fournorms".Partyleadercadrecleanfingeredself-disciplinenormsfortheleadershipofthepartymembersandcadresofthe"vitalfew",aroundthe"cleanpolitics",fromcivilservantofthecolor,theexerciseofpower,moralintegrity,agoodfamilytraditionandotheraspectsoftheleadershipofthepartymembersandcadresofthe"fournorms"<><normnorm."ThePartymember'sself-disciplinenorms"and"partymembersandleadingcadrecleanfingeredself-disciplinenorms,"atotalofeight,collectivelyreferredtoasthe"eight"."Fourmust"and"eight"ofthecontentfromthepartyconstitutionandParty'sseveralgenerationofleaders,especiallyXiJinping,generalsecretaryoftheimportantdiscussion,refertothe"threedisciplineandeightpointsforattention"statements,andreferencesomeembodytheChinesenationexcellenttraditionalcultureessenceofepigrams.(2)therevisedregulations,themainchangesintherevisedRegulations>tofullyadapttothestrictlyrequirements,reflectstheaccordingtotheregulationsgoverningthelawofrecognitionofdeepening,therealizationofthedisciplineconstructionandJinJu.<rule>ispartyaruler,membersofthebasiclineandfollow.AndthemajorityofPartymembersandcadresofPartyorganizationsatalllevelsshouldadheretothebottomlineofthinking,feardiscipline,holdthebottomline,asapreventivemeasure,tokeeptheparty'sadvancednatureandpurity.1,respectfortheconstitution,refinementanddiscipline.Revised<rule>fromcomprehensivecombphysicalconstitutionbegan,thepartyconstitutionandotherregulationsofthePartyofPartyorganizationsandPartydisciplinerequirementsrefinement,clearlydefinedinviolationofthepartyconstitutionwillbeinaccordancewithregulationstogivethecorrespondingdisciplinaryaction.Theoriginal10categoriesofmisconduct,integrationspecificationforpoliticaldiscipline,discipline,honestyanddisciplinemassesJiLawanddisciplineanddisciplineandothersixcategories,thecontentof<rule>realreturntoPartydiscipline,forthemajorityofPartymembersandlisteda"negativelist.72,highlightingthepoliticaldisciplineandpoliticalrules.><Regulationsaccordingtothestageofthedisciplineofoutstandingperformance,emphasizingpoliticaldisciplineandpoliticalrules,organizationanddiscipline,inoppositiontotheparty'sleadershipandtheparty'sbasictheory,basicline,basicprogramandbasicexperience,thebasicrequirementofbehaviormadeprescribedpunishment,increasethecliques,againsttheorganizationsuchasviolationoftheprovisions,toensurethatthecentralgovernmentdecreesandthePartyofcentralizedandunified.3,adheretostrictdisciplineinthelawanddisciplineInfront,Jiseparated.Revised<Regulations>adheretotheproblemoriented,doJiseparated.Anynationallawexistingcontent,willnotrepeattheprovisions,thetotalremovalof79andcriminallaw,repeatthecontentofthepublicsecuritymanagementpunishmentlaw,andotherlawsandregulations.InthegeneralreiteratedthatpartyorganizationsandPartymembersmustconscientiouslyaccepttheparty'sdiscipline,dievancomplywithnationallawsandregulations;atthesametime,toinvestigateviolationsofPartymembersandevencriminalbehaviorofPartydisciplineandresponsibility,><Regulationsdistinguishfivedifferentconditions,withspecialprovisionsweremadeprovisions,soastorealizetheconnectionofPartydisciplineandstatelaw.4,reflectWindbuildingandanti-corruptionstruggleofthelatestachievements.<rule>theparty'seighteenyearsimplementthespiritofthecentralprovisionsoftheeight,againsttherequirementsofthe"fourwinds"andtransformationfordisciplinaryprovisions,reflectingthestyleconstructionisalwaysontheroad,notagustofwind.Inthefightagainstcorruptionoutofnewproblems,increasethetradingrights,theuseofauthorityrelativesprofitandotherdisciplinaryterms.Prominentdisciplineofthemasses,thenewagainsttheinterestsofthemassesandignorethedemandsofthemassesandotherdisciplinarytermsandmakeprovisionsofthedispositionandthedestructionoftheparty'sclosetieswiththemasses.Disciplinetoprotecttheparty'spurpose.8oftheseregulations,atotalofthreeseries,Chapter15,178,morethan24000words,aftertherevisionoftheregulationsatotalof3series,Chapter11,133,17000words,dividedinto"general"and"specialprovisions"and"SupplementaryProvisions"Part3.Amongthem,add,delete,modifytheprovisionsoftheproportionofuptonearly90%.1,thegeneralgeneralisdividedintofivechapters.Thefirstchaptertotheregulationsoftheguidingideology,principlesandscopeofapplicationoftheprovisions,highlightthestrengtheningofthepartyconstitutionconsciousness,maintenancetheauthorityofPartyConstitution,increasethepartyorganizationsandPartymembersmustabidebythepartyconstitution,YanCentralizedcentralized,wouldexamineatalllevelsoftheamendedprovisionsimplementingandmaintainingPartydiscipline,andconsciouslyacceptthepartydiscipline,exemplarycompliancewithnationallawsandregulations.Thesecondchapterofdisciplineconcept,disciplinaryactiontypesandeffectsoftheregulations,willbeaseriouswarningfromtheoriginalayearforayearandahalf;increasethePartyCongressrepresentative,byleavingthepartyabove(includingleaveprobation)punishment,thepartyorganizationshouldbeterminateditsrepresentativequalificationprovisions.Thethirdchapterofthedisciplinaryrulesofuseprescribedinthedisciplinerectifyingprocess,nonconvergence,notclosehandclassifiedasseverelyorheavierpunishment."Disciplinestraighten"Atleasteighteenyearsoffiveyears,thesefiveyearsistopaycloseattentiontotheprovisionsofthecentraleightimplementationandanti-"fourwinds".Thefourthchapteronsuspicionofillegalpartydisciplinarydistinguishfivedifferentconditions,withspecialprovisionsweremadeprovisions,toachieveeffectiveconvergenceofPartyandcountry9method.<rule>theprovisionsofArticle27,Partyorganizationsinthedisciplinaryreviewfoundthatpartymembershavecommittedembezzlement,bribery,derelictionofdutyderelictionofdutyandothercriminallawactissuspectedofcommittingacrimeshallgivecancelpartyposts,probationorexpelledfromtheparty.Thesecondis<Regulations>Article28theprovisionsofPartyorganizationsinthedisciplinaryreviewButfoundthatpartymembersarestipulatedinthecriminallaw,althoughnotinvolvedinacrimeshallbeinvestigatedforPartydisciplineandresponsibilityshouldbedependingonthespecificcircumstancesshallbegivenawarninguntilexpelledpunishment.Thissituationandadifferenceisthattheformerregulationbehaviorhasbeensuspectedofacrime,thefeelingisquitestrict,andthelatterforthebehaviornotinvolvingcrime,onlytheobjectiveperformanceoftheprovisionsofthecriminalcodeofbehavior,buttheplotisacrimetoslightly.<Regulations>the29provisions,Partyorganizationsinthedisciplinereviewfoundthatpartymembersandotherillegalbehavior,affecttheparty'simage,thedamagetotheparty,thestateandthepeople'sinterests,weshoulddependonthesituationSeriousnessgivendisciplinaryaction.ThelossofPartymembers,seriouslydamagingtheparty'simageofbehavior,shouldbegivenexpelledfromtheparty.
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