高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)外刊閱讀訓(xùn)練學(xué)案全美竟1.2億人生活在空氣污染地區(qū)

23年高考英語(yǔ)外刊閱讀訓(xùn)練——閱讀理解：本文節(jié)選自：TheGuardian（衛(wèi)報(bào)）作者：NinaLakhani原文標(biāo)題：Nearly120millionpeopleinUSexposedtounhealthylevelsofsootandsmog–reportTheclimatecrisishasupendedprogressonimprovingairquality,withoneinthreeAmericanscurrentlylivinginareaswithharmfullevelsofpollutantsknowntoincreasetheriskofmedicalemergencies,pregnancycomplicationsandprematuredeath,newresearchreveals.Almost120millionpeopleintheUSarestillexposedtounhealthylevelsofsootandsmog,accordingtotheannualreportbytheAmericanLungAssociation(ALA),whichfoundthatpeopleofcolorarealmostfourtimesmorelikelytoliveinthemostpollutedplacesthanwhiteAmericans.Theextenttowhichaccesstocleanairisracializedisstark;peopleofcoloraccountfor54%ofthoselivingincountieswithfailingairquality,despiteaccountingforjustover40%ofthegeneralpopulation.Thezipcodelotteryspotlightsdecadesofracisthousingandenvironmentalpolicies,whichhaveincentivizedandenabledpollutinginfrastructurelikehighwaysandrailroads,fossilfuelprojectsandmanufacturingplantstobelocatedclosetoBlack,LatinandIndigenouscommunities.Anddespiteoverallimprovementsinairqualityandpollution-relateddeathsoverthepast50years,thereportalsohighlightsawideningdisparitybetweenairqualityineasternandwesternstates,especiallyforsootparticles–scientificallyknownasfineparticulatematterorPM2.5.Tenofthe11mostpollutedcountiesareinCaliforniawheretheclimatebreakdownisfuelingwildfiresandrisingtemperaturesthatareunderminingeffortstoimproveairqualityinplaceslikeFresno,SanBernardino,TulareandLosAngeles.“Itisstrikinganddistressingthat120millionpeoplearestillatriskfromunhealthyairpollution,saidKatherinePruitt,leadauthorandtheALA’snationalseniorpolicydirector.“Sincearound2017,heatanddroughtdrivenbyclimatechangehasbeenundoingsomeoftheprogressthatweshouldhavemadeandbeenabletoretain.”閱讀理解：1.AccordingtotheannualreportbytheAmericanLungAssociation,whatproportionofpeopleofcolorliveinthemostpollutedplacesintheUS?A)40%B)54%C)60%D)75%答案：B2.Whatistheeffectofpollutantsonpeople'shealth?A)Theyincreasetheriskofmedicalemergencies.B)Theydecreasetheriskofpregnancycomplications.C)Theyimproveairquality.D)Theyincreaselifeexpectancy.答案：A3.WhatcausesthewideningdisparitybetweenairqualityineasternandwesternstatesintheUS?A)Decreaseinindustrialproduction.B)Lackofenvironmentalpolicies.C)Climatebreakdown.D)Increaseinpopulation.答案：C4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasatypeofpollutinginfrastructure?A)HighwaysB)RailroadsC)FossilfuelprojectsD)Supermarkets答案：D5.Whatisthezipcodelottery?A)Alotterywherepeoplecanwincleanair.B)Atermreferringtotheracialdisparityinairquality.C)Awaytoraiseawarenessaboutclimatechange.D)AgameplayedinCaliforniatoraisemoneyforenvironmentalcauses.答案：B6.WhichstateintheUShasthemostpollutedcounties?A)FloridaB)CaliforniaC)NewYorkD)Texas答案：B7.Whatisthenamefortheharmfulparticlesintheair?A)CarbondioxideB)OxygenD)Nitrogen答案：C8.Howlonghasprogressonimprovingairqualitybeenundonebyclimatechange?A)Sincearound2007B)Sincearound2008C)Sincearound2017D)Sincearound2018答案：C9.WhatisthemaincauseofthedisparityinaccesstocleanairintheUS?A)Lackoffundsforenvironmentalpolicies.B)Racisthousingandenvironmentalpolicies.C)Lackofpublictransportation.D)Economicinequality.答案：B10.WhatisthepurposeoftheannualreportbytheAmericanLungAssociation?A)Topromotefossilfuelprojects.B)Toraiseawarenessabouttheeffectsofclimatechange.C)Toevaluateprogressonimprovingairquality.D)ToreducethepopulationoftheUS.答案：C詞匯總結(jié)：1.climatecrisis氣候危機(jī)2.upend顛覆3.progress進(jìn)展4.improvingairquality改善空氣質(zhì)量5.harmfullevelsofpollutants有害污染物的水平6.increasetheriskofmedicalemergencies增加醫(yī)療緊急事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)7.pregnancycomplications妊娠并發(fā)癥8.prematuredeath早逝9.research研究10.Americans美國(guó)人11.currently目前12.livinginareas生活在區(qū)域13.unhealthylevelsofsootandsmog不健康的積煙和霧霾水平14.annualreport年度報(bào)告15.AmericanLungAssociation（ALA）美國(guó)肺協(xié)會(huì)16.peopleofcolor有色人種17.mostpollutedplaces污染最嚴(yán)重的地方18.whiteAmericans白人美國(guó)人19.accesstocleanair純凈空氣的獲取20.racialized種族歧視21.stark明顯的22.counties縣23.failingairquality空氣質(zhì)量不佳24.generalpopulation總?cè)丝?5.zipcodelottery郵政編碼抽獎(jiǎng)26.decades十年27.racisthousingandenvironmentalpolicies種族主義者住房和環(huán)境政策28.incentivized激勵(lì)29.enabled使能夠30.pollutinginfrastructure污染基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施31.highwaysandrailroads公路和鐵路32.fossilfuelprojectsandmanufacturingplants化石燃料項(xiàng)目和制造工廠33.LatinandIndigenouscommunities拉丁和土著社區(qū)34.overallimprovements總的改善35.pollution-relateddeaths污染相關(guān)死亡36.wideningdisparity增大的差距37.easternandwesternstates東部和西部州38.sootparticles積煙顆粒39.fineparticulatematter細(xì)顆粒物（PM2.5）40.pollutedcounties污染最嚴(yán)重的州41.California加利福尼亞42.climatebreakdown氣候崩潰43.fueling加劇44.wildfires森林大火45.risingtemperatures上升的溫度46.undermining破壞47.Fresno、SanBernardino、Tulare和LosAngeles佛雷斯諾、圣貝爾納迪諾、圖拉和洛杉磯48.distressing令人痛苦的49.leadauthor首席作者50.nationalseniorpolicydirector國(guó)家高級(jí)政策主任新詞積累：英/s?t/美/s?t/n.煤煙，煙灰vt.用煤煙熏黑；以煤煙弄臟英/d??sp?r?ti/美/d??sp?r?ti/英/?prem?t??(r)/美/?pri?m??t??r/adj.過(guò)早的，提早的；早產(chǎn)的；草率的，倉(cāng)促的◆詞組搭配

1.fossilfuel

[能源]礦物燃料，[能源]化石燃料

2.sootparticle

煙灰碳顆粒

寫作句總結(jié)原句：Sincearound2017,heatanddroughtdrivenbyclimatechangehasbeenundoingsomeoftheprogressthatweshouldhavemadeandbeenabletoretain.結(jié)構(gòu)：Since(time),(issue/problem)drivenby(cause)hasbeenundoingsomeoftheprogressthatweshouldhavemadeandbeenabletoretain.例句：Sincetheintroductionofsocialmedia,theriseoffakenewsdrivenbythesharingandamplificationofmisinformationhasbeenundoingsomeoftheprogressthatweshouldhavemadeandbeenabletoretaininpublicdiscourse.全文對(duì)照翻譯Theclimatecrisishasupendedprogressonimprovingairquality,withoneinthreeAmericanscurrentlylivinginareaswithharmfullevelsofpollutantsknowntoincreasetheriskofmedicalemergencies,pregnancycomplicationsandprematuredeath,newresearchreveals.一項(xiàng)新研究顯示，氣候危機(jī)逆轉(zhuǎn)了空氣質(zhì)量改善的進(jìn)程，目前有三分之一的美國(guó)人生活污染物處于有害水平的地區(qū)，這些污染物會(huì)增加緊急醫(yī)療狀況、妊娠并發(fā)癥以及早亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Almost120millionpeopleintheUSarestillexposedtounhealthylevelsofsootandsmog,accordingtotheannualreportbytheAmericanLungAssociation(ALA),whichfoundthatpeopleofcolorarealmostfourtimesmorelikelytoliveinthemostpollutedplacesthanwhiteAmericans.Theextenttowhichaccesstocleanairisracializedisstark;peopleofcoloraccountfor54%ofthoselivingincountieswithfailingairquality,despiteaccountingforjustover40%ofthegeneralpopulation.根據(jù)美國(guó)肺臟協(xié)會(huì)的年度報(bào)告，美國(guó)有近1.2億人仍暴露在不健康的煤煙和煙塵環(huán)境中，該報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，有色人種生活在污染最嚴(yán)重地區(qū)的可能性幾乎是白種美國(guó)人的四倍。獲得清潔空氣的種族差異是非常明顯的；居住在空氣質(zhì)量不佳的縣的人中有54%為有色人種，而有色人種占總?cè)丝诘谋壤贿^(guò)是40%多一點(diǎn)。Thezipcodelotteryspotlightsdecadesofracisthousingandenvironmentalpolicies,whichhaveincentivizedandenabledpollutinginfrastructurelikehighwaysandrailroads,fossilfuelprojectsandmanufacturingplantstobelocatedclosetoBlack,LatinandIndigenouscommunities.“郵編彩票”問題突顯了美國(guó)存在數(shù)十年的住房和環(huán)境政策種族歧視問題，相關(guān)政策鼓勵(lì)并允許高環(huán)境污染環(huán)境的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，如高速公路和鐵路，化石燃料項(xiàng)目以及制造廠等安置在黑人、拉丁裔和土著社區(qū)附近。（編者注：在美國(guó)歷史上，存在大量的種族歧視和歧視性的住房和環(huán)保政策，導(dǎo)致黑人、拉丁裔和土著人等少數(shù)族裔社區(qū)經(jīng)常被安排在貧困地區(qū)或者污染的區(qū)域。郵編彩票，是指黑人、拉丁裔和土著人社區(qū)中的環(huán)境污染率更高，所以這些社區(qū)中的居民更容易“生病中獎(jiǎng)”。）Anddespiteoverallimprovementsinairqualityandpollution-relateddeathsoverthepast50years,thereportalsohighlightsawideningdisparitybetweenairqualityineasternandwesternstates,especiallyforsootparticles–scientificallyknownasfinepart