歐洲文化入門(一)

WelcomeEuropeanCulture:AnIntroduction歐洲文化入門2021/5/91ThePurposeofLearningEuropeanCultureLanguagecannotbelearnedwithoutsomeknowledgeoftheculturebehindit.Europeancultureitselfisapartofworldculture.Someknowledgeofitisnecessarytousascitizensoftheworld.2021/5/92Toshowone’sopinion:2021/5/93Oneself2021/5/94Theleader2021/5/95Oldagelife2021/5/96PurposeforMyCultureClassLearningcultureisnottorecitenumerousinformationsfromtextbook.Buttoimproveself-cultivation,topromoteone’sthinkingability,thentoprobeourculture’smeritsanddefectsfromdifferentculture,tothinkaboutwhatweshouldlearnfromothersandwhatothersshouldlearnfromours.Sothatwecouldcultivateahabitofthinkingandknowinghowtomakelifemeaningful.2021/5/97ForMyPersonalView文化，不是讓你死記硬背時間、地點、人物、事件、影響、意義。而是透過不同的文化，探究自身文化的優(yōu)缺點，從中吸取精華、去除糟粕，來達到提升自我修養(yǎng)，培養(yǎng)獨立思考能力的目的。從而讓文化成為我們參悟生活，領會人生意義的重要渠道。2021/5/98TheOriginofCultureMesopotamia—兩河流域文明Egyptian—古埃及文明Hebrew—希伯來文明GreekandRoman—希臘與羅馬文化（文化=文明）2021/5/992021/5/9102021/5/911DivisionOneGreekCultureandRomanCulture2021/5/912TheOriginCrete(3000B.C.)克里特島TrojanWar(1200B.C.)特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭GreekDarkAges(1200B.C.—800B.C.)ArchaicGreece(800B.C.—500B.C.)古風時期ClassicalPeriod(500B.C.—336B.C.)古典時期HellenisticAge(336B.C.—31B.C.)希臘化時代

2021/5/913GreeceandTroy2021/5/9141.Historicalcontext(background)WarbetweenGreeceandTroyinabout1,200B.C.Greekcultureinthe5thcenturyB.C.CivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.RuleofAlexanderinthe4thcenturyB.C.In146B.C.theRomansconqueredGreece.2021/5/9152.SocialandPoliticalStructureDemocracy—theadultmalecitizensEconomy—slavelabor(exploitation)Sports—OlympicGames2021/5/9163.HomerHomer

荷馬(around700B.C.),epic史詩Iliad《伊利亞特》Odyssey《奧德賽》

TodayweseeIliadandtheOdyssey

incorporatedintothecourseofalmosteveryhighschoolinAmerica.2021/5/917EpicDefinition：Anepicis

alongnarrativepoemofgreatscaleandgrandiosestyleabouttheheroeswhoareusuallywarriorsorevendemigods.簡言之，史詩是敘述英雄傳說或重大歷史事件的敘事長詩。2021/5/918TrojanWar特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭InGreekmythologyandinIliadandOdysseybyHomerAbout1,200B.C.WarbetweenGreeceandTroyFoughtoverthebeautifulHelenLastedfor10yearsTrojanhorseTroydefeated2021/5/919GreeceandTroy2021/5/9202021/5/921Achilles阿喀琉斯/阿基里斯2021/5/922MatchingGoldappleTrojanhorseAchillesheelDeathfulweaknessBaneIntrudingdestructiveelement2021/5/923Matching(key)Goldapple—BaneTrojanhorse—IntrudingdestructiveelementAchillesheel—Deathfulweakness“不和的金蘋果”—禍根“特洛伊木馬”—侵入內(nèi)部的破壞性因素“阿喀琉斯的腳踵”—致命的弱點2021/5/924Poetry=Poem=Verse（詩歌）Ballad（民謠）Lyric（抒情詩）Epic（史詩）Ode（頌詩）Elegy（挽歌）Pastoral（田園詩）Sonnet（十四行詩）NarrativePoem（敘事詩）BlankVerse（無韻體詩）FreeVerse（自由體詩）2021/5/9254.Lyric（抒情詩）Definition:Alyricisapoemthat expressesstrongfeeling.2021/5/9264.LyricWritersSappho(about612-580B.C.)薩福----lovepoemPindar(about518-438B.C.)品達----odes：apoemtopraiseandglorifyan individualorathing.2021/5/9275.DramaOpen-airtheatres,stonebenches,lookingdownatthestagefromthreesides,actorswithmasks.mask=masque假面劇2021/5/928ThreeGreatestTragedyWriter:

a.Aeschylus（埃斯庫羅斯）b.Sophocles（索?？死账梗ヽ.Euripides（歐里庇得斯）2021/5/929a.Aeschylus(525-456B.C.)

埃斯庫羅斯The“FatherofTragedy”,oneofthethreegreatancientGreektragedians古希臘悲劇之父PrometheusBound《被縛的普羅米修斯》2021/5/930PrometheusBoundBasedonthemythofPrometheus,atitan泰坦神族人whogavethegiftoffiretomortalsandwaspunishedbythegodZeus.2021/5/931MatchingPrometheus —MartyrtothecauseofhumanPandora’sbox —Rootofalldisaster2021/5/932b.Sophocles(496-406B.C.)

索福克勒斯SecondofthethreegreattragediansofclassicalAthensOedipustheKing《俄狄浦斯王》StrongimpactonEuropeanliterature

“theOedipuscomplex”俄狄浦斯情結(jié)2021/5/933MatchingOedipuscomplex俄狄浦斯情結(jié)

—complexfeelingtowardparentsor betweenaccidentandnecessity

Sphinx’sriddle斯芬克斯之謎

—somethingofpersonthathardto understand2021/5/934c.Euripides(484-406B.C.)

歐里庇得斯ThirdofthethreegreattragediansofclassicalAthens,thefirstwriterof“problemplays”社會問題劇concernedwithconflicts--originofrealismAndromache,Medea,TrojanWomen2021/5/935d.ComedyAristophanes(阿里斯托芬450-380B.C.)ancientGreekComicdramatist,theFatherofComedy11plays:Frogs,Clouds,Wasps,Birds2021/5/9366.History—Herodotus

希羅多德TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.Herodotus(484-430B.C.),AncientGreekhistorian,“FatherofHistory”古希臘歷史學家，“歷史之父”2021/5/9377.PhilosophyandscienceIntroductionTheancientGreeks’curiosityaboutthings,freeenquiry,imagination2021/5/938IntroductionThePre-SocratesGreekPhilosophersPythagoras畢達哥拉斯Heracleitue赫拉克利特Democritus德莫克里特2021/5/939Pythagoras畢達哥拉斯FounderofscientificmathematicsthefatherofnumbersToPythagoras,Allthingswerenumbers.2021/5/940Heracleitue赫拉克利特

AncientGreekphilosopherFireistheprimaryelementoftheuniverse.火是萬物之源“Youcannotsteptwiceintothesameriver…Thesunisneweveryday.”

——“人不能第二次踏進同一條河流。”2021/5/941Democritus德莫克里特Theearliestmateriamlist.GettheEnglishwordatom

2021/5/942TheGreatestPhilosophersSocrates 蘇格拉底Plato 柏拉圖Aristotle 亞里士多德2021/5/943a.Socrates蘇格拉底Socrates

(470-399B.C.)DialecticalMethod辯證法2021/5/944StoryTimeWhatislove?Whatismarriage?Whatisaffair?（艷遇）Whatishappiness?Whatislife?2021/5/945b.Plato(428-348B.C.)

柏拉圖Dialogues《對話錄》Idealism（唯心主義）Influence—absorbedintoChristianthought2021/5/946PlatonicLove柏拉圖式愛情，追求心靈溝通，排斥肉體欲望，是一種理性的精神上的純潔戀愛。2021/5/947c.Aristotle(384-322B.C.)亞里士多德AncientGreekphilosopher,astudentofPlatoandteacherofAlexandertheGreatThegreathumanistandthegreatmanofscienceWorks—Ethics,Politics,Poetics,andRhetoric《詩學》AristotleandPlato–p282021/5/948DifferencesbetweenPlatoandAristotle1.Aristotle—theoryshouldfollowfact Plato—subjectivethinkingisimportant2.Aristotle—idea+matter=reality

Plato—ideaishigherthanphysicalworld2021/5/949d.ContendingSchoolsofThoughtSophists

智者派--Protagoras普羅泰戈拉Fourschools

theCynics犬儒派theSceptics懷疑派theEpicureans伊壁鳩魯派（享樂派）andtheStoics斯多葛派2021/5/950e.ScienceEuclid

歐幾里德—Elements,geometryArchimedes

阿基米德2021/5/951Euclid歐幾里德

"TheFatherofGeometry"Elements,atextbookofgeometry2021/5/952Archimedes阿基米德AncientGreekmathematician,physicistandengineer“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.”2021/5/9538. Art；architecture； sculptureandpottery2021/5/954多立克柱式（Doricorder）——

Parthenon帕德農(nóng)神廟

2021/5/955AcropolisofAthens雅典衛(wèi)城2021/5/9562021/5/957愛奧尼克柱式（Ionicorder）--伊瑞克提翁神廟（Erechtheion）2021/5/9582021/5/959科林斯柱式(Corinthainorder)--列雪格拉德音樂紀念亭2021/5/9602021/5/961擲鐵餅者2021/5/962米洛的維納斯2021/5/963拉奧孔人物組圖2021/5/964陶器2021/5/9659.ImpactSpiritofInnovationSupremeachievementLasingeffect2021/5/966II.RomanCultureRomansandGreeksRomanhistoryLatinliteratureArchitecture,paintingandsculpture2021/5/9671.RomansandGreeks146BC,RomanconquestofGreeceLanguagesoftheRomanEmpire:Latin(western)andGreek(eastern)SimilaritiesbetweenRomansandGreeks—democracy,religion,languagesDifferences—p37“CaptiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive.”--Horace被俘虜?shù)南ＥD使野蠻的征服者成了她的俘虜！2021/5/9682.RomanhistoryTheyear27BC,Rome--republic,theRomanEmpirePaxRomana:Latinfor“theRomanpeace”between27BCand180AD.Romanlaw:3rdcenturyBC羅馬法學Declineinthe3rdcenturyTheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium拜占庭(Constantinople君士坦丁堡--Istanbul伊斯坦布爾)DividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andtheWestin395In476,endoftheWestRomanEmpire–bytheGothsIn1453,endoftheEastRomanEmpire–bytheTurks2021/5/9693.LatinliteratureProseMarcusTulliusCicero

西塞羅

JuliusCaesar

凱撒Poetry

Lucretius

盧克萊修

Virgil

維吉爾2021/5/970ProseandPoetryProseiswritingdistinguishedfrompoetrybyitsgreatervarietyofrhythmanditscloserresemblancetothepatternsofeverydayspeech.Poetryisaformofartinwhichlanguageisusedforitsaesthetic（審美的）andevocative（共鳴的）qualitiesinadditiontoitsostensible（表面的）meaning.2021/5/971ProseandPoetryProseiswritingastory,eitherfictionornonfiction.Prosewritingmostoftenfollowsstandardrulesingrammar,punctuation,capitalization,andsentencestructure.Poetryreferstopoems,withorwithoutrhymeschemes.Poetryhasrhythm,likeasong.Itusuallyfollowsasetpattern,rhymeschemeandmeter.2021/5/972Prose—M.T.Cicero西塞羅(106-43BC),Romanorator,lawyer,

politician,andphilosopher羅馬最偉大的演說家、教育家和天才作家Ciceronian,eloquent,oratoricalmannerofwriting西塞羅式Nomancanbebravewhoconsiderspainthegreatesteviloflife;ortemperate,whoregardspleasureasthehighes