名師串講自考英語(二)(珍藏版)

------------------------------------更多優(yōu)質(zhì)自考資料盡在百度貼吧自考樂園俱樂部（/club/5346389）歡迎?加入...歡迎?交流...止不住的驚喜等著你.........------------------------------------自考樂園,自考學習交流、資料共享的好去處！自考樂園,自考人自己的家園....俱樂部id：5346389（請牢記它哦~在百度貼吧的搜索框中輸入俱樂部id,可以直接進入俱樂部名師串講自考英語(二)(珍藏版)名師串講綜合英語（二）(珍藏版)上冊Grammar&UsageSubjectVerbAgreement(Ⅰ)1.主謂一致的三條原則（1）語法一致，即在語法形式上取得一致。Humanbeingsenjoylearning.Everybody’sunderstandingisincomplete.(2)意義一致，即根據(jù)意義來處理一致關系。Thepeopletherearefightingfortheindependenceoftheircountry.Tendollarswasalotofmoneyatthattime.（3）就近原則，即謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語。Thereisapen,twopencilsandaneraserinthepencilbox.Neithertheboynorhisteachersknowtheanswer.2.集體名詞作主語時與動詞的一致(1)當主語為furniture,equipment,machinery等詞時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。ThefurnitureinthatshopisallmadeinChina.Officeequipmentisveryexpensivenowadays.(2)集體名詞如people,cattle,police,poultry等往往作復數(shù)用。Somepeopledrivemadlyinthiscountry.Manycattlehavediedbecauseoftheflood.(3)family,government,class,committee,audience,team,public等詞被視作一個整體時，其后的動詞用單數(shù)；被視為構(gòu)成整體的個體時，其后的動詞則為復數(shù)。Hisfamilyisahappyone.Hisfamilyareallinterestedinstampcollecting3.并列主語與動詞的一致（1）當“名詞+名詞”表示一種事物時，用單數(shù)形式。BaconandeggsisaverypopularBritishbreakfast.(2)當主語是由and,both...and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時，如果主語所指的不是一種事物，動詞則用復數(shù)形式。JackandMaryareinlovewitheachother.BothTomandJohnareabsenttoday.(3)在由or或nor連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞單、復數(shù)形式一般與or或nor后面的名詞或代詞保持一致。Heorhisbrothersaretoblameforthis.Neithershenoryouaremistaken.(4)notonly...butalso連接的結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，動詞的單、復數(shù)形式依據(jù)butalso后的名詞或代詞。NotonlyFredbutalsohisparentslovethissmallpetdog.Notonlytheboysbutalsotheirmotherisveryill.SubjectVerbAgreement(Ⅱ)4.帶確定數(shù)量詞的名詞詞組作主語時的主謂一致(1)當主語是表示數(shù)目、時間、重量、距離等的復數(shù)名詞時，如果該名詞所表示的數(shù)量看作一個整體，其后的動詞用單數(shù)。Fouryearsistoolongformetowait.Sixtymilesisashortruninacar.(2)當主語是表示數(shù)目、時間、重量、距離等的復數(shù)名詞時，如該名詞所表示的數(shù)量看作單個個體，其后的動詞用復數(shù)。Thepastthreeweekswerethehardesttimeinhislife.Hundredsofbuildingswereputupinthecitylastyear.(3)當主語為“分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+of+名詞”時，其后的動詞形式依照of后名詞的單復數(shù)形式來定。Thirtypercentoftheoilinthatcountryisimported.Tenpercentoftheeggshavegonebad.（4）當主語為sheep,fish,deer,aircraft,means,steelworks等單數(shù)與復數(shù)同形的詞時，動詞的形式以名詞單、復數(shù)意義為準。Threeaircraftarereportedmissing.Tenfishhavebeencaughttoday.5.all的主謂一致（1）代詞all表示可數(shù)的人或物時，其后的動詞用復數(shù)形式。Allwerehungryanddesperate(渴望)forfood.Allwhohaveseenthefilmloveit.(2)代詞all表示不可數(shù)的名詞時，其后的動詞用單數(shù)。Allisgoingwell.(一切順利。)Allisquietinthemiddleofthenight.(3)形容詞all+可數(shù)名詞時，其后的動詞用復數(shù)形式。AllroadsleadtoRome.(條條道路通羅馬。)Allthingsaredifficultwhenwebegintodothem.(4)形容詞all+不可數(shù)名詞時，其后的動詞用單數(shù)形式。AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.Notallfoodisgoodtoeat.6.帶none的詞組作主語時，其后面的動詞單數(shù)或復數(shù)形式都可用。Noneofyouhave/hashadmyexperience.Noneofthehotelsare/isreadyforguestsyet.NounPronounAgreementNounPossessiveCaseAgreement7.名詞與代詞和名詞所有格的一致一般來說，代詞和名詞所有格對名詞的指代在數(shù)的形式上是一致的。Thetwosistershavetheirowndifferenttoys.Themenarediscussingtheiropinionsatthemeeting.當名詞為audience,class,committee,enemy,family,faculty,gang,government,jury,media,public,staff,team等既可視為整體名詞又可視為個體名詞的集體名詞時，則要根據(jù)它們在句中的意思來確定代詞和所有格的形式。Thepublicdemandedthatthegovernmentaccountforitsneweconomicpolicy.Thegovernmenthaddiscussedthisproblemforalongtimebuttheyhadshownnosignofagreement.8.不定代詞的一致問題one,everyone,everybody,noone,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody等作主語時，在正式的文體中其相應的代詞一般用him,所有格用his，也有人用himorher和hisorher，但是這種用法顯得累贅。Everybodymustfinishhishomeworkbytomorrow.Nobodyinthatpositionwillgivehisopinionrightaway.注意：one作主語時，其相應的代詞也可以是one，所有格可以是one’s。Onehastobecarefulaboutwhatonesaysbeforechildren.在非正式文體中，也可根據(jù)意義，用復數(shù)代詞。而且，由于him和his有語言性別歧視之嫌，雖然謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式，現(xiàn)在人們普遍用復數(shù)代詞。Noonehashandedintheirpaperyet.Everyonehasgiventheiropinionontheissue.但everything,anything,something,nothing作主語時，其相應的代詞要用單數(shù)形式。Somethinghasgonewrong,hasn’tit?TagQuestions9.附加疑問句的構(gòu)成由兩部分構(gòu)成：陳述句+附加成分。附加成分也由兩部分構(gòu)成：助動詞或be的一種形式+人稱代詞（應與陳述句的主語相應）附加疑問句主要用于口語，表示期望對方的同意或?qū)λ愂鲋碌氖卓稀８郊右蓡柧溆邢铝袔追N形式：（1）肯定陳述句+否定附加成分（附加成分除極為正式場合或老式英語中都要用縮略形式）Yousuregettoseethingsdifferently,don’tyou?You’veheardthenews,haven’tyou?(2)否定的陳述句+肯定附加成分Peterdoesn’tsmoke,doeshe?Thepartywon’tstartuntilseven,willit?10.附加疑問句的幾點特殊用法（1）凡是帶有no,none,noone,nobody,nothing,hardly,seldom,rarely,never,barely,few,little,neither等否定詞的陳述句，都應看作否定陳述句，后面接肯定附加成分。Sheseldomleavestheroominwinter,doesshe?Peoplerarelygothatfartothatsmallvillage,dothey?(2)當陳述句的主語everybody,everyone,someone,somebody,anyone,nobody,noone,neither,none時，附加成分中的代詞一般用they。Everyoneatthepartyhadagoodtime,didn’tthey?Neitherofthemsaidaword,didthey?(3)陳述部分是there引導的存在句時，附加成分由助動詞或be的一種形式+there構(gòu)成。Thereissomethingwrongwiththechild,isn’tthere?Thereisnobodyintheroom,isthere?(4)陳述部分是肯定的I’m...結(jié)構(gòu)時，附加成分為aren’tI。I’mthedoctor,aren’tI?I’mlate,aren’tI?(在老式或極為正式的英語中用：Iamlate,amInot?)(5)陳述部分是一個帶有that從句作賓語的主從結(jié)構(gòu)時，附加成分應與主句的主語和謂語動詞保持對應關系。Youthink(that)Ididit,don’tyou?Hedidn’tsayMarywouldcome,didhe?注意：當陳述部分的主句是Ithink,Isuppose,Ibelieve等時，附加成分往往與that從句中的主語和謂語動詞保持對應關系，但要注意Idon’tthink等結(jié)構(gòu)對從句的否定用法。Isupposeyouareheretostudy,aren’tyou?Idon’tthinkhecameherejusttosaygoodbye,didhe?Ibelieveyouareinurgentneedofhelp,aren’tyou?如果想核實對方的看法是否與你一致，附加部分則與主句相應。Ithinkhe’sthebestpersonforthejob,don’tyou?(6)在祈使句后加一個附加疑問成分可緩和語氣，附加成分一般用willyou和wouldyou，但也可用won’tyou或can’tyou。Openthewindow,wouldyou?Givemeahand,won’tyou?(7)Let’s型祈使句中附加成分用shallwe。Let’sgoforawalk,shallwe?Let’sgetdowntowork,shallwe?（8）陳述部分帶有usedto時，附加成分用did形式，偶爾用usedto形式。Heusedtosmokefiftycigarettesaday,didn’the?有的語法書將usednot縮略式定為usedn’tto，這是老式的用法，現(xiàn)在很少有人使用。11.附加疑問句的回答要針對所陳述的內(nèi)容，不受附加疑問成分的制約?！猋oudidn’tgotherealone,didyou?—No,Ididn’t.—Youlovecoffee,don’tyou?—Yes,Ido.TypesofSentence:theImperative12.祈使句的作用（1）表示命令和指示Don’tmakeanynoise.Lettheboysaywhathewants.(2)表示建議、勸告或警告Don’tbeupset.Writetomeifyouneedfurtherinformation.(3)請求和呼吁Comequickly.Help!Dohelpme,please.(4)邀請Dropinwheneveryouhavetime.Comeinandhaveacupoftea.(5)解釋TakeClass5forexample.LookatthesituationintheMiddleEastforexample.13.祈使句的基本形式祈使句的第二人稱主語you通常省略，以動詞原形開頭，句尾用句號或感嘆號。Sitdown.Takeyourshareofthewater!祈使句的否定形式是在動詞前加don’t,但在正式文體中則用donot。Donotlitterinthepark!Donotfeedtheanimals!也可在動詞前加never。Neverforgetthepast.Neverputoffuntiltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday.(諺語)14.祈使句的委婉形式（1）在句首或句尾加please。Passmethesalt,please.Pleasedon’tforgettocomehereateighttomorrow.(2)用附加疑問成分willyou?/won’tyou?/wouldyou?等。Comeandhavedinnerwithus,wouldyou?Don’tcomelateagain,willyou?15.祈使句的強調(diào)形式（1）在動詞前可加上助動詞do。Docomeinandhaveacupofcoffee.Dotellmewhat’sbotheringyou.(2)祈使句表示命令、建議或警告時，動詞前加“you”。Youshutup.(不客氣的說法)Yougofirst.16.祈使句的第三人稱形式祈使句的句首或句尾也可加人名和第三人稱代詞如everyone，everybody,nobody,anybody等，但它們不是句子的主語，只是稱呼，用以喚起注意，不影響動詞的形式。Tommovethetablethere,andJohntaketherubbishout.PassengersforFlight104pleasewaitatGateFour.17.Let’s型祈使句如果祈使的對象包括說話者本人，就用Let’s型祈使句：Let’shaveameetingthisevening.Let’sgoinandhavealook.Let’s型祈使句的否定式為Let’snot...和Don’tlet’s...:Don’tlet’sargueanymore.Let’snotargueanymore.注意letmedosth.表示“提出做某事”。Letmecarryyoursuitcase.在極為正式的文體中，let表示愿望。Letjusticeandpeacelive!Letallgoodpeoplebehappy!18.祈使句的被動結(jié)構(gòu)祈使句的被動結(jié)構(gòu)多用于否定式。Don’tbefrightenedbywhathesays.Don’tbesurprisedatwhatyouaregoingtosee.RhetoricalQuestions&Ellipsis19.修辭性疑問句是用疑問句的形式表達說話人態(tài)度、感情而無需回答的疑問句。（1）形式①一般疑問句的肯定形式（起否定陳述句的作用）Doyouthinkyouhavetherighttotalktomelikethat?（你覺得你有權(quán)利跟我這樣說話？意思是你無權(quán)這么做。）Isthatthereasonforgoingtherealone?(這就是你單獨去那兒的理由嗎？意思是這不能成為理由。)②一般疑問句的否定形式（起肯定陳述句的作用）Don’tyouwanttoknowwhatitis?(難道你就不想知道這是什么東西嗎？意思是你肯定想知道。)Haven’tyouhadenoughofhercomplaints?(你還沒受夠她的抱怨嗎？意思是你已經(jīng)受夠了。)③特殊疑問句的肯定形式（相當于否定的陳述句）Nowthatyou’vegotawellpaidjob,whatelsedoyouwant?(你還要什么？意思是你不應該再要求別的什么了。)Whatdifferencedoesitmake?(那有什么區(qū)別？意思是沒有區(qū)別。)④特殊疑問句的否定形式（相當于肯定的陳述句）Whodoesn’tknow?(誰不知道？意思是誰都知道了。)Whydon’tyouquit?Youcan’tholdout!(你為什么不罷手？你不可能堅持到底的！)（2）用法①表示驚訝、感嘆Don’tyouloveyourownparents?(你難道不愛自己的父母嗎？)Isn’tthatalovelypark?(那公園真美！)②表示憤怒Howdareyouspeaktomelikethat?(你居然跟我這樣說話，太不像話了！)Whydon’tyoushutup?(你給我閉嘴！)③表示建議或委婉的批評、責備Whydon’twehavelunchinaneatingplacearoundhere?Can’tyoucomeabitearlynexttime?④表示邀請Won’tyousitdownandhaveacupoftea?Whydon’tyoucomeinandhavealook?用修辭性疑問句表達以上態(tài)度和感情時語氣比一般陳述句要強烈。20.句子結(jié)構(gòu)的省略英語句子的某些成分在一定的情況下可以省略，如祈使句省略主語，比較從句省略謂語、賓語等。這里著重歸納并列句和復合句中的省略。（1）并列句中的省略一般說來，第二個并列從句中與第一個并列從句相同的成分通常都可省略。MysisterlikesmusicandI(like)painting.(省略謂語)Peopletherewillgosailinginsummerand(theywillgo)skiinginwinter.(省略主語、謂語)HewonanOscarAward(奧斯卡獎)in1976andhiswife(wonanOscarAward)in1977.(省略謂語、賓語)（2）復合句中的省略省略如果出現(xiàn)在主句，則多出現(xiàn)在句首。(Itis)NowondershespeakssuchgoodChinese.(You’d)Betterstaywhereyouare.(It’sa)PityIcan’tgowithyou.復合句中的省略多出現(xiàn)在狀語從句中。I’mhappyaslongasyouare(happy).You’llhavetowashthedishestodaybecauseIwon’t(washthedishes).If(itis)necessary,Icanexplainthistohim.(3)復合句中若有兩個以上的賓語從句，則從第二個賓語從句開始that不能省略。Hetoldme(that)heenjoyedtheconcertverymuchandthathewouldliketomeettheconductor.Everybodycansee(that)thisisanimportantissueandthattheycannotaffordtooverlookit.(4)縮略狀語從句如果主句和從句的主語一致，狀語從句可以省略主語以及謂語的一部分。WhenIfinished,hewaitedasif(hewas/were)expectingmore.While(hewas)recoveringfromhisoperation,Davidrenewedanoldinterestinstockcarracing.When(theyare)ripe,thetomatoestastedelicious.ObjectComplement21.名詞、形容詞、介詞詞組作賓語補足語Theclasselectedhimmonitor.(名詞)Ifoundthefilmveryinteresting.(形容詞)I’dliketofindeverythinginitsproperplacewhenIcomeback.(介詞詞組)22.動詞不定式、分詞作賓語補足語Whatdidyoutellhertodo?(不定式)I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.(現(xiàn)在分詞)23.as+名詞/形容詞/分詞作賓語補足語Heseemedtoregarditashisownachievement.(名詞)Herteacherspokeofherasgentle,kindandhardworking.(形容詞)Youmustn’tthinkofmeasbeingrudetoyou.(分詞詞組)ThePredictiveTheSubjectComplement24.表語置于系動詞后，構(gòu)成主語+系（動詞）+表語結(jié)構(gòu)（1）名詞詞組、形容詞詞組和介詞詞組作表語Sheisaveryresponsibleteacher.(名詞詞組)Itwasindeedaterriblethingtohappen.(形容詞詞組)Yourroomisonthethirdfloor,Sir.(介詞詞組)（2）不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作表語Thequestioniswheretogetthemoneyandhowtoorganizethework.Anartist’sbusinessistoshowtheworldasheseesit,nottomakeitbetter.注意be+todo不一定都是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，這一結(jié)構(gòu)常常用來表示命令或安排。Youaretowearuniformsatwork.（命令）Theplaneistotakeoffat8∶30p.m.(安排)（3）動名詞和分詞詞組作表語Hisfavouritesportisplayingfootball.(動名詞詞組)Thedoorremainedlockedforawholeday.(名詞)注意：過去分詞作表語時，起形容詞作用，沒有被動的意思。Hewastooexcitedtobeabletotakepartinthecontest.(4)代詞作表語Thisroomisyours;thenextoneismine.Don’tworry.It’snothingserious.(5)名詞從句作表語Theirideaisthatweshouldbuildanotherschoolinthisdistrict.ThefactisthatIcan’tdomuchaboutthis.25.主語補足語是在句中補充說明主語狀況的成分在主語+謂語+主補結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語表示主語的行為，主補表示主語的狀況。（1）謂語為不及物動詞die,return和beborn后面可跟形容詞或名詞作補語。Hediedyoung.(形容詞)Hediedahero.(名詞)一般不及物動詞后只能跟形容詞或過去分詞作主語補足語。Thestudentswalkedhomeproundandsatisfied.(2)謂語為及物動詞時可由形容詞或過去分詞作主語補足語。Hegazedatherspeechless.Shestaredattheboxwideeyed.(3)帶有賓語補足語的句子變成被動語態(tài)時，賓語補足語則變成了主語補足語。Thedoorwaskickedopen.(形容詞)XiaoWangwaselectedPresidentoftheStudents’Association.(名詞)Thepatientwastoldnottotaketoomuchsalt.(不定式詞組)Thetapwasleftrunningallnight.(分詞詞組)Adjectives(Ⅰ)26.形容詞用來說明人、物、事等的性質(zhì)、特點、類別Iopenedthetwobagswithmypersonalbelongings.(類別)Agreatarmyitwas,andagreatstoryforme.(特點)Thesherrywasalittletoodry.(性質(zhì))27.形容詞在句子中作定語、表語以及（主語或賓語的）補足語Hughielookedverymiserableinthosedays.(表語)Personallyhewasastrange,roughfellow,withafreckledfaceandred,roughbeard.(定語)Hiseyeskeptwatchingme,narrowanddangerous.(主補)28.形容詞句型（1）形容詞+介詞詞組Laura’sfatherwasveryfondofHughie,butwouldnothearofanengagement.Humansarecapableofgreatmutualcompassion,love,andtenderness.類似的詞組還有：afraidof,ashamedof,(un)awareof,fullof,guiltyof,innocentof,sureof,tiredof,trueof等。Theywereveryvaluabletomeinreportingthearmy’svictories.Thelittlegirlfeltclosetothebirdsandplantsandanimals.類似的詞組還有：accustomedto,connectedto,devotedto,familiarto,relatedto,similarto,uniqueto等。常用于形容詞之后的介詞還有：about,at,for,in,with等。Iamoftenuncertainaboutwhethertogiveintomanyofmychildren’srequests.Don’tgettrappedbythefirstthingyoufindyourselfgoodat.(2)形容詞+不定式①名詞或代詞作主語Manyparentsareunabletostanduptotheirchildren’sunreasonabledemands.Youareboundtovacillateattimes.以上這類形容詞幾乎總是與不定式連用。還有一些表示人的情緒或愿望的形容詞既可與不定式連用也可與介詞詞組或名詞從句連用。Theboyisafraidtogooutafterdark.I’mgladtoseeyouinmycountry.He’sashamedtotellyouwhatreallyhappened.I’msorrytobreakthenewstoyou.另有一類形容詞與含有被動意思的不定式連用，說明主語的情況。Thematerialiseasytowash.Heisdifficulttogetalongwith.形容詞前可加too,后可加enough。You’retooprettytobesoheavy.Hethinksheisoldenoughtomanagehisownaffairs.②不定式作主語的兩種形式（a）Itis+adj.(+forsb./sth.)+todosth.常用于此句型的形容詞有：common,dangerous,difficult,easy,important,(un)necessary,(im)possible等。(b)Itis+adj.+ofsb.todosth.常用于此句型的形容詞有：brave,careless,clever,generous,good,kind,mean,stupid,wise等。WasitpossibleforthewritertogethisdiariesoutofBerlinsafely?Itisdifficultformediacelebritiestopassthroughacrowdwithoutbeingrecognized.③形容詞+名詞從句許多形容詞可用于此句型，如afraid,angry,anxious,aware,certain,confident,glad,happy,pleased,proud,sad,sorry,sure,surprised,unaware等。Hefeltterriblysorrythathehadgiventhemillionaireapound.Hewasafraidthatthemillionairewouldthinkhimfoolish.名詞從句也可作主語。Itistoobadthatyoumissedyourflight.Itseemspossiblethatpeacewillberestoredinthatcountrybytheendoftheyear.Preposition+Which/Who+RelativeClausesSplitRelativeandAppositiveClauses29.定語從句中的介詞+關系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)英語正式的文體，尤其是法律和科技文獻中，定語從句中的關系代詞（主要是which）前往往加介詞，介詞的選擇有時取決于從句中的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)，有時又取決于主句中關系詞前面的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)。因此介詞的選擇既要注意其后的也要注意其前的搭配關系。Physics,aboutwhichIknownothing,doesn’tseemsodullasubject.(定語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成Iknownothingaboutphysics,可以看出about與know有關。)Thisdependsonthepurposeforwhichtheexaminationisgiven.(定語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成theexaminationisgivenfor...purpose，介詞for與purpose有關。)注意：在語義上相當于一個簡單動詞的短語動詞中的介詞不能前置，只能用在動詞后。Thisisaphaseofhistorywhichitissadtolookbackon.Thebabywhomsheistakingcareofisverylovelyindeed.口語中要避免這種結(jié)構(gòu)，關系代詞which往往省略。There’salimit(which)nobodyshouldgobeyond.That’ssomething(which)theycanneverputupwith.30.分隔型定語從句一般情況下，定語從句緊跟在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后，但有時由于修辭和語法的需要，定語從句與它所修飾的先行詞分開，這就是分隔型定語從句。它有以下幾種情況。（1）先行詞+介詞短語+定語從句Heistheonlyfriendofminewhoisnotinterestedinmusic.ThatwasthemostimportantdayinmylifethatIcanremember.(2)先行詞+主動態(tài)動詞+定語從句Helaughsbestwholaughslast.(誰笑到最后誰笑得最好。)Thedaywillcomewhenyouwillbeproudofme.（3）先行詞+分詞短語+定語從句Thereissomeonewaitingforyououtsidewhosayshemustseeyoupersonally.Therearefewplacesleftonearthwheremanhasn’tputhisfoot.(4)先行詞+定語從句HeisoneofthosepeopleIknowwhodonotcareaboutmoneyatall.ThatistheonlyfilmI’veeverseenwhichusesthattechnique.31.分隔型同位語從句和定語從句一樣，同位語從句一般緊接與之對應的名詞，但有時也可分開。Thesuggestionwasmadethattheyshouldbepackedoffatonceinaspecialtrain.Withinaweekortwohereceivedaletterfromtheuniversitythathehadbeenaccepted.Both,Either,Neither32.both表示一個和另一個兩者都……，用復數(shù)動詞。Bothsidesofthestreetaredecoratedwithcolourfullights.Shehastwobrothers,Bothworkinthecity.both...and連接同類的語法結(jié)構(gòu)（名詞、動詞、形容詞、介詞短語等），表示強調(diào)。Hehasboththeknowledgeandcapabilitytodothisjob.Bothsheandherhusbandwereverypleasedwiththegirl.33.either(1)表示兩者中的任何一個，用單數(shù)動詞。Youmaytakeeitheroftheroadstogetthere.Hecouldwritewitheitherhand.(2)表示兩邊。Youcanseealotoftreesoneithersideofthestreet.Manyconversationsareakindofcompetitionthatrarelyleadstodiscoveryoneitherside.(3)作副詞，表示也，用于否定句。Alittlebitofexercisewon’tdoyouanyharm,either.Hedidn’tgotothemeetingandshedidn’tturnup,either.(4)和or連用，連接相同的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，表示或是……或是，不是……就是，既……又，既不……又不，它所帶的動詞在數(shù)上與or后面的名詞或代詞保持一致。EitheryouorDickisresponsibleforit.Eitherheorhisbrothershavetocleantheroom.34.neither(1)作代詞，表示兩者都不……，后面的動詞多用單數(shù)形式。Neitherofthebooksisofanyhelptome.Ifyourunaftertwohares,you’llcatchneither.(2)作副詞，表示也不。用于句首，句子的主語與謂語必須倒裝?！狪haveneverbeenherebefore.—NeitherhaveI.HecannotspeakEnglish,andneithercanhereadit.(3)與nor連用，連接相同的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，表示既不……也不。它所帶的動詞在數(shù)上與nor后面的名詞或代詞保持一致。Neitherhisfriendsnorheknowsanythingaboutit.I’mafraidIhaveneitherthetimenorthemoneytohelpyou.Negation35.否定詞英語中的否定結(jié)構(gòu)多以否定詞來表示，常用的否定詞有：not,no,never,none,nothing,nobody,nowhere,neither,nor,還有表示近似否定的hardly,seldom,scarcely,barely,rarely,little,few等。Noonehasanydoubtabouthisability.Noneofthecandidateshasarrivedyet.Ishallneverforgetyourkindness.Iseldomgetanysleepafterthebabywakesup.Hehashardlyspokentoanyonewhodisagreeswithhimonthispoint.Mr.Smithhadbarelystartedspeakingwhenhewasinterrupted.注意：否定詞若放在句首時，句子的主謂要倒裝。Notforonemomentdidhestopworking.LittledoIknowaboutthecity.但否定的名詞詞組作主語并放在句首時，不能倒裝。Notallofthepassengersescapedunhurt.Notasinglemanwaskilled,andonlythreewounded.36.否定結(jié)構(gòu)否定結(jié)構(gòu)在英語中是一個常用的結(jié)構(gòu)，它有幾種常用的形式。（1）一般否定。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，not用以否定全句的意義。Thisisnottherightthingtodo.Ifyouarenotmovingahead,youarefallingbehind.(2)部分否定。否定詞not不否定全句，僅否定句中的某一部分。Whathewantsisnotsympathybuttrust.Don’tbeafraid.Iamyourfriend,notyourenemy.(3)轉(zhuǎn)移否定。believe,suppose,think后面所帶的that從句若是否定從句時，其否定詞移到主句動詞前。Idon’tbelieve(that)youtwohavemet,haveyou?Idon’tsuppose(that)anyonewillobjecttomyabsence.(4)接續(xù)否定。這種結(jié)構(gòu)指的是在同一句子中重復使用同一否定詞，以加強語氣。Althoughautumnwaswelladvanced,notaleafhadfallenfromthetrees,notevenone.Ican’tgoonmoving,noteven(for)oneinch.也可用不同的否定詞。Nonationcanaffordtooffenditsallies,noteventheUnitedStates.(5)轉(zhuǎn)換否定。英語中有不少形式上像肯定而實際上表示否定意義的句子。同樣，也有不少形式上像否定而實際表示肯定意義的句子。Catchmedoingthatagain!(我決不再犯了！)Heisthelastpersontotellalie.(他不可能說謊。)That’sthelastthingIshouldexpecthimtodo.(他不可能做那樣的事。)Wholikestodothatsortofthing?(沒人愿意做那種事。)Thisistoomuchformetobear.(我受不了。)Youcan’tbetoocarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet.(過馬路越小心越好。)Icouldn’tagreewithyoumore.(我完全贊成你的觀點。)Whichfamilydoesn’thaveproblems?(家家有本難念的經(jīng)。)（6）省略否定。在上下文提供足夠語境的情況下，否定結(jié)構(gòu)可有省略的形式?！狣oyouknowtheanswertothismathproblem?—I’mafraidnot.Someparentsdon’tknowwhethertheyshouldsatisfyalltheirchildren’sneedsornot.37.動詞的非謂語形式的否定在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，否定詞要放在動詞不定式、分詞或動名詞短語前。Wecan’taffordnottobelieveit’sreal.Therealpurposeofthediscussionisnottotellparentshowmuchorhowlittletogivetotheirchildren.Nothavingreadthebook,Ican’ttellyouwhetherit’sworthbuying.OtherWaysofComparingThings英語中表示比較的方法很多，除以前介紹過的形容詞和副詞的比較級外，還有許多習慣的比較方法，以下是幾種常用的方法。38.用such...as(像……那樣的)表示比較as后面既可接名詞也可接句子。Heneverrememberedhavingknownsuchhappinessashefeltthen.we’vegotsuchfruitsasyou’veneverheardof.39.用thesameas(和……一樣的)表示比較HewasaboutthesameheightasGeorge.Thiscityisnotthesameasitwastenyearsago.40.用like（像）或alike(一樣)表示比較Thelittlegirl,likemanypeople,feelsthatthesewondersofNaturearepreciousandpermanent.Thetwoofficebuildingsarealikeinbothsizeandshape.41.用“a+名詞1+ofa+名詞2”表示比較（將名詞2表示的內(nèi)容比成名詞1表示的內(nèi)容）That’sahellofathingtodo.(干那種事太糟糕了！直譯為：那簡直是件地獄般的事！)Whatadevilofanamethatis!(那個是魔鬼般的名字啊！)Agiantofamanrushedintotheroom.(一個巨人般的男人沖進房間。)Weareallafraidofhim.Heisatyrantofafather.(他是個暴君般的父親。)42.用asif/though引導一個從句表示比較Irememberwhathappenedasvividlyasifitwereonlyyesterday.I’vealwayslovedyouasifyouweremyowndaughter.MoreandMostUsedOtherThaninComparison43.more是much,many的比較級，但它有時卻沒有比較的意思。下面是more的幾種常用的非比較級的用法。（1）more...than相當于...ratherthan...，表示“與其說是……，不如說是……”。Heismorequickwittedthanhardworking.(與其說他肯干，不如說他腦子快。)Afterthreeday’sjourney,Iarrivedhomemoredeadthanalive.(經(jīng)過3天的旅行，我回到家時已半死不活。)Heismorecunningthanwise.(與其說他聰明，不如說他狡猾。)Shewasmorehurtthanfrightened.(與其說她害怕不如說她受到了傷害。)注意：同樣的意思也可以用less...than來表示，只要把被修飾詞語的位置對調(diào)一下就行了。Heislesswisethancunning.Shewaslesshurtthanfrightened.(2)nomore+名詞+than+名詞，表示“不是……，也不是……”。Heisnomoreawriterthanapainter.I’mafraidyou’vegotthewrongperson.Iamnomoreascientistthananartist.(3)morethan表示“極其”、“不只”。WhenItoldthemIneededtheirhelp,theyweremorethanwillingtogivemeahand.Shewasmorethanhappytobeleftalone.Fromthewaytheytalk,Icanseethattheyaremuchmorethanjustacquaintances.Itismorethanprobablethathewillgiveitanothertry.44.most是much,many的最高級形式，放在多音節(jié)的形容詞或副詞前面構(gòu)成該詞的最高級形式，一般來說它的結(jié)構(gòu)為“themost...”。ThisisthemostdifficultquestionIhaveeverbeenforcedtoanswer.Amongallmyemployees,Jimworksthemostefficiently.然而，most也可以表示“非常”、“很”的意思，這時most前面不加the，這一用法較正式，口語中用very更好。Iwillbemostgratefulifyoucouldgrantmethescholarship.Itwasamostbeautifulmorningandthebirdsweresinginginthetrees.Sheisamostpleasantpersontotalkto.IshallbemosthappytogodowntownwithyouifIshouldnotbeintheway.(要是不妨礙你們的話，我非常愿意和你們一起去市中心。)Hearguedhiscasemostpersuasively(有說服力地).Whateverhappens,Ishallmostcertainlyattendthemeeting.下冊LinkVerbs英語除動詞be之外，還有一些動詞也可以作系動詞，如表示狀態(tài)或情況的：keep,look,feel,appear,lie,remain,seem,stay,smell,sound,taste等；以及表示變化的：get,grow,turn,fall,run,become,go等。下面我們來分析一下帶系動詞的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。1.系動詞后面帶名詞從句Goodmannersarethehappywayofdoingthings.Itseemedtohimthathehadneverworkedsohardinhislife.2.系動詞后面帶形容詞Shesoundedrathersurprisedonthephone.Sitdown.Juststaycalmandyouwillbealright.3.tobe可以加在seem,prove,remain,appear等系動詞和其后的名詞或形容詞之間，但也可以省略。Thetaskproved(tobe)impossible.Theyseem(tobe)suchfriendlypeople,buttheyneverrepliedtoourinvitation.Whathashappenedremains(tobe)amystery.Theproblemfirstappeared(tobe)unsolvable,butlaterwecameupwithaverygoodsolution.注意：在seem,appear等詞后，可加其他非tobe的不定式，但這時，它們則不是系動詞而是不及物動詞。4.系動詞后面帶介詞詞組TheirweddingwillbeinlateJune.Theshopstaysroundtheclock.ImpersonalItit在句中可以作代詞，代表剛提到的東西或一個彼此都知其所指的東西；此外它還可用來代表時間、天氣、自然環(huán)境、距離等。it還有一個很重要的用法，那就是作先行詞，代表句子的實際主語或賓語；它也可以用來改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)，使句子的某一成分得到強調(diào)。5.作句子的形式主語（1）代表不定式It’sabsurdtobeafraidundersuchcircumstances.It’sagreatprivilegetoknowyou.(2)代表動名詞It’snousingcryingoversplitmilk.It’snogoodwaitingforhimthismorning.Hewon’tcomebackuntilfiveintheafternoon.(3)代表that引導的從句Itisbelievedthatheisoneofthebestpianoplayersintheworld.Itissuggestedthathe(should)besenttohospitalimmediately.（4）代表wh引導的從句Aslongashefinisheshiswork,itdoesn’tmatterwhenhecomestotheoffice.IthasnotbeendecidedyetwhetherornotIshouldgoonwithmystudy.6.作句子的形式賓語（1）代表不定式Theyfounditdifficulttogetalongwithhim.Ifeelitmydutytoreportthis.(2)代表從句Ithinkitbestthatyou(should)staywithme.Youmaydependonitthatthesestonesarereallyveryvaluable.7.用來改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)，使句子的某一成分得到強調(diào)（1）強調(diào)主語Itwasshewhoputforwardthatsuggestion.Wasityouwhowrotethesewordsontheblackboard?(2)強調(diào)賓語Itisthatpaintingthathesoldatagoodprofit.Itwasthefootballmatchthattheyweretalkingabout.(3)強調(diào)狀語Itwasthroughmethathehadgotthepresentjob.ItwasonacoldMondaynightthathewasshot.MoreWaysofEmphasis表示強調(diào)有很多種方式，在書面語中可以將要強調(diào)的成分用黑體或斜體表示出來，也可以用大寫字母表示強調(diào)的成分。在口語中可以用重讀來表示強調(diào)。除此之外，下面幾種方法也常用來強調(diào)句子的某一部分。8.將強調(diào)的表語、主語補語或賓語提前，把句子的其他成分放在其后。AnutterfoolIfelttoo.(表)Relaxationyoucallit!(主補)Excellentfoodtheyservehere.(賓)這種強調(diào)方法多用于表示對比關系。9.用so強調(diào)聽者同意說者所言，這種用法只將so提到句首，其他成分位置不變。—You’respilledcoffeeonyourdress.—SoIhave.—It’sraininghardoutside.—Soitis.10.用wh詞引導的名詞從句表示強調(diào)Weneedmoretime.Moretimeiswhatweneed.Whatweneedismoretime.He’sspoiltthewholething.Whathe’sdoneis(to)spoilthewholething.11.用反身代詞表示強調(diào)Johntoldmeeverything.Johnhimselftoldmeeverything.Johntoldmeeverythinghimself.Thequeenattendedthemeeting.Thequeenherselfattendedthemeeting.Thequeenattendedthemeetingherself.12.用感嘆詞和感嘆句表示強調(diào)，Oh,Wow表示吃驚；Ah,Aha表示滿意，肯定等；Ouch,Ow表示痛苦；Ooh表示高興，舒適等。Oh,whatabeautifulpresent!Ah,that’sjustwhatIwanted.Aha,theseslidesareexactlywhatIwaslookingfor.Wow,whatafantasticgoal!Ouch,myfoot!Ooh,thiscreamcake’sdelicious.13.重復表示強調(diào)It’sfar,fartooexpensive.Iagreewitheverywordyou’vesaid,everysingleword.14.文字材料中用斜體表示強調(diào)Isthattheonlything?“Yousayitcouldn’t”saidBeamish.AbsoluteStructure獨立結(jié)構(gòu)一般用于正式語體，是描寫性的文學語言。從形式上來說，獨立結(jié)構(gòu)可分成四類：不定式獨立結(jié)構(gòu)、現(xiàn)在分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)、過去分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)和無動詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。Fourlittlegirlsfollowedthebride,twotoholdherweddinggown,twotoholdflowers.(不定式)DinnerwasJapanese,thefamilysittingonthefloorinthetraditionalway.(現(xiàn)在分詞)Hereyeslookedfrommyfacedowntomyfoot,withthechalkgrippedbetweenmytoes.(過去分詞)Acaseinbothhands,Mabelwalkedoutofthehouse.(無動詞)15.獨立結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成（1）不定式獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞詞組+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)Thefootballstartestifiedincourtthismorningthathehadnottakenanyillegaldrugs,thedetailstobereportedthisevening.Wehaveworkedoutaplantomakefulluseofourlimitedmoney,myhusband’ssalarytopayforourdaughter’seducationfeesandminetobuydailynecessities.(2)現(xiàn)在分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：（介詞+）名詞詞組+現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)Here!Changeintoaglassbowlfullofwaterwithgoldfishswimminginit.Withoutanyonenoticing,Islippedthroughthewindow.(3)過去分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：（介詞+）名詞詞組+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)Iwouldn’tdaregohomewithoutthejobfinished.Mr.Fotheringaystoodwithaforefingerstretchedoutandthetroubledfaceofoneexpectingaterriblecrash.(4)無動詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：（介詞+）名詞詞組+（介詞詞組）+（形容詞詞組或副詞詞組或名詞詞組）Thesummerholidaysover,wewentbacktowork.Twothousandpeoplediedintheearthquake,manyofthemchildren.16.獨立結(jié)構(gòu)在句中通常作狀語，口語中常用狀語從句表達相應的內(nèi)容（1）表示時間Lunchfinished(Whenlunchwasfinished),theguestsretiredtothelounge.Theirexamsfinished,thestudentswentonanouting.（2）表示原因Christmasthenonlydaysaway(AsChristmaswasonlydaysaway),thefamilywaspentupwithexcitement.Theweatherhavingimproved(Astheweatherhadimproved),weenjoyedtheremainderofthegame.(3)表示條件Withthemonourside(Iftheyareonourside),wearesecure.Weatherpermitting(Ifweatherpermits),we’llgofishingtomorrow.(4)表示伴隨情況Thelamphungupsidedownintheair,burningquietlywithitsflamepointingdown.Withoutatearonherface,thegirlwatchedherfatherbeingledaway.TheSubjunctiveMoodinIt’stime...,Iwish...,I’drather...,Ifonly...虛擬語氣表示假設的情況或主觀的愿望。我們已經(jīng)學過虛擬語氣在由if引導的虛擬條件句中的用法，如：Incaseaftercasethedifficultycouldhavebeenovercome—ormightneverhavearisen—ifthepeopleinvolvedhadjusttreatedoneanotherwithcommoncourtesy.IthinkthatifIwereallowedtoaddonesmallbeatitudeasafootnotetotheotheritmightbe:Blessedarethec