7環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語unit8

7環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語unit8第一頁，共49頁。PART2ATMOSPHERICCHEMISTRYANDAIRPOLLUTION＆CONTROLUnit8TypeandSourcesofAirPollutantsGODSAVEME!O3:我快完了SO2CO2:哈哈(hāha)，你死定了第二頁，共49頁。BackgroundIntroductionAirPollutants

?。?！第三頁，共49頁。primarypollutant一次污染物secondarypollutant二次污染物airstagnation空氣流動(dòng)(liúdòng)停滯，大氣停滯herbicide除草劑pesticide殺蟲劑/農(nóng)藥正常濃度normalconcentration嚴(yán)重污染的seriouspolluted/heavilypolluted

NewWordsandPhrases第四頁，共49頁。determiningfactor決定因素photochemicaloxidant光化學(xué)氧化物liquiddroplet液體(yètǐ)微滴radioactivesubstance放射性物質(zhì)incompleteoxidization/incompletecombustion不完全氧化automobileexhaust汽車尾氣

NewWordsandPhrases第五頁，共49頁。Whatisairpollution?Airpollutionisnormallydefinedasairthatcontainsoneormorechemicalsinhighenoughconcentrationtoharmhumans,otheranimals,vegetationormaterials.什么(shénme)是大氣污染？大氣污染通常是指空氣中一種或多種化學(xué)物質(zhì)富集到高濃度，以至于對(duì)人類、其它動(dòng)物、植物或材料造成了危害。Text第六頁，共49頁。Aprimaryairpollutantisachemicaladdeddirectlytotheairthatoccursinaharmfulconcentration.Itcanbeanaturalaircomponent,suchascarbondioxide,thatriseaboveitsnormalconcentration,orsomethingnotusuallyfoundintheair,suchasaleadcompoundemittedbycarsburningleadedgasoline.一次大氣污染物是指直接排放到大氣中的污染物質(zhì)，其濃度到達(dá)了造成危害的程度。一次大氣污染物中有的是大氣中自然組成成分〔如二氧化碳〕濃度超過了其正常濃度，或一些(yīxiē)通常大氣中沒有的物質(zhì)如汽車使用含鉛汽油時(shí)燃燒所排放的含鉛化合物。第七頁，共49頁。Asecondaryairpollutantisaharmfulchemicalformedintheatmospherethroughachemicalreactionamongaircomponents.次生空氣污染物是空氣中的各組分(zǔfèn)在大氣中相互發(fā)生化學(xué)反響所產(chǎn)生的有害物質(zhì)。

Secondarypollutantsincludesomeparticlesformedfromgaseousprimarypollutantsandcompoundsinphotochemicalsmog,suchasnitrogendioxide,ozoneandperoxyacetylnitrate(PAN).二次污染物包括一些由氣態(tài)一次污染物形成的顆粒物和光化學(xué)煙霧化合物，如二氧化氮、臭氧(chòuyǎng)和硝酸過氧化乙酰(PAN)。第八頁，共49頁。Notethatsomepollutantsmaybebothprimaryandsecondary:thatis,theyarebothemitteddirectlyandformedfromotherprimarypollutants.需要注意的是，一些污染物可能是既是一次污染物又是二次污染物：換言之，它們(tāmen)既可直接排放，又能由其他一次污染物形成。第九頁，共49頁。Seriousairpollutionusuallyresultsoveracityorotherareathatisemittinghighlevelsofpollutantsduringaperiodofairstagnation.在城市或其它區(qū)域上空發(fā)生的嚴(yán)重大氣污染通常是由于(yóuyú)在空氣停滯期所排放的高濃度的污染物造成的。第十頁，共49頁。Thegeographiclocationofsomeheavilypopulatedcities,suchasLosAngelesandMexicoCity,makesthemparticularlysusceptibletofrequentairstagnationandpollutionbuildup.一些人口稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉磯和墨西哥城(mòxīɡēchénɡ)，使他們特別容易受到頻繁的空氣停滯和空氣污染累積的影響。Bythemselves,measuredconcentrationstellusnothingaboutthedangercausedbypollutants,becausethresholdlevels,synergy,andbiologicalmagnificationarealsodeterminingfactors.測量所得的污染物濃度本身并不能告訴我們這些污染物所造成的危害的信息，因?yàn)榕R界濃度、協(xié)同作用還有生物放大效應(yīng)都是決定因素。第十一頁，共49頁。Majorairpollutants1.Carbonoxides:carbonmonoxide,carbondioxide.碳氧化物：一氧化碳，二氧化碳。2.Sulfuroxides:sulfurdioxide,sulfurtrioxide.硫氧化物：二氧化硫，三氧化硫(sānyǎnɡhuàliú)。3.Nitrogenoxides:nitrousoxide,nitricoxide,nitrogendioxide.氮氧化物：一氧化二氮，一氧化氮，二氧化氮.4.Hydrocarbons(organiccompoundscontainingcarbonandhydrogen):methane,butane,benzene.碳?xì)浠衔铩灿袡C(jī)含有碳?xì)浠衔铩常杭淄槎⊥楸?。第十二頁，?9頁。5.Photochemicaloxidants:ozone,PAN(agroupofPeroxyacylnitrates),andvariousaldehydes.光化學(xué)氧化劑：臭氧(chòuyǎng)，一組過氧?；跛狨ズ透鞣N醛Majorairpollutants第十三頁，共49頁。Neartheground,ozoneisacolourless,gaseoussecondarypollutant.Itisformedbychemicalreactionsbetweenreactiveorganicgasesandoxidesofnitrogeninthepresenceofsunlight.靠近地面時(shí)臭氧是一種無色的氣態(tài)的二次污染物。它是由活性有機(jī)氣體和氮氧化物在陽光下的化學(xué)反響形成的。Ozoneisoneoftheirritantsecondarypollutantsinphotochemicalsmogandisoftenusedasameasureofit.臭氧是光化學(xué)煙霧中的一種刺激性的二次污染物，通常(tōngcháng)是作為光化學(xué)煙霧的衡量指標(biāo)。Ozoneisstronglyoxidisingandcanirritatetheeyesandtherespiratorytract.Italsodamagesplants.臭氧具有強(qiáng)烈的氧化性并能刺激眼睛(yǎnjing)和呼吸道.它也會(huì)破壞植物。Ozone第十四頁，共49頁。Theformationofozoneintheupperlevelsoftheatmosphereor“stratosphere〞isbyadifferentprocess.在上層大氣或“同溫層〞的臭氧的形成過程不同。Ozonethereisnotregardedasapollutantbecauseitisproducednaturally.臭氧不被視為一種污染物是因?yàn)樗亲匀划a(chǎn)生的。Itisimportantinabsorbingharmfulultravioletradiationandpreventingitfromreachingtheearth.它吸收有害的紫外線輻射、阻止(zǔzhǐ)紫外線到達(dá)地球。第十五頁，共49頁。

PAN(agroupofPeroxyacylnitratesPeroxyacetylnitrateisasecondarypollutantpresentinphotochemicalsmog.Itisthermallyunstableanddecomposesintoperoxyethanoylradicalsandnitrogendioxidegas.Peroxyacetylnitrate,orPAN,isanoxidantmorestablethanozone.Hence,itisbettercapableoflong-rangetransportthanozone.Itservesasacarrierforoxidesofnitrogen(NOx)intoruralregionsandcausesozoneformationintheglobaltroposphere〔對(duì)流層〕.第十六頁，共49頁。Photochemicalsmog1．formation大氣中碳?xì)浠衔铩睭C〕、氮氧化物〔NOX〕等一次污染物在陽光照射下，發(fā)生光化學(xué)反響產(chǎn)生二次污染物，這種由參加反響的一、二次污染物的混合物〔包括氣體(qìtǐ)污染物和氣溶膠〕形成的煙霧污染現(xiàn)象，稱為光化學(xué)煙霧。Practice:TranslatetheabovetoEnglish第十七頁，共49頁。Photochemicalsmogisformedwhensunlightinteractswithcertainchemicalsintheatmosphere.Ozoneisthemaincomponentinthistypeofairpollution.Ozoneinthestratosphere〔平流層〕protectsusagainstharmfulultravioletradiation,butontheground,itishazardoustohumanhealth.Ground-levelozoneformswhenmotorvehicleemissionscontainingnitrogenoxideandvolatileorganiccompounds(producedfrompaintandevaporationoffuelandsolvents)reactinthepresenceofsunlight.

Readmore:://ehow/about_6575829_effect-photochemical-smog.html#ixzz29HsNBgF3第十八頁，共49頁。characteristic：bluesmog，strongoxidability，irritative，lowvisibility.source：industrialwastegasesandmotorvehicleexhaust.

第十九頁，共49頁。Theprevioussectionsuggeststhatthedevelopmentofphotochemicalsmogisprimarydeterminedbyabundanceofnitrogenoxidesandvolatileorganiccompoundsintheatmosphereandthepresenceofparticularenvironmentalconditions.

前一局部說明，光化學(xué)煙霧的開展主要是由大氣中大量的氮氧化物和揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物和特定(tèdìng)環(huán)境條件的存在所決定。photochemicalsmog第二十頁，共49頁。condition：NOx

＋CHUVLightbluesmogO3過氧?；跛?xiāosuān)酯other主要(zhǔyào)為過氧乙酰硝酸酯PAN(peroxyacetylnitrate醛類aldehydes、酮類ketones、過氧化氫(ɡuòyǎnɡhuàqīnɡ)等⑴NOX；⑵CH；⑶strongsunlight.theindexesofformation:O3、PAN

andotherproduct.第二十一頁，共49頁。greenhousegasAgreenhousegas(sometimesabbreviatedGHG)isagasinanatmospherethatabsorbsandemitsradiationwithinthethermalinfraredrange.Thisprocessisthefundamentalcauseofthegreenhouseeffect.[1]TheprimarygreenhousegasesintheEarth'satmospherearewatervapor,carbondioxide,methane,nitrousoxide,andozone.第二十二頁，共49頁。VolatileorganiccompoundVolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)areorganicchemicalsthathaveahighvaporpressureatordinaryroomtemperature.Theirhighvaporpressureresultsfromalowboilingpoint,whichcauseslargenumbersofmoleculestoevaporateorsublimatefromtheliquidorsolidformofthecompoundandenterthesurroundingair.Forexample,formaldehyde,whichevaporatesfrompaint,hasaboilingpointofonly–19°C(–2°F).

OtherVolatileorganiccompoundscontain:Benzene,

Chlorofluorocarbonsandchlorocarbons,Methylenechloride,Perchloroethylene,MTBE(tert-ButylMethylether)第二十三頁，共49頁。Chlorofluorocarbonsandchlorocarbons

Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs),whicharebannedorhighlyregulatedbecauseitisharmfultotheozonelayer,werewidelyusedcleaningproductsandrefrigerants.Tetrachloroetheneisusedwidelyindrycleaningandbyindustry.第二十四頁，共49頁。Persistentorganicpollutants(POPs)Persistentorganicpollutants(POPs)areorganiccompoundsthatareresistanttoenvironmentaldegradationthroughchemical,biological,andphotolyticprocesses.Becauseofthis,theyhavebeenobservedtopersistintheenvironment,tobecapableoflong-rangetransport,bioaccumulateinhumanandanimaltissue,biomagnifyinfoodchains,andtohavepotentiallysignificantimpactsonhumanhealthandtheenvironment.第二十五頁，共49頁。Thesmokeandfumesfromburningfossilfuelsriseintotheatmosphereandcombinewiththemoistureintheairtoformacidrain.Themainchemicalsinairpollutionthatcreateacidrainaresulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxides.

Acidrainusuallyformsinthecloudswheresulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxidesreactwithwater,oxygen,andoxidants.Thisformsasolutionofsulfuricacidandnitricacid.Acidrain第二十六頁，共49頁。6.Particulates(solidparticlesorliquiddropletssuspendedinair):smoke,dust,soot,asbestos,metallicparticles(suchaslead,berylliumcadmium),oil,saltspray,sulfatesalts.顆粒〔在空氣中的固體顆?；蛞旱螒腋　常簾熿F，塵埃，油煙(yóuyān)，石棉，金屬粒子〔例如鉛，鎘鈹〕，石油，鹽霧，硫酸鹽。Majorairpollutants第二十七頁，共49頁?！睞sbestos，5.5FeO,1.5MgO,8SiO2,H2O〕絕熱材料石棉(shímián)公害石棉(shímián)第二十八頁，共49頁。7.Otherinorganiccompounds:asbestos,hydrogenfluoride,hydrogensulfide,ammonia,sulfuracid,nitricacid.其他無機(jī)化合物：石棉，氟化氫，硫化氫，氨氣，硫酸，硝酸。8.Otherorganiccompounds:pesticides,herbicides,variousalcohols,acids,andotherchemicals.其他有機(jī)(yǒujī)化合物：殺蟲劑，除草劑，各種醇，酸和其他化學(xué)品。9.Radioactivesubstances:tritium,radon,emissionsfromfossilfuelandnuclearpowerplants.放射性物質(zhì)：氚，氡，化石燃和核能發(fā)電廠排放物。10.Heat.10.熱。11.Noise.11.噪聲。Majorairpollutants第二十九頁，共49頁。CarbonoxidesCarbonMonoxide(CO):Forestfiresanddecayingorganicmatter;incompletecombustionoffossilfuels(abouttwo-thirdsoftotalemissions)andotherorganicmatterincarsandfurnaces;cigarettesmoke森林火災(zāi)和腐爛的有機(jī)物質(zhì);不完全燃燒(ránshāo)化石燃料〔約占三分之二的總量〕和其他來自汽車和熔爐的有機(jī)質(zhì);香煙煙霧.Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十頁，共49頁。Carbondioxide

(CO2):

Naturalaerobicrespirationoflivingorganisms;burningoffossilfuels

自然有氧呼吸的生物體;燃燒化石燃料Sulfuroxides

(SO2andSO3)：Combustionofsulfur-containingcoalandoilinhomes,industriesandpowerplants;smeltingofsulfur-containingores;volcaniceruptions

家庭、工廠和發(fā)電廠燃燒含硫的煤和石油；冶煉(yěliàn)含硫礦石；火山爆發(fā).Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十一頁，共49頁。Particulatesdustsootandoil:煤煙粉塵顆粒物和石油forestsfires,winderosion,andvolcaniceruptions;coalburning;farming,miningconstruction,roadbuilding,andotherland-clearingactivities;chemicalreactionsintheatmosphere;duststirredupbyautomobiles;automobileexhaust;coal-burningelectricpowerandindustrialplants

森林火災(zāi)，風(fēng)蝕，和火山爆發(fā);燃煤;農(nóng)業(yè)，采礦工程，道路建設(shè)，以及其他土地清理活動(dòng);大氣中的化學(xué)反響；汽車引發(fā)的粉塵；汽車尾氣；燃煤電力廠房(chǎngfáng)和工業(yè)廠房(chǎngfáng).Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十二頁，共49頁。Nitrogenoxides(NOandNO2):High-temperaturefuelcombustioninmotorvehiclesandindustrialandfossilfuelpowerplants;lighting機(jī)動(dòng)車輛高溫燃料燃燒(ránshāo)，工業(yè)和礦物燃料發(fā)電廠;照明Photochemicaloxidants

光化學(xué)氧化劑Sunlightactingonhydrocarbonsandnitrogenoxides碳?xì)浠衔锖偷趸镌陉柟庀路错?Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十三頁，共49頁。Hydrocarbons

碳?xì)浠衔颕ncompletecombustionfossilfuelsinautomobilesandfurnaces;evaporationofindustrialsolventsandoilspills;tobaccosmoke;forestfires;plantdecay(about85percentofemissions)

不完全燃燒化石燃料的汽車和火爐；蒸發(fā)的工業(yè)溶劑和石油泄漏；煙草煙霧(yānwù)；森林火災(zāi)；植物的腐爛〔大約%85的排放〕.Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十四頁，共49頁。Pesticidesandherbicides:殺蟲劑和除草劑

Agriculture;forestry;mosquito

control農(nóng)業(yè);林業(yè);蚊蟲控制Asbestos:石棉(shímián)Asbestos

mining;spraying

of

fireproofing

insulation

in

buildings;deterioration

of

brake

linings

石棉(shímián)開采;防火隔熱建筑的噴漆;制動(dòng)片的變質(zhì)MetalsandMetalCompounds:

Mining;industrial

processes;

coal

burning;

automobile

exhaust.挖掘；工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程;燃煤;汽車尾氣.Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十五頁，共49頁。HydrogenSulfide(H2S):Chemical

industry;petroleum

refiningAmmonia(NH3):Chemical

industry;petroleum

refining化學(xué)工業(yè);石油煉制SulfuricAcid(H2SO4):Reactionof

sulfur

trioxide

and

water

vapor

inatmosphere;

ChemicalindustryNitricAcid(HNO3):Reaction

ofsulfur

trioxide

and

water

vaporin

atmosphere;Chemical

industry三氧化硫和水汽(shuǐqì)在大氣中反響;化學(xué)工業(yè).Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十六頁，共49頁。Noise:

Automobiles,

airplanes,

and

trains;

industry;

construction汽車，飛機(jī)，列車;產(chǎn)業(yè)建設(shè)OtherInorganicHydrogenFluoride(HF):Petroleum

refining;

glass

etching;

aluminumand

fertilizer

production石油煉制;玻璃(bōlí)刻蝕;鋁和化肥生產(chǎn).Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十七頁，共49頁。TechnologyforcontrolofparticulateemissionsCyclone旋風(fēng)(xuànfēng)除塵器Electrostaticprecipitators靜電沉淀器Wetscrubber/wetcollector濕式除塵器Fabricfilters袋式過濾器Biofiltration生物過濾第三十八頁，共49頁。控制工業(yè)來源(láiyuán)的顆粒物的排放的主要方法是利用旋風(fēng)別離器、靜電除塵器、布袋過濾器和洗滌器。TechnologyofAirPollutionControlBiofiltration:AnInnovativeAirPollutionControlTechnologyforVOCEmissions.生物(shēngwù)過濾：一種創(chuàng)新的大氣揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物污染控制技術(shù)Theprincipalmeansforcontrolofparticulateemissionsfromindustrialsourcesarecyclones，electrostaticprecipitators,fabricfiltersandscrubbers.第三十九頁，共49頁。Biofiltration

Biofiltrationisapollutioncontroltechniqueusingmaterialtocaptureandbiologicallydegradeprocesspollutants.生物過濾是使用材料來捕獲和生物降解污染物的一種污染控制技術(shù)。Commonusesincludeprocessingwastewater,capturingharmfulchemicalorsiltfromsurfacerunoff,andmicrobioticoxidationofcontaminantsinair．常見的用途包括處理(chǔlǐ)廢水、從地表徑流或泥沙中捕捉有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)和空氣中污染物的微生物氧化。第四十頁，共49頁。Flue-gasdesulfurizationFlue-gasdesulfurization(FGD)isasetoftechnologiesusedtoremovesulfurdioxide(SO2)fromexhaustfluegasesoffossil-fuelpowerplants,andfromthee