大學(xué)英語語言學(xué)教程知識點(diǎn)

大學(xué)英語語言學(xué)教程知識點(diǎn)英語語言學(xué)知識點(diǎn).語言學(xué)LinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage..普通語言學(xué)GeneralLinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics..語言languageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.語言是人類用來交際的任意性的有聲符號體系。.識別特征DesignFeaturesItreferstothedefiningpopertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.語言識別特征是指人類語言區(qū)別與其他任何動物的交際體系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多產(chǎn)性Duality雙重性Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化傳遞（l）arbitrarinessThereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.P.Sthearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions（2）ProductivityAnimalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.（3）DualityLanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.⑷DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.（5）CulturaltransmissionHumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butwehavetobetaughtandlearnedthedetailsofanylanguagesystem,thisshowedthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted,notbyinstinct,animalsarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies..語言能力CompetenceCompetenceistheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage..語言運(yùn)用performancePerformanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.語言運(yùn)用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語言交際中的體現(xiàn)。.歷時語言學(xué)DiachroniclinguisticsThestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime,adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime..共時語言學(xué)SynchronicallinguisticsThestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime..語言langueTheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity..言語paroleTherealizationoflangueinactualuse..規(guī)定性PrescriptiveItaimstolaydownrulesfor〃correct“behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayand