托福閱讀指代題題型特點介紹

千里之行，始于第2頁/共2頁精品文檔推薦托福閱讀指代題題型特點介紹托福閱讀指代題是考生在做題時常會遇到的一種題型，這種題型往往會對一個段落考后的某個代詞進行提問，詢問你這個代詞指代的對象是什么。今日我給大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x指代題題型特點及解題方法匯總精講，盼望能夠關(guān)心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，來觀賞一下吧。

托福閱讀指代題題型特點介紹

1)選擇代詞找尋它所指代的詳細內(nèi)容;

2)能否分析代詞與其先行詞之間的照應(yīng)關(guān)系;

3)被指代的內(nèi)容通常消失在代詞之前;

4)選項單詞或短語都來源于文章，很具有干擾性。

5)提問方式：ThewordXinthepassagerefersto

代詞主要分為人稱代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、其他代詞。

①人稱代詞：

主格he,she,it,they

賓格him,her,it,them

全部格his,her,its,their

②指示代詞：

this,that,these,those

③關(guān)系代詞：

who，whom，which，whose

④其他代詞：

one，other，another，all，none，both

托福閱讀指代題解題方法共享

1)分析原句

2)看選項

3)代入原句檢驗(檢驗標(biāo)準：是否數(shù)格全都)

①是否數(shù)全都：

Theenergycontentoffoodisstoredinthechemicalbondsthatlinkitsatomsandmolecules.

這句話中的代詞its指代的肯定是單數(shù)名詞food，不行能是chemicalbonds。

②是否符合原意

Pent-upaggressiveimpulsesdemandoutlets.Theymaybeexpressedtowardparentsinindirectwayssuchasdestroyingfurniture,ortheymaybeexpressedtowardstrangerslaterinlife.

這句話中的代詞They指代的內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)是前面一句話的某個名詞或名詞短語，那么They指代的是Pent-upaggressiveimpulses還是outlets呢?依據(jù)句子的意思，它們可能會以直接的方式對父母表達出來，明顯只有impulses才會被表達出來，outlets是不會被表達出來的，因此代詞They指代的是Pent-upaggressiveimpulses而不是outlets。

托福閱讀指代類題型5個解題要點思路分析

1.見到代詞找指代，指代通常在前方

這句話是代詞指代題的總則，考生務(wù)必牢記：代詞永久消失在原詞之后，原詞永久消失在代詞之前。依據(jù)這條原則考生可以快速排解選項中消失在代詞之后的詞匯,鎖定正確答案。

2.主代主，賓代賓，全部格，就近找

代詞指代的語法規(guī)章特別嚴格，因此考生要優(yōu)先考慮代詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑褐髡Z、賓語、還是全部格代詞，然后在前句中快速查找對應(yīng)的語法成分就可以輕松解題。僅依靠這條規(guī)律就可以解決大部分代詞指代類題目，例如：

Whensmallfishventuretooclosetothetentaclesoftheselivingflowers,theyarestungandeaten.

題目中代詞“they”在主句中充當(dāng)主語成分，考生快速定位前方從句中的主語“smallfish”，題目就迎刃而解。

又例如全部格代詞(你的、我的、他的等等)通常指代前文中最靠近該代詞的核心名詞：

Floristsoftenrefrigeratecutflowerstoprotecttheirfreshappearance.

題目中的全部格代詞“their”之前有兩個名詞“florists”和“flowers”，語法基礎(chǔ)薄弱的考生要花些時間才能弄清晰所謂“他(它)們的”畢竟是誰們的?事實上依據(jù)“就近原則”，在距離代詞最近的地方找到符合句中語意的核心名詞，就可以鎖定答案。而上述句中距離“their”最近的名詞時“flowers”，因此正確答案就是它。

3.平行結(jié)構(gòu)有搭配，多重指代層層推

所謂平行結(jié)構(gòu)實質(zhì)就是分層次描述，閱讀部分常常消失“notonly...,butalso...”，“one...,theother...”，“some...,others...”等固定搭配對兩層或多層語意進行描寫，通過對這種常見結(jié)構(gòu)的把握，考生就可以快速鎖定答案。例如：

Manyadults,pooranddisillusionedwithfarmlife,wereluredtothecitiesbypromisesofsteadyemployment,regularpaychecks,increasedaccesstogoodsandservices,andexpandedsocialopportunities.Otherswerepushedtherewhennewtechnologiesmadetheirlaborcheaporexpendable.

雖然上述語句語法結(jié)構(gòu)和語意都較為簡單，但不難看出題目中“manypeople...,others...”是固定搭配，因此“others”做為代詞所指代的名詞必定是前文中的“manypeople”，正確答案應(yīng)為“adults”。

此外，為了增加難度，對于代詞指代的考察也常常在定位方面設(shè)置障礙，既通過一層推理很難鎖定目標(biāo)詞匯。因此考生需要多一點急躁和多一份細心，在前文內(nèi)容中層層回溯，逐肯定位，抽絲剝繭，最終必定能夠順當(dāng)解題。例如：

TheprincipaldifferencebetweenurbangrowthinEuropeandintheNorthAmericancolonieswastheslowevolutionofcitiesintheformerandtheirrapidgrowthinthelatter.InEuropetheygrewoveraperiodofcenturiesformtowneconomiestotheirpresenturbanstructures.InNorthAmerica,theystartedaswildernesscommunitiesanddevelopedtomatureurbanisminlittlemorethanacentury.

本題看似簡單，其實通過層層倒推，鎖定目標(biāo)詞“cities”并不非常困難。

4.單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)都對應(yīng)，主動被動要分清

代詞指代題中有一些常見陷阱，例猶如時消失大量名詞，有單數(shù)、有復(fù)數(shù)、有可數(shù)名詞、也有不行數(shù)名詞，讓考生霧里看花;或是將前文中的主動句改寫成后文的被動句，顛三倒四，讓考生頭暈?zāi)X脹。po解這種陷阱的手法其實很簡潔，無論怎樣變化，代詞指代總有肯定之規(guī)，例如：

Inthepast,biologistsconsideredmushroomsandotherfungiasatypeofnon-freeplant.Today,however,theyaremostcommonlyregardedasaseparatekingdomoflivingthings.

本題中就不宜直接使用前文提到的“主語帶主語”原則。代詞消失的語句是被動句，因此“they”不再指代前文主語，而是指代前文中的賓語。那么“they”指代“mushroomsandotherfungi”還是“non-freeplant”呢?考生不必感動彷徨無助，口訣中已經(jīng)明確指出，代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)必定與原詞單復(fù)數(shù)全都，因此正確答案只能是“mushroomsandotherfungi”。

5.定位排解和代入，驗證語意要記牢

總而言之，代詞指代題的解題步驟清楚明白：第一步定位文中代詞，用上述方法搜尋原詞;其次步分析選項，排解位置和語意不符的詞匯;第三步帶入原句中簡潔翻譯，進行驗證。

托?？荚囬喿x材料專題訓(xùn)練

【Introduction】

依據(jù)一份今在「英國醫(yī)學(xué)雜志」刊出的報告指出，母乳雖然含有豐富養(yǎng)分，但長期吃母奶無助於降低幼兒罹患氣喘和過敏癥狀風(fēng)險。

【SectionOne】Article

Thebenefitsofbreast-feedingaremanyandvaried.Studiessuggestthatbreast-fedkidsaresmarter,taller,thinner,healthierandlessstressedthanbabiesonbottles.Plus,breast-feedinghelpsmomsbondwiththeirbabiesandmayevenlowertheirbloodpressure.So,isthereanythingbreastmilkcan‘tdo?Apparently,yes,accordingtoanewstudypublishedTuesdaybyBMJOnline:Itdoesn‘tofferinfantsmuchdefenseagainstasthmaorallergies.

That‘saquestionresearchershavelongdebated.Untilnow,theevidencehasbeenmixed:Somestudieshavesuggestedthatexclusive,prolongedbreast-feedinghelpsstaveoffasthmaandallergieslaterinlife;otherstudieshaveshownnoprotection,orevenanincreasedrisk.Butmostoftheavailabledatahascomefromobservationalstudies.ThenewBMJpaper,incontrast,wasalarge,long-termrandomizedtrialthatinvolvedmorethan17,000breast-feedingwomenandbabies,13,889ofwhomweretrackeduntilage61/2.ResearchersrecruitedthemomsinmaternityhospitalsandclinicsinBelarus.Abouthalfofthem—thosewhohadalreadybegunbreast-feeding—wereencouragedtocontinuebreast-feedingexclusively;thecontrolgroupgotnosuchextraurging.

Researchersreportthatwomenintheinterventiongroupbreast-fedsignificantlylongerthanwomeninthecontrolgroup:atthreemonths,73%oftheinterventiongroupwasbreast-feeding,comparedwith60%ofthecontrolgroup,andthenumberofwomenbreast-feedingexclusivelywasseventimeshigher.Byayearafterbirth,ratesofbreast-feedinghaddroppedacrosstheboard;butstill,20%oftheinterventiongroupwasbreast-feedingversus11%ofthecontrols.

Ingeneral,about10%ofthechildrenhadeversufferedwheezingintheirlives,thoughlessthan1.5%hadhadfull-blownasthma.Roughly3%to5%hadhadhayfever,andabout1%hadsufferedboutsofeczema.Researchersalsoperformedskin-pricktestsonthechildren;again,therewasnosignificantdifferencebetweenincidenceofallergy—todustmites,cats,pollen,grassandAlternaria,acommonfungus—betweenthegroups.Inthebreast-fedgroup,about9%wereallergictopollenandAlternaria,12%tocatsandgrassand15%todustmites.Absoluteratesofallallergieswereslightlylowerinthecontrolgroup,butthevariationsweren‘tstatisticallyrelevant.

TheBMJstudyistoourknowledge..thelargestrandomizedtrialeverdoneintheareaofhumanlactation,writethestudy‘sauthors.Butit‘snotlikelytobethelast.Sciencewillcontinuetodebatethediscreteprosandconsofbreast-feeding,butdoctorsunanimouslyagreethatbreast,ingeneral,isbestforbabies‘health,growthanddevelopment.Mothersshouldbreast-feednewbornsforatleast12months—andexclusivelyforatleast6months—accordingtoAmericanAcademyofPediatricsguidelines.

【SectionTwo】Vocabulary

limitingorlimitedtopossession,control,orusebyasingleindividualorgroup

extendthedurationof.

tofendoff,towardoff

enlist(someone)inthearmedforces.

theperiodduringpregnancyandshortlyafterchildbirth

actiontakentoimproveamedicaldisorder.

soastoincludeoraffectallclassesorcategories

tomaintaincontactwith(aperson)soastomonitortheeffectsofearlieractivitiesortreatments

asetofprintedquestions,usuallywithachoiceofanswers,devisedforasurveyorstatisticalstudy.

10.wheeze

breathewithawhistlingorrattlingsoundinthechest,asaresultofobstructionintheairpassages.(ofadevice)makeanirregularrattlingorsplutteringsound.

possessingorexhibitingalltheusualornecessaryfeaturesorsymptoms

12.bout

ashortperiodofintenseactivity.

13.eczema

amedicalconditioninwhichpatchesofskinbecomeroughandinflamedwithblisterswhichcauseitchingandbleeding.

14.prick

pressbrieflyorpuncturewithasharppoint.

15.mite

aminutearachnidwithfourpairsoflegs,severalkindsofwhichareparasitic.

16.pollen

apowderysubstancedischargedfromthemalepartofaflower,eachmicroscopicgraincontainingamalegametethatcanfertilizethefemaleovule.

isagenusofascomycetefungi.Alternariaspeciesareknownasmajorplantpathogens.Theyarealsocommonallergensinhumans,growingindoorsandcausinghayfeverorhypersensitivityreactionsthatsometimesleadtoasthma.TheyreadilycauseopportunisticinfectionsinimmunocompromisedpeoplesuchasAIDSpatients.

18.fungus

anyofalargegroupofspore-producingorganismswhichfeedonorganicmatterandincludemoulds,yeast,mushrooms,andtoadstools.

adisadvantageoforargumentagainstsomething.

fullyinagreement.

abranchofmedicinedealingwiththedevelopment,care,anddiseasesofchildren

thesecretionofmilkbythemammaryglands.

anacuteallergicreactiontopollenthatisusuallyseasonalandismarkedbysneezing,nasaldischarge