2020年中石化專業(yè)職稱外語考試試卷

經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理，如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝?。陀^題（四個選項中選擇一個正確答案，共10分）1.Iamlooking_____toseeingyouinBeijingthisMay!A.upB.forwardC.towardD.down2.—John,isthisyourfirsttimeinChina?—No,it’smy_____A.twoB.twiceC.threeD.third3.Youshouldkeepthemeatinthefridge,____itwillgobad.A.soB.orC.andD.but4.—We’regoingtoTianjinovertheweekend.Whydon'tyoujoinus?—____,butI'mhavingafriendover.A.You'rerightB.Idon’tcareC.Idon'tmindD.I'dloveto5.TheSmithfamily______alltheirfruitandvegetables,whichsavesmoney.A.plantB.produceC.growD.raise6.TellSusansheshould______worryingandgetsomerest.A.startB.stopC.sickD.stay7.Thefollowingdayhefoundtheoldmanlyinginbed,______.A.deadB.wasdeadC.dieD.hasdied8.Helenlookedatthebaby_____loveinhereyes.A.onB.inC.withD.at9.—MysistersentmeawonderfulgiftfromArgentina.—Oh,isthatso?________________?A.WhereisitfromB.What'sitlikeC.WhoisitforD.Whosentittoyou10.Havingsuffered______seriousdamagefromwar,itmaybetoodifficulttorestorethecity.A.suchB.soC.tooD.many二、閱讀理解（閱讀下面的短文，根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選擇一個正確答案，共40分）短文一（10分）"Whenoneofthedoctorscriticizesme,Igetdefensive.Ifeellikeachildagain,beingscolded,andIwanttoexplainthatI'mnotwrong."saysViola,anurse.Thisisacommonreactiontocriticism,butnotagoodone.Therearebetterwaysofdealingwithcriticism.Thefollowingarethreegoldenrulesonecankeepinmindwhenfacedwithsuchasituation.1.Trytobeobjective.WhenSolwascriticizedbyhisnewemployerfornothavingmadeasale,Sol'sreactionwastofeelsorryforhimself."IhadputeverythingIhadintomakingthatsale,"Solsays,"andIfeltthatIhadfailedasaperson.Ihadtolearnthroughexperiencenottoreactlikethattoeachfailure."2.Taketimetocooldown.Ratherthanreactingimmediatelytocriticism,takesometimetothinkoverwhatwassaid.Yourfirstquestionshouldbewhetherthecriticismisfairfromtheotherperson'sposition.Theproblemmaybeasimplemisunderstandingofwhatyoudidoryourreasonsfordoingit.3.Takepositiveactions.Afteryoucooldown,considerwhatyoucandoaboutthesituation.Thebestanswermaybe"nothing"."IfinallyrealizedthatmybosswashavingpersonalproblemsandtakingthemoutonmebecauseIwasthere,"saysSheila."Hiscriticismsdidn'treallyhaveanythingtodowithmywork,sonothingIsaidordidwasgoingtochangethem."InSheila'scase,thebestwaytodealwithitwastoleaveherjob.However,that'sanextremereaction.Youmaysimplyexplainyouropinionwithoutexpectinganin-depthdiscussion.Youmayevendecidethatthebattleisn'tworthfightingthistime.Thekey,inanycase,istohaveareasonableplan.1.Theword“reaction”inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto____________.A.referenceB.reasonC.responseD.reminder2.WhenSolfacescriticismnow,hewillmostlikely____________.A.thinkmoreobjectivelyB.feelsorryforhimselfC.trytomakeasaleD.feellikehehas3.Accordingtothewriter,youshouldthinkaboutwhetherthecriticismisfairfromtheotherperson’sperspectivebecause___________.A.otherpeople’sopinionsarevaluableB.youneedtimetounderstandyourownsituationC.hemayjusthaveamisunderstandingofwhatyoudidD.hemaywanttohaveanin-depthdiscussionwithyouaboutit4.Sheila’sexampleinthefourthparagraphistoprovethatthebestwaytodealwithcriticismisto_______.A.cooldownB.donothingC.leaveherjobD.haveareasonableplan5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Peopleshouldnotgetdefensivewhenfacedwithcriticism.B.Peopleshouldavoidreactingimmediatelytocriticism.C.Peopleshouldtakesometimetothinkaboutthecriticismtheyreceive.D.Peopleshouldexplaintheiropinionwhenfacedwithcriticism.短文二（10分）It'shardtothinkofanearlyretirementasanythingotherthanapositive.Whowouldn'twanttotradeintheirsuitandtieforapairofbeachshorts?Whenconsideringearlyretirement,itisimportantthatyoupreparefinanciallyandinotheraspectstoo.Someguyseventhinktheidealtimetostartplanningandsavingforanearlyretirementiswhiletheystartworking.Whileretiringaheadofschedulemaybeeasieronthebody,anewsetofresearchhasfoundthatitmaynotbesobeneficialforthemind.Thestudy,conductedatBinghamtonUniversity,findsthatanearlyretirementcanacceleratetheusualrateofcognitive(認(rèn)知的)declineamongtheelderly.TheresearchteamanalyzedChina'snewruralpension(養(yǎng)老金)scheme(NRPS),aswellasChina'smostrecentRetirementLongitudinalSurvey(CHARLS),inordertoinvestigatetheeffectsofearlyretirementandpensionbenefitsonindividualcognitionamongadultsovertheageof60.Forreference,CHARLSisarepresentativenationalsurveyofChina'spopulationovertheageof45thattestsrespondentsregardingmentalcognition,episodicmemory情景記憶)andoverallmentalwellbeing.Aftergoingoverallofthedata,theresearchteamnotedacleartrend:individualsreceivingpensionbenefitswereexperiencingmuchmorerapidmentaldeclinethantheircounterpartsstillontheworkforce.Themostprominentofmentaldeclineamongretireeswasdelayedrecall,atraitwidelyconsideredtobeanaccuratepredictorofdementia.Surprisingly,femalesseemedtoexperienceevensharpermentaldeclineafterretiringearly.Overall,theresultssupportthehypothesisthatdecreasedmentalactivityacceleratescognitivedecline.Thisstudy'sfindingsweresimilartopreviousresearchthathadfocusedontheimpactofretirementonelderlyindividualslivingintheUnitedStates,England,andtheEuropeanUnion.So,thisishardlyatrendlimitedtoAsia.Theresearchershadactuallyconductedpreviousstudiesthatfoundretirementledtoanumberofpositivephysicalhealthbenefitsforretirees,suchasimprovedsleeppatterns,lessstress,andreducedalcoholconsumption.However,retirementisalsousuallyaccompaniedwithadeclineinsocialactivitiesandlessoverallinteractionwithpeople,whichhasalsobeenlinkedtocognitivedecline.6.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoParagraph1?A.Nobodylikesearlyretirementfornotbeingsobeneficialforhismind.B.Earlyretirementisnotapositiveviewpointformalebutforfemale.C.Mostpeoplelikeearlyretirement,butitmightnotbegoodfortheircognition.D.Everybodylikesearlyretirementbecauseheorshewouldntwanttradein.7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutCHARLSisNOTtrue?A.ItisoneofdataresourcesofthestudyatBinghamtonUniversity.B.Itinvolvesfinancialpreparation,pensionandindividualcognition.C.ItisanationwidesurveyofChina'spopulationovertheageof45.D.Itinvolvesmentalcognition,recallandmentalwellbeing.B.thinkingC.dementiaD.impression9.Whichofthefollowinglivingpatternsismentionedasoneofpositivebenefitsofearlyretirementaccordingtothepassage?D.Lesssocialparties.10.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat___________.A.thecognitionofworkerswillincreasemoresharplyafterearlyretirementB.theimpactofearlyretirementhasabitdifferentbetweenAsiaandEuropeC.theincreasedmentalactivitiesacceleratethecognitivedeclineofretireesD.socialactivitiesarenecessaryforretireesaswellaspositivephysicalpatterns短文三（10分）IntheearlydaysoftheInternet,somepeoplesaidthatitwasgoingtorevolutionisethewaythatwemanageourbankaccounts.Theypredictedthatallbankingwouldeventuallytakeplaceonline.Bankswhichonlyexistonlineare,ofcourse,muchcheapertorunthantraditionalbanksbecausetheyhavelowerstaffandbuildingcosts.Itseemedpossiblethatthetraditionalstreetbankcoulddisappearinthespaceofafewdecades.However,thesepredictionshavenotcometrueanditseemsunlikelythattheywill.TheInternethasnotreplacedordinarystreetbanks.Insteadithasjustbecomeonemorewayinwhichthebankcanreachitscustomers.Indeed,customersurveysseemtoagreethatmostcustomerswanteverything:abranchoftheirbankinthehighstreet,a24-hourATM,andawayofcheckingtheiraccountonline.Onlinebankingisalsonotwithoutitsdrawbacks.Tobeginwith,theservicerequiresabiginvestmentonthepartofthebanktomakesurethattheinformationtechnologyiscompatiblewiththecomputersystemsinthebranches.Anevenbiggerproblemisthepossibilityoffraud.Oneofthemostcommonisso-called‘phishing’.Thisiswhenfraudsterssendoutfalseemails,suchasafakejoboffer,totrytomakepeoplegivetheiraccountdetails.Theythenusethispersonalorfinancialinformationtoobtainmoney.Thishasaffectedanumberofcompaniesand,ifitcontinues,someofcustomersmaydecidenottobankonline.Despitethis,thereisevidencethatbankswhichhavedevelopedalargenumberofonlineservicescanhaveacompetitiveadvantage.Itseemsthatonlinecustomersaremorelikelytobuyextrabankingproducts.Forexample,INGDirect,theonlinebranchoftheDutchbank,gainedanumberofcustomersbyofferingonlinesavingsaccountswithverycompetitiveinterestrates.Theythenincreasedtheirprofitsfurtherbylaunchingotherproductswhichtargetedthesesameonlinecustomers.Onlineservicesseem,inshort,averygoodwayforbankstomarketproductstoexistingcustomersandtoreinforceexistingrelationships.11.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?A.Thetraditionalbankwillbesubstitutedbyonlinebanking.B.Onlinebankingoffersnewwaystoconnectwithcustomers.C.Customersaremorelikelytobuybankingproductsfromstreetbanks.D.Itismuchcheapertorunthetraditionalbanksthanonlinebanks.12.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmostbankcustomerswantA.longeropeningtimefortraditionalbanks.B.moreproductsandservicesavailableonlineC.variouswaysofgettingbankingservicesD.morecompetitiveonlinebankingproducts13.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A.Theproblemswithonlinebanking.B.Whybanksshouldofferonlineservices.C.Whypeopleshouldn’tbankonline.D.Howonlinebankingcanincreaseprofits.14.Theword“drawbacks”inParagraph3isclosestinmeaningto.A.punishmentsB.abusesC.questionsD.disadvantages15.Accordingtothepassage,whatisoneofthereasonsthatcustomersmayNOTwanttobankonline?A.Computersystemmayfail.B.Customersmayreceivesomeunwantedadvertisements.C.Misoperatingoftenoccurswhenbankingonline.D.Criminalsmaystealmoneyfromtheaccount.短文四（10分）油氣工程類請選擇篇章A，煉化工程類請選擇篇章B，綜合類請選擇篇章C。篇章A油氣專業(yè)Itisanetworkofpipelinesthatbringsoilandgasfromthereservoirtousersaroundtheworld.Thenetworktransportsoil,naturalgasandotherproductsfromfieldstoconsumers.Thisnetwork,gatheringoilandgasfromalargenumberofdifferentwells,finallypassesonarangeofproductstoindividuals,businessesandplants.Thislargesystemcontainshundredsofthousandsofmilesofpipelines,varyinginsizefrom2inchesindiametertoasmuchas60inches.Thoughpumpingstationsandotherfacilitiesarelocatedalongpipelineroutes,mostoftheworld’soilandgaspipelinesystemisnotvisible.PipelinesbringoilandnaturalgasfromremoteareaslikeAlaskatoconsumers.Oilandgasproducedfromoffshorewellsarealsobroughtbypipeline,oftenthroughwaterseveralhundredfeetdeep.Oilandgaspipelinesystemsarewellknownfortheirlowtransportationcostandefficiency.Anumberofstudiesofenergyefficiencyhavebeenmade.Arecentstudyfindsthatcrudelinesconsumeabout0.4%oftheenergycontentofthecrudeoiltransportedper1,000km.Productpipelinesuseabout0.5%oftheenergycontentoftheoilproductsmovedper1,000km.Incomparison,theestimateis0.8%forcoaltrains,1.0%foroilmovementbyrail,2.5%fornaturalgaspipelines,3.2%foroiltrucksand5.4%forcoaltrucks.Meanwhile,justaswellknownisthetechnologythatmakesitpossibletoinstalllargepipelinesinextremelycoldareasanddeepwaterregionswithoutdamagetotheenvironmentandwithahighdegreeofsafety.Thelinkbetweenpipelinesizeandeconomyisobvious.Therelationshipbetweensizeandcapacityisalsodramatic.A36-inchdiameterlinecancarryupto17timesmoreoilorgasthana12-inchdiameterpipeline,butconstructionandoperationcostsdonotincreaseatnearlythesameratio.Oilandgasarenottheonlymaterialstransportedbypipeline.Coalandothersolidsaresuccessfullypipelinedtodayaswell.16.Thephrase“passeson”inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto.A.advancesB.submitsC.distributesD.communicates17.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingsystemsisthemostefficient?A.Crudeoilpipelines.B.Productpipelines.C.Naturalgaspipelines.D.Coaltrucks.18.ThepipelinesystemhasthefollowingbenefitsEXCEPTA.lowtransportationcost.B.highenergyefficiencyC.ahighdegreeofsafetyD.largetransportationcapacity19.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsis?A.Therearenopipelinesinstalledinthemostremoteareas.B.Installingpipelinesinwatercausesdamagetotheenvironment.C.Whenpipelinesgetlargerinsize,thecoststaysthesame.D.Coalsandothersolidscanalsobepipelinedtoday.20.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A.PipelineTechnologyB.PipelineIndustryC.EnergyEfficiencyD.EnergyTransportation篇章B煉化專業(yè)CanadianengineeringcompanyGenoilhasannounceda$50billionletterofintent意向書)foramodern,integratedoilproduction,transportandrefiningsysteminChechnya–includinghydro-conversionequipmenttodesulfurizeandpurifycrudeoil,whichwillreduceresidualsandimproveoperatingefficiency.Genoilsaysthattheagreementcovers3.5millionbarrelsadayofproductionandsixmilliontonnesofannualrefiningcapacity.Thefirmwillserveasthemastercontractorinchargeofallphasesoftheproject.Theprojectwillbesubstantiallyengineered,financedandinsuredbyChinesepartners,andithasthesupportoftheRussiangovernment.ItwillformapartofatradeagreementbetweenRussiaandChina,andtherefinedproductwillgotoChinaunderlong-termcontracts.Genoilsaysthatitshydro-conversionequipmentincreasestheproductyieldsfromheavycrude,bitumen,andrefineryresidues,atlowcostrelativetotraditionalhydrocrackingandcokingmethods.Thefirmsaysthatitcandesulfurizeheavyfueloilfractionsandproduceahigherratioofproductslikedieselandgasoline.Genoil'sannouncementfollowsshortlyaftertheIMOMarineEnvironmentProtectionCommittee'sdecisiontoimplementaglobalbanonhigh-sulfurresidualfuelbeginningin2020.Someobservershaveexpressedskepticismthatrefinerswillchoosetomakeadditionalinvestmentindesulfurizationastherequirementapproaches;however,Genoil'sagreementisonesignthatrefinersmayelecttousenewtechnologytoconvertahigherportionofresidualsintolighterfractions–atleastinnewgreenfieldconstruction.Chechnya’soilrefiningindustryhasbeenapointofpoliticaltensionbetweenregionalleadersandMoscow;afteryearsoflobbying,RussiaagreedtotransferChechenrefiningcompanyChechenneftekhimpromtolocalcontrolin2015,andChechenRepublicleaderRamzanKadyrovhascalledforconstructionofanewrefineryforthefirm.Oilrefiningisthemainemploymentoptionwithintheprovince,makingitpoliticallyimportant,butRussiananalystssaythatsupplyinganewrefinerymayrequirereversingthedeclineofChechnya’supstreamcrudeproduction.Asoflastyear,Chechnyaproducedabout600,000tonnes,downfromannualoutputinthemillionsoftonnesintheSovietera.16.WhichisNOToneofthesupportersforthisnewlyinvestedoilrefiningsystem?A..ChechnyaB.Chinesepartners.C.Genoil.D.Russiangovernment.17.Theword“it”inParagraph4referstoA.thefirmGenoil.B.hydro-conversionequipmentC.refineryresiduesD.dieselandgasoline18.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthehydroconversionequipment”?A.Thisequipmentcanhelptoprocessmorecrudeoilintherefinery.B.Thisequipmentischeaperthanhydrocrackingandcokingequipment.C.Allrefineriesshouldbeequippedwiththiskindofequipment.D.Thisequipmentcanhelpreduceimpuritiesfromtheproducts.19.Accordingtothelastparagraph,whatisthemaindifficultyforconstructingthenewrefinery?A.Geonoilwillnotinvestsomuchmoneyonthenewrefinery.B.RussiawillnotapprovetobuildthenewrefineryinChechnya.C.Chechnya’supstreamcrudeproductiondeclinedafterSovietera.D.TheChinesepartnersofGeonoilarenotqualifiedtoconstruct.20.WhichstatementisTRUEaccordingtothispassage?A.Refinersarehappytomakemoreinvestmentindesulfurizationastherequirementapproaches.B.IMOaskedhigh-sulfurresidualfuelshouldnolongerbeusedbythebeginningof2020.C.Refinersneedtoinvestnewtechnologytoproducemoregasolineandotherlighterproducts.D.Genoilplannedtobuildthenewequipmentwithnewtechnologyinaplacecalled“greenfield”.篇章C綜合Oneofthekeyelementsinhumanresourcemanagementismotivatingandleading.Simplydefined,motivationistheprocessofcreatingorganizationalconditionsthatwillresultinemployeesstrivingtoattaincompanygoals.Perhapsthemostdifficultquestionforthemanageriswhatmotivatespeople.Allsortsoffactorscanbelisted,includingmoney,goodworkingconditions,interestingwork,achancetodosomethingonelikes,andanopportunityforgrowthanddevelopment.Ifweweretolookforoneoverridingthemeinmotivation,itmightwellbeneedsatisfaction.Bythiswemeanthatpeoplehavedesiresorneedsthatrequiresatisfaction.Ifthecompanyprovidesthemeansformeetingtheseneeds,itcanmotivateitsemployees.AccordingtoAbrahamMaslow,afamouspsychologist,therearefivelevelsofneedsthateveryhumanseekstosatisfy.Eachoftheseisconsideredtobeimportant,buttheloweronesmustbefulfilledbeforetheupperonesmeritattention.Thefirstlevelisphysiologicalneeds,whichisthemostbasic,suchasfood,clothing,andshelter.Acquiringtheseispeople'sfirstconcern.Thesecondlevelissafetyneeds,whichmeansthedesireforsafetyfromphysicaldangersandfromillness,unemployment,andahostofotherfactors.Thethirdlevelissocialneeds,whichmeansthedesiretointeractandsocializewithothers,suchasfriendship,affection,andacceptance.Whenphysiologicalneedsandsafetyneedsaretakencareof,thisthirdlayerstartstoshowup.Thefourthlevelisesteemneeds,whichisthedesireforself-respectorfeelingofbeingimportant,suchasrecognition,status,andadvancement.Thelastlevelisself-actualizationneeds,whichisthedesiretobethe"bestpossiblepersononecanbe,"ordesireoffulfillment,self-development,andcreativity,suchasachievement,competence,andself-fulfillment.Itisimportanttorealizethatnoteveryonefollowsthesefivestepsinexactlytheordershownabove.Anotherpoint,whichshouldalsobepaidattentionto,isthatwhenaneedisbasicallysatisfied,itisnolongeramotivation.Inotherwords,theyceasetobemotivating.Tomotivatetheperson,onemustmovetothenextlevelofthehierarchy.16.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph1andParagraph2that______________.A.motivatingshouldattractmoreattentionthanleadingB.motivationaimstoimproveorganizationalconditionsC.needsatisfactionisthemajorthemeofmotivationD.employees’needsarevariousandhardtobemet17.Theword“these”inParagraph3refersto________.A.psychologistsinthisfieldB.alllevelsofhumanneedsC.upperneedstobesatisfiedD.allformsofmotivations18.AccordingtoParagraph3&4,whichofthefollowinghumanneedsshouldbesatisfiedfirst?A.Food,clothing,andshelter.B.Friendship,affection,andacceptance.C.Recognition,status,andadvancement.D.Achievement,competence,andself-fulfillment.19.Accordingtothelastparagraph,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A.Theorderofthefivestepsapplytoeveryone.B.AneedwillnolongermotivatepeopleifitismetC.Theorderofthefivestepsmayworkinthereversedirection.D.Everyonewillsatisfyallthefivestepssoonerorlater.20.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?A.Theoriesonmotivations.B.Psychologicaldevelopment.C.Strategiesforleadership.D.Motivationandleadership.（主觀題（三、翻譯（閱讀下面的短文并翻譯成中文，共40分）短文一（15分）RobotshavebecomecommoninwarehousesacrossAmerica.Warehousesarecenterswhereproductsarestoredandorganizedbeforetheyaresenttobuyers.Manufacturersofrobotssaythemachinescandothemostrepetitiveanddifficultjobs.Butcriticswarnthattheyarealsocreatingnewformsofstressandeveninjuries.Criticssaythatthiskindofhuman-machinecooperationhasitsproblems.Theysaythatkeepingupwiththepaceofthenewtechnologyishurtinghumanworkers’healthandmorale.Humanburnoutisaprobleminwarehouseswhereroboticsandartificialintelligence(AI)arebeingusedbecausetherobotsaddmoreworkandincreasethepressureonworkerstospeeduptheirperformance.Itwasreportedthatthereoccurredmoreinjuriesinroboticwarehousesthanthosewithoutthemachines.Meanwhile,benefitsofusingrobotsareobvious.Companiessaytheycannotquicklyfulfillbuyers’demandsforpackageswithoutfast-movingrobotsandotherformsofautomation.TheheadofAmazonRoboticssaystheincreaseduseofrobotsandAIcanextendhumancapabilityinwarehouses.Theideaisthatrobotscanhelppeopletodowhattheyarebestat:problemsolving.Itisalsosaidthathavingpeopleandrobotsworktogetherpermitsthecompanytoofferlowerprices.短文二（25分）篇章A油氣專業(yè)High-qualityimagesofreservoirsareessentialforteamsmakingdecisionsaboutwheretoexplorefor,orproduce,oilandgas.Themainchallengefortheindustryishowtoobtainthebestimagesintheshortesttime,morecost-effectively.Tofindoilandgasresourcesweusearangeofgeophysicalimagingtechnologies.Seismicreflectionimagingremainsthemostwidely-usedgeophysicaltechniqueinhydrocarbonexploration.First,wecaptureechoesusingadvancedsensorsasthewavespassthrough,orbounceoff反射),therockandsedimentdeepunderground.Weplacemanysensorsoverawideareatorecordwavesfromdifferentanglestoprovidethebestpicturefrombeneaththesurfaceinthesitewearesurveying.Second,weprocessthevastamountsofseismicdatawehavegatheredwithhigh-performancecomputersusingadvancedalgorithms(計算程序)toproduceanaccurategeologicalmapofthesiteweareinvestigating.Andthird,weusevisualisationsoftwaretoturnthedataintoimagesthatcanbeanalysedandinterpretedbyscientistsquicklyandefficiently.Thisabilitytovisualiseandinterpretbillionsofsignalsliesbehindourbiggestsuccessesinoilandgasexploration.篇章B煉化專業(yè)Apetroleumrefineryisamanufacturingoperationwherecrudeoilisconvertedintousablefinishedproducts.Inotherwords,itisthemanufacturingphaseoftheoilindustry.Themethodsusedtorefinecrudeoilarequitedifferent.However,basically,allrefiningprocessescanbedividedintofourbasiccategories.The