2015醫(yī)學寫作精講課程講義

醫(yī)學考博英語寫作綱表達要求考生閱讀一篇800-1000字的漢語文章后，用英語寫出一篇約200個單詞的。所概作第一步：閱讀第二步：動手寫作 time,inthefirstce,becauseofthese,ontheotherhand等較長的連接詞。通常，使第三步：修改成文三如何寫好英細讀原文。全文的（themaintheme）和各段的段落大意（themainidea。弄清要求。列出原文要點。草擬寫作提綱并寫出初稿。factsdetails四寫作注意事（一）寫文章，最忌諱逐字逐句地翻譯漢語原文中的一些句子。來的東西錯誤，讓人不忍卒讀。由于時間和英語水平的限制，許多考生翻譯的總結出原文的中心思漢語提綱和中心思想必須要有足夠的概括性和總結性。（二）生在進行英語寫作時，往往是先用漢語思維，再經(jīng)過一個翻譯轉換的這樣寫出的英語地會受到漢語語句的表達方式的影響。面對一篇漢語原文2)有時原文的語句很重要，不能規(guī)避，但用英語表達又有，這時可以考慮部分規(guī)避（三）個意念功能，可以用幾種大體相當?shù)恼Z言方式表達出來，這是語言能動（impulse）suddenexcitement來表示悲?。╰ragedy）sadresult來代替誘發(fā)（induce）leadtoresultin來代替慢跑（jog）可以用slowrunning來表示?！按蚣夹g、管理牌”肯定不能說成“ytechnologicalandmanagementcards”，可以根據(jù)不同上管理”（makeuseoftechnologyandmanagement。熟悉的形式之后，表達起來成功的把握就大多了：Youcannothavegoodmedicalservicesinvillageclinics.Thequalityofmedicalservicesinvillageclinicsisusually“Theadvantageofforeign-investedhospitalsisthatapatientcanenjoyrespectandmedicalservicesfrommedicalworkers.”（表語從句“Itisagreatadvantageofforeign-investedhospitalsthatapatientcanenjoyrespectconsideratemedicalservicesfrommedicalworkers.”（主語從句“Foreign-investedhospitalshaveanadvantagethatapatientcanenjoyrespectandmedicalservicesfrommedicalworkers.”（同位語從句“Foreign-investedhospitalshaveanadvantage,becauseapatientcanenjoyrespectconsideratemedicalservicesfrommedicalworkers.”（原因狀語從句“Ifadoctoroverlooksthesocialandmentalbackgroundofhispatient,hismedicalservicecan“Ignoranceofthesocialandmentalbackgroundofapatientcanhaveanegativeeffectontheeofthemedicalservice.”（忽視、影響）“Neglectofthesocialandmentalbackgroundofapatientcanharmthemedicalservice.”（忽視、“Whenadoctordoesnotpayattentiontothesocialandmentalbackgroundofapatienthecannotprovidegoodmedicalservices.”（注意、提供）“Ignoranceofthesocialandmentalbackgroundofapatientcanresultin eof五1的評分原； 2評分標為該分數(shù)；若認為稍優(yōu)或稍略于該分數(shù)，可加112分。不得加或減半分；16-138-53130-1392110-129490-10976013背主要討論了/涉及到/描述了/分析了/綜述了/總結了Thewriterofthispaperfinallypointsout/sumsupsuchathat句型舉例Thisarticlefocusesonthetopicsof+名詞或用句子概括文章的中心...Thisessaymainlypresentstheknowledgeof/that...+名詞或從句Thispaperprovidesanoverview這篇文章綜述了Thisarticlenotonlydescribes...butalsosuggestssomefeasiblewaystosolvetheThispaperisdevotedtoexaminingtheroleThewriterofthisessaytriestoexplorethequestionofTheaim/purpose/objectiveofthispaperistoThewriterofthisessaymainlygivesadetaileddescription/accountof+名詞背（一）醫(yī)療、醫(yī)院、醫(yī)生doctormedicalworkerphysiciansurgeondoctorinchargeinternresidentdoctor①thespecializedhospital專科醫(yī)院thegeneralhospital普通醫(yī)院thecommunityhospital社區(qū)醫(yī)院thepublichospital公立醫(yī)院theprivatehospitalclinicwardmedicalteamdrugtherapymedicaltreatmentmedicalinstrumentsdiagnose（v）（n）prevent（v）預防6）sterilize（v）7）administrateadrug給藥preventandtreatdisease（v）TCMchemotherapy化療11）medicalservice醫(yī)療服務12）cominof（v）主述13）healthcheckup健康普查diagnosingandtreatingconsultthedoctor（v）1）healthcaresystem醫(yī)療體制2）medicaldisputes3）medicalaccident醫(yī)療事故medicalinsurancesystem醫(yī)療體medicalaidfund1）medicalethics醫(yī)德2）patient-oriented以為3）humanistic人道主義的4）compassionate5）considerate體貼周到的6）resolute果斷的servicequalitytogivetopprioritytothelivesandhealthofpeople2）thesick（二）疾病1）sufferfrom（v）患病2）contract（v）peoplewithsomedisease患thepeoplesusceptibletosomediseaseheartdisease心臟病hypertension高血壓kidneyproblem腎病stroke休克thebloodpressure血壓diabetesobesity肥胖terminalillnessincurableillnesscancertumor腫瘤cancerofearlystage晚emergencycaseseriousillnessthedifficultandcomplicatedcasesshortbreath短氣syndrome綜合癥complications并發(fā)癥process病程bonelossshort-sighted（adj.）breakout（v）spread（v）theincidenceofcommondiseasestaboospeedupbloodcirculation（v）加速血液循環(huán)improvethecardiacfunctions（v）改善心臟功能sideeffects副作用PartV.Writing(20％)(50Directions：Inthispartthereisanessayin ．Readitcarefullyandthenwriteasummaryof200wordsinEnglishontheANSWERSHEET．Makesurethatyoursummarycoversallthemajorpointsofthearticle．的在于使必死的無死去，提高生命末端的質量，體面地、有尊嚴。因13億人口的需要。如果對瀕臨死期盼加快在我國的工作，讓合情合理又合法。寫作分析有幾個考生是必須掌握并用在中的。這些詞包括：euthanasia學 Itisgenerallythoughttobemoralandhumanistictoprolongaterminallyiiipatientdespitethecostandpainshe/shesuffers.However,theauthorofthisarticlearguesthat,byngso,medicalworkersareprolongingthepatient'sagoniesunnecessarily.Undersuchcircumstances,euthanasiaisproposedandarguedoverheatedly.Euthanasia,theauthorthinks,bypainlesslyendingthelifeofanindividualsufferingfromaterminalillnessoranincurablecondition,contributestothe'shappinessratherthanagonies.Itisnotamatteroflifeordeathbutoneofdyingeitherhappilyorpainfully.Ithelpssuchadiewithdignityinsteadofpain.Itisethicallyandmorallyjustified.First,itisintheinterestofthepatienttogivehim/herapainlessending.Second,itreflectsthewishofmankindforpainlessandgooddeath,orrather,forahighqualityof"death".Third,itdefendsone'sdignitybyrelievinghis/herterminalpainandfinancialburdenonthefamily.So,euthanasiahelpspeoplefacedeathbravelyandhappilyandgivethemahappy,dignifiedandgloriousdeath.Withthedevelopmentofmodernmedicalsciences,euthanasiahascometobeappreciatedandacceptedbymoreandmorepeople.Practicehasprovedthatitisfeasible,moral,reasonableaswellaslegitimate.Wecallforitslegalization,soon.PartV．Writing(20％)(50Directions：Inthispartthereisanessayin ．Readitcarefullyandthenwriteasummaryof200wordsinEnglishontheANSWERSHEET．Makesurethatyoursummarycoversallthemajorpointsofthearticle.機構的工作10％～15％。目前，人們將主要因不健康的生活方式和環(huán)境因素所致的嚴 心腦血管病造成人數(shù)比任何其他疾病都要多，每年有1500多萬例，占全球總例數(shù)的、大量飲酒可使患病風險加大。)此類疾病較多累及工業(yè)化國家，人數(shù)幾乎占發(fā)生活方式，使得此類疾病作為重大公共衛(wèi)生問題正在迅速出現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)已占人數(shù)的25％左血管病的明顯比后者低，可見生活方式對心腦血管病發(fā)生的影響很大。目前已知有25種可以誘發(fā)，其中少數(shù)涉及和細菌，大多數(shù)也是生活方式病的一個主要代表，目前患者估計為1．352025年這個數(shù)人們必須面對的新問題。NIH有1600萬人患，其中200萬-800萬人不知病情。在1997年芬蘭赫爾辛基一次國際會議上，專家們擔心如今不僅老年約28萬人的生命。因此，是慢最令人畏懼的。寫作分析第二部分接著，可能就是如何表達“生活方式病”lifestyledisease不就可以了嗎?最好disease是復數(shù)diseases，因為這不只是一種病，而是很多種病。diseases、（cancerdiseases第二段醫(yī)學家發(fā)現(xiàn)，生活方式和條件對人的健康起著決定作用。第四段心腦血管病是第一，每年有1500萬人，主要是生活方式，如：飲食習慣、高血壓、吸煙、肥胖、不健康的飲食，尤其是過量攝入飽和脂肪、缺乏體力活動、、寫作第一段結尾的時候最好用常用的承上啟下句點一下題，如：ThisessaybrieflythisLifestyleandLifestylereferstoamodeoflivingactivitiesofhumanbeings.Itvariesindifferentsocieties,culturesandages,etc.Socialmedicineexpertsfinditcloselyrelatedtohealth.Thisessaybrieflydiscussestherelationbetweenlifestyleandhealth.Epidemiological,socialandclinicalstudiesindicatethatman'shealthisinfluencedbylifestyleby50%-55%,environment20%-25%andgeneticfactors15%-20%.Obviously,lifestyleandenvironmentaffectman'shealthprominently.Nowadays,diseasescausedbyunsanitarylifestyleandenvironmentarelabeled"lifestylediseases",includingcardiovasculardiseases,cancer,lungdiseases,diabetes,etc.CardiovasculardiseasesareNo.1killer,claiming15milliondeathsandmillionsofdisabilitiesannuallyintheworld.Itiscalledlife-stylediseasebecauseitiscausedbyhypertension,smoking,drinking,obesity,overeating,sedentarylife,etc.Cancercanbecausedbyover25riskfactors,mostlyrelatedtounhealthylifestyleandhabitsabovementioned.Somefoodsalsocontributetoincidenceofcancer.Diabetesisanotherrapidlyincreasinglifestyledisease,claiming135millionpatients.Bothdevelopedanddevelocountrieshavehighincidence.'sbigcitieshaveamuchhigherincidenceof4%andhavedomilliondiabetespatients.Againthispointstobadlivinghabitssuchasover-drinkingandeatingandinactivelifestyle.However,theselife-stylediseasescanbeavoidedandcuredifpeoplecanliveinahealthyPartV．Writing(20％)(50Directions：Inthispartthereisanessayin ．Readitcarefullyandthenwriteasummaryof200wordsinEnglishontheANSWERSHEET．Makesurethatyoursummarycoversallthemajorpointsofthearticle．很高的致殘率和率。有研究表明，(>50歲)、吸煙史、、高脂血癥、高血壓、1／3患者的血壓降低。一個人一天所1克左右(除非大量排汗)，1克鹽大約只相當于花生米大小的一點點，而們的營養(yǎng)價值靠前，如蛋黃中富含卵磷脂，而肝臟富含維生素A、D、B族和微量元素CC的蔬菜消費量不少于500克、維生素C不少于100毫克將有助于預防腦梗的發(fā)生，特別是高血壓和患者更應做到這一點。寫作分析年來，只要是醫(yī)學專業(yè)術語，試卷上都會標注相應的英文。包括，三高(threehypers試寫作原文的特點，尤其是1999年、2000年和2007年的題。所以，大家需要平靜地highs出師無名。KeepaBalancedDiettoStayAwayfromThreeBrainstrokereferstoacutecerebralaccidentsincludinghemorrhage,ischemicthrombusofthebrain,etc.Thisiscloselyrelatedtothe"threehypers",namelyhyperglycemia,hyperlipemia,andhypertension.Hyperglycemiaandhyperlipemiaslowdownbloodcirculationreducebloodvesselelasticity,thuscausingarteriosclerosiswhilehypertensionmayleadtobloodvesselrupture.Topreventthethreehypers,abalancedandrationaldiethastobekept.Mostimportantly,abalanceddietlowinsaltandfathelpspreventstrokecausedbythethreehypers.Toomuchsaltmayreducetheelasticityofbloodvesselandthuscausehypertension.Balanceddietmayhelpreducecholesterolandpromotesodiumexcretiontotakeinadequatecalcium,kalium,etc.insteadofsalt.However,don'tgotoextremewhenkeeabalanceddiet.Abalanceddietdoesn'tnecessarilymeannointakeoffat,saltandanimalfoodatall.Tokeepabalanceddietregularlyandconstantly,don'tskipbreakfast.Don'tdrinktoomuch.Keepdentalhealth.Eatsomefruitandvegetablesforadequateintakeofvariousvitaminsaccordingtodifferentseasons.Inshort,toavoidbrainstroke,stayawayfromthethreehypers.Todothis,weshouldtakeinadequateamountofnutrientswhilekeeabalanceddiet.PartV．Writing(20％)(50Directions:Inthispartthereisanessayin.Readitcarefullyandthenwriteasummaryof200wordsinEnglishontheANSWERSHEET.Makesurethatyoursummarycoversthemajorpointsofthe腐、紅棗、橘子以及牛奶、雞蛋、動物肝臟、瘦肉等食物，以補充內維生素A和蛋白TheComputer,InternetandComputeralongwiththeInternetbringsmuchconvenience,butitdoesharmtohealthasOntheonehand,improperuseofcomputerandinternetwillbehazardtohealth.Firstly,improperuseaffectspeople’shealthdirectly.Computerradiationmayinduceeyediseases.Usingcomputersforalongtimewillbringaboutmuch fortofwrist,neckorwaist.Tremendousconcentrationinthecomputeruseaswellasfrequentquickmovementsofhandsandeyesmayalsocontributetodreaminess,neurasthenia,evenmentaldiseases.Secondly,uncontrolleduseofcomputersorinternetmayleadtoNetSynthesis,whichischaracterizedbysleepdisorder,depressionorlossofappetite.Thirdly,ozonereleasedbycomputersmaycauserespiratorydifficulty,evenlungdiseases.Ontheotherhand,itisnecessarytoreducetheharmofthecomputerandinternet.AsNetSynthesisis ingacommondisease,reasonableuseofcomputersandnettoreduceitsrisksiscrucial.Computerusersshouldenhancetheirself-awarenessofhealthcareanditissuggestedtotakea10-minutebreakeveryhour,moreexerciseandregularphysicalcheck.Inaddition,airingtheroomisbeneficialtotheemissionofharmfulgases.Peopleshouldeatcarrot,cabbageandeggstosupplementvitaminAandprotein.Moreover,teaisagoodchoicebecauseteapolyphenolsmayhelpabsorptionand toradioactivesubstances.PartV．Writing(20％)(50Directions:Inthispartthereisanessayin.Readitcarefullyandthenwriteasummaryof200wordsinEnglishontheANSWERSHEET.Makesurethatyoursummarycoversthemajorpointsoftheessay.吃出健康行評估，結果表明：遺傳因素對身體健康的影響居于首位為15％；膳食營養(yǎng)對健康的HealthfromFromthethreemostimportantfactorsaffectinghealthlistedbyWHO,wecanseethateatingisveryimportant.Itranksthesecondinthelistofthefactorsincludinggeneticfactor(15%),foodeating(13%)andmedicalservice(18%).However,despitetheimprovedstandardoflivingoftoday,manystillfailtokeepabalanceddiet,whichisofcourseharmfultoourhealth.Herearesometipsofeatingforhealth.Firstly,eatvariousfoods,includingstapleandnon-staplefoods.Theformer,suchasriceandflour,sheatandenergytothebody,whereasthelatter,suchasmeat,eggs,dairyproductsandfish,providesthebodywithnutrientsneededbythevariousactivitiesofthebody,includingprotein,vitamins,calcium,etc.Secondly,adaptourdietaccordingtoseasonalchange.Insummer,weshouldimprovethedesirabilityofourfoodincolor,smellandflavorbecauseourappetiteisusuallylow.Thirdly,eatmoderayandhavemealsregularly.Overorlittleeatingcanbothtoharmourhealthwhileeatingonfinecanbenefitdigestion.ly,providedifferentkindsoffoodforpeopleofdifferentoccupations.Somentalworkerssuchasteacherandstudenthavetakenutrientssuchanprotein,sugar,calcium,zinc,vitamins,etc.,whichareneededbytheirexhaustingmentallabor.Inaddition,theyshouldaddfoodslikepoultrymeat,eggs,fish,riceinthesenutrients.Tosumup,itisveryimportanttokeepabalanceddietforourPart (50Directions:Inthispartthereisanessayin.Readitcarefullyandthenwriteasummaryof200wordsinEnglishontheANSWERSHEET.Makesurethatyoursummarycoversthemajorpointsoftheessay.水果是否可吃可不吃追蹤研究的資料，發(fā)現(xiàn)不吃或很少吃水果的人群，肺癌率為吃水果人群的1.75倍。或維生素的作用。由于化學合成的維生素是與其他維生素和營養(yǎng)素分離的，復方的各成分D會導致軟組織鈣化，對腎臟和心血管系統(tǒng)造成損傷；長期服用維生素E易引致血栓等。在生素D等。但這些均需在醫(yī)生的指導下使用。AreFruitsFruitsareofgreatbenefittophysicalhealthbecausetheycontainmineralsthatcannotbesynthesizedbyhumanbodies,vitaminsthatcanslowdowntheprocessofcells’aging,aswellasdissolvablefiberthatcanlowertheconcentrationofcholesterolinblood.Havingfruitscanalsoreducetheincidenceofsuchdiseasesaslungcancerandheartattacks.Itishighly thatoneshouldhavefruitseveryday.However,thepeople,especiallymen,ofteneataverylowpercentageoffruit.Then,arefruitsdispensable?Researchrevealsthattheanswerisnegative.Findingsshowthatsyntheticvitaminscannotrecefruitsinprotectinghealthorpreventingdeaths.Theexnationisthatvitaminsinnaturalntsdonotworksolely,buttogether.Theoversupplyorinsufficiencyofonekindofvitaminwillunderminetheeffectofothervitaminsornutrients,asoftenhappensinhavingsyntheticvitamins.Besides,theremightbesomeunknownsubstancesinfruitsthatareconducivetohumanhealth.Tosumup,fruitsareanindispensiblepartofourdailydiet.Tomostpeople,fruitscannotandshouldnotbesubstitutedbysyntheticvitamin.What’smore,theoverdoseofsyntheticvitaminscanhavesomeside-effects,someofwhicharesevere.Thoughsomevitaminsshouldbesupplementedincertaincases,itshouldbedoneunderphysicians’instructions.PartV．Writing(20％)(50Directions:Inthispartthereisanessayin.Readitcarefullyandthenwriteasummaryof200wordsinEnglishontheANSWERSHEET.Makesurethatyoursummarycoversthemajorpointsoftheessay.

珍愛生命從護心開始寫作分析ProtectYourHearttoSaveYourInrecentyears,cardiovasculardiseaseshave eoneofthemostthreateningkillersofmankind.Reportsarefrequentlyheardonsuddendeathsandmostofthemwerecausedbymyocardialinfarction.Whilehighbloodpressure,coronaryheartdiseaseandmyocardialinfarctionremainpatentsofseniorcitizensinmanypeople’seyes,theyareaffectinganincreasingnumberofyoungpeople.Actually,manypeopledieofignoranceinsteadofpoverty,thatis,theylacktheawarenessofpreventionofdiseases.Thisisespeciallytrueamongwhitecollarworkers,backbonesandtheelite,whoarebusyworkingduringthedayandsocializingatnight,sparinglittletimecaringfortheirhealth.What’worse,smoking,excessivetake-inoffoodofhighcalorieandhighfat,lackofexerciseandotherunhealthylifestylesareyingtheroleofcatalystsindevelovariouscardiovasculardiseases.Itisnoticeablethatcardiovasculardiseasesare,moreoftenthannot,invisiblekillers.Theythreatenpeople’shealthwithoutbeingknownandtakelivesawayinstantly.However,cardiovasculardiseasesarepreventable,controllableandcurable.First,oneshouldrefrainfromsmoking.Secondly,oneshouldsaygoodbyetojunkfood.Lastbutnotleast,oneshouldengageinfrequentexercise.Itisadvisablethatonewalk10,000stepsatafastpaceeveryPartV．Writing(20％)(50Directions:Inthispartthereisanessayin.Readitcarefullyandthenwriteasummaryof200wordsinEnglishontheANSWERSHEET.Makesurethatyoursummarycoversthemajorpointsoftheessay.是全社會的什么是是一種由、即人類免疫缺陷(humanimmunodeficiency，簡稱HIV)侵人后破體免疫功能，使發(fā)生多種不可治愈的和腫瘤，最后導致ImmuneDeficiencySyndrome)。這個命名表達了的完整概念，從中我們可以了解到艾發(fā)源于非洲。1981年全球首例病例在被發(fā)現(xiàn)。1985年發(fā)現(xiàn)了首例例。全世界共有攜帶者和患者4990萬，大多數(shù)在發(fā)展中國家，其中非洲約3700萬。截止2002年，我國總人數(shù)已突破一百萬，所有省、自治區(qū)、直轄市都有病例。經(jīng)過五到十年時間才發(fā)展成。一般在發(fā)病后的2-3年內。與人及寫作分析第三部分：第五～第六段：講的預防和治療AIDSisathreattotheWholeAIDSstandsforAcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome,definitionofwhichgivesusthethreedistinctivefeaturesofthedisease."Acquired"meansitisnotinborn,butiscontractedinpostnatalenvironment."ImmuneDeficiency"meansthatpathogenesisofthediseaseistodestroythevictim'simmunesystem."Syndrome"meansitsclinicalsymptomsareverycomplexduetovariousinfectionandcancers.AIDSisanextremelyinfectiousdisease.Itisspreadthroughcontact,bloodcontactandbirth.HIVinfectioncangenerallybebrokendownintofourdistinctstages,inthelasttwoofwhichthepatientundergoescontinuousswollenlymphnodesandallkindsofcomplexsymptoms.TherearethreekindsofmedicationtotreatAIDS:thosetofightthees,thosetoregulatetheimmunesystemandthosetocontrolinfections.However,sofar,AIDScannotbecompleydefeated,althoughsomeherbaldrugshavebeenfoundtohaveeffectsonkillingHIV.ButitisacomforttoknowthatwecanpreventAIDSbyavoidingunsafe,unauthorizedbloodtransfusionanddrugabuseetc.Therearenearly50millionpeoplethatareinfectedwithHIVintheworld.Itistoourdutyandconsciencetofighttogetherandfinallywinthebattle.Part (50Directions:Inthispartthereisanessayin.Readitcarefullyandthenwriteasummaryof200wordsinEnglishontheANSWERSHEET.Makesurethatyoursummarycoversthemajorpointsoftheessay.走路與健康血液循環(huán)，保持外貌的健美和減肥，有人觀察到，每天堅持走路45分鐘，一年可560～9020～40分50100步，這種走路，適合有輕微老年癡呆癥和患有神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾60～90步，兩臂作前后較大幅度的擺動，這種走路，適合于肩周炎、上下肢關節(jié)炎、慢性氣管炎、肺氣腫的；還有一種瘁腹行走法，每分種30～60步，每走一步，兩手旋轉腹部，正反方向交替進行，這種走路適合患有胃腸疾病的寫作分析WalkingandWalkingisoneofthesimplestandmostfeasiblekindsofsports.Itcanbe plishedbyalmostanyoneatanytimewithoutanyspecialrequirementsforfacilitiesortechniques.Asawonderfulsport,walkingisespeciallygoodfortheelderly.Walkinghasimmeasurablebenefitstoeveryone’shealth.Itmakesactiveandkeepshealthyalmosteverysystemofthebodyandpromotesnormalmetabolism.Meanwhile,walkinghelpsthebrainthatistokeepfitandloseweight.Someoneclassifiedwalkingintofivetypes:commonwalking,fastwalking,walkingintheoppositedirectionwi